Homer · Iliad Ἰλιάς

Homer, Iliad 12.195–289: The omen of the eagle and the snake; Hector rejects Polydamas

As the Trojans are about to cross the ditch, an eagle flying on their left drops a living snake that has bitten it, and flies away shrieking. Polydamas reads this as a sign that they will not take the ships and urges them to turn back, but Hector replies that the best omen is to fight for one's country. Zeus raises a storm of wind and dust, and the Trojans press on against the wall, while the two Ajaxes go through the Achaean ranks encouraging the men.

Lines 12.195–289 · 1068 words · click a number to copy its link
195ὄφρʼ οἳ τοὺς ἐνάριζον ἀπʼ ἔντεα μαρμαίροντα, τόφρʼ οἳ Πουλυδάμαντι καὶ Ἕκτορι κοῦροι ἕποντο, οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα τεῖχός τε ῥήξειν καὶ ἐνιπρήσειν πυρὶ νῆας, οἵ ῥʼ ἔτι μερμήριζον ἐφεσταότες παρὰ τάφρῳ. 200ὄρνις γάρ σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον ζωὸν ἔτʼ ἀσπαίροντα, καὶ οὔ πω λήθετο χάρμης, κόψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρὴν 205ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω· ὃ δʼ ἀπὸ ἕθεν ἧκε χαμᾶζε ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δʼ ἐνὶ κάββαλʼ ὁμίλῳ, αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας πέτετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο. Τρῶες δʼ ἐρρίγησαν ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο. 210δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς· Ἕκτορ ἀεὶ μέν πώς μοι ἐπιπλήσσεις ἀγορῇσιν ἐσθλὰ φραζομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδὲ ἔοικε δῆμον ἐόντα παρὲξ ἀγορευέμεν, οὔτʼ ἐνὶ βουλῇ οὔτέ ποτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ, σὸν δὲ κράτος αἰὲν ἀέξειν· 215νῦν αὖτʼ ἐξερέω ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα.

While they were stripping from these their shining arms, meanwhile the youths that followed with Polydamas and Hector, even they that were most in number and bravest, and that most were fain to break through the wall and burn the ships with fire, these still tarried in doubt, as they stood by the trench. For a bird had come upon them, as they were eager to cross over, an eagle of lofty flight, skirting the host on the left, and in its talons it bore a blood-red, monstrous snake, still alive as if struggling, nor was it yet forgetful of combat, it writhed backward, and smote him that held it on the breast beside the neck, till the eagle, stung with pain, cast it from him to the ground, and let it fall in the midst of the throng, and himself with a loud cry sped away down the blasts of the wind. And the Trojans shuddered when they saw the writhing snake lying in the midst of them, a portent of Zeus that beareth the aegis. Then verily Polydamas drew near, and spake to bold Hector: Hector, ever dost thou rebuke me in the gatherings of the folk, though I give good counsel, since it were indeed unseemly that a man of the people should speak contrariwise to thee, be it in council or in war, but he should ever increase thy might; yet now will I speak even as seemeth to me to be best.

216μὴ ἴομεν Δαναοῖσι μαχησόμενοι περὶ νηῶν. ὧδε γὰρ ἐκτελέεσθαι ὀΐομαι, εἰ ἐτεόν γε Τρωσὶν ὅδʼ ὄρνις ἦλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων 220φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον ζωόν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀφέηκε πάρος φίλα οἰκίʼ ἱκέσθαι, οὐδʼ ἐτέλεσσε φέρων δόμεναι τεκέεσσιν ἑοῖσιν. ὣς ἡμεῖς, εἴ πέρ τε πύλας καὶ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ῥηξόμεθα σθένεϊ μεγάλῳ, εἴξωσι δʼ Ἀχαιοί, 225οὐ κόσμῳ παρὰ ναῦφιν ἐλευσόμεθʼ αὐτὰ κέλευθα· πολλοὺς γὰρ Τρώων καταλείψομεν, οὕς κεν Ἀχαιοὶ χαλκῷ δῃώσωσιν ἀμυνόμενοι περὶ νηῶν. ὧδέ χʼ ὑποκρίναιτο θεοπρόπος, ὃς σάφα θυμῷ εἰδείη τεράων καί οἱ πειθοίατο λαοί. 230τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ· Πουλυδάμα, σὺ μὲν οὐκ ἔτʼ ἐμοὶ φίλα ταῦτʼ ἀγορεύεις· οἶσθα καὶ ἄλλον μῦθον ἀμείνονα τοῦδε νοῆσαι.

Let us not go forward to fight with the Danaans for the ships. For thus, methinks, will the issue be, seeing that in sooth this bird has come upon the Trojans, as they were eager to cross over, an eagle of lofty flight, skirting the host on the left, bearing in his talons a blood-red, monstrous snake, still living, yet straightway let it fall before he reached his own nest, neither finished he his course, to bring and give it to his little ones—even so shall we, though we break the gates and the wall of the Achaeans by our great might, and the Achaeans give way, come back over the selfsame road from the ships in disarray; for many of the Trojans shall we leave behind, whom th Achaeans shall slay with the bronze in defense of the ships. On this wise would a soothsayer interpret, one that in his mind had clear knowledge of omens, and to whom the folk gave ear. Then with an angry glance from beneath his brows spake to him Hector of the flashing helm: Polydamas, this that thou sayest is no longer to my pleasure; yea, thou knowest how to devise better words than these.

233εἰ δʼ ἐτεὸν δὴ τοῦτον ἀπὸ σπουδῆς ἀγορεύεις, ἐξ ἄρα δή τοι ἔπειτα θεοὶ φρένας ὤλεσαν αὐτοί, 235ὃς κέλεαι Ζηνὸς μὲν ἐριγδούποιο λαθέσθαι βουλέων, ἅς τέ μοι αὐτὸς ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσε· τύνη δʼ οἰωνοῖσι τανυπτερύγεσσι κελεύεις πείθεσθαι, τῶν οὔ τι μετατρέπομʼ οὐδʼ ἀλεγίζω εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δεξίʼ ἴωσι πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε, 240εἴτʼ ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ τοί γε ποτὶ ζόφον ἠερόεντα. ἡμεῖς δὲ μεγάλοιο Διὸς πειθώμεθα βουλῇ, ὃς πᾶσι θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσει. εἷς οἰωνὸς ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ πάτρης. τίπτε σὺ δείδοικας πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα; 245εἴ περ γάρ τʼ ἄλλοι γε περὶ κτεινώμεθα πάντες νηυσὶν ἐπʼ Ἀργείων, σοὶ δʼ οὐ δέος ἔστʼ ἀπολέσθαι· οὐ γάρ τοι κραδίη μενεδήϊος οὐδὲ μαχήμων. εἰ δὲ σὺ δηϊοτῆτος ἀφέξεαι, ἠέ τινʼ ἄλλον παρφάμενος ἐπέεσσιν ἀποτρέψεις πολέμοιο, 250αὐτίκʼ ἐμῷ ὑπὸ δουρὶ τυπεὶς ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσεις.

But if thou verily speakest thus in earnest, then of a surety have the gods themselves destroyed thy wits, seeing thou biddest me forget the counsels of loud-thundering Zeus, that himself promised me and bowed his head thereto. But thou biddest us be obedient to birds long of wing, that I regard not, nor take thought thereof, whether they fare to the right, toward the Dawn and the sun, or to the left toward the murky darkness. nay, for us, let us be obedient to the counsel of great Zeus, that is king over all mortals and immortals. One omen is best, to fight for one's country. Wherefore dost thou fear war and battle? For if the rest of us be slain one and all at the ships of the Argives, yet is there no fear that thou shouldest perish,—for thy heart is—not staunch in fight nor warlike. Howbeit, if thou shalt hold aloof from battle, or shalt beguile with thy words an other, and turn him from war, forthwith smitten by my spear shalt thou lose thy life.

251ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἡγήσατο, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο ἠχῇ θεσπεσίῃ· ἐπὶ δὲ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος ὦρσεν ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἀνέμοιο θύελλαν, ἥ ῥʼ ἰθὺς νηῶν κονίην φέρεν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιῶν 255θέλγε νόον, Τρωσὶν δὲ καὶ Ἕκτορι κῦδος ὄπαζε. τοῦ περ δὴ τεράεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι ῥήγνυσθαι μέγα τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν πειρήτιζον. κρόσσας μὲν πύργων ἔρυον, καὶ ἔρειπον ἐπάλξεις, στήλας τε προβλῆτας ἐμόχλεον, ἃς ἄρʼ Ἀχαιοὶ 260πρώτας ἐν γαίῃ θέσαν ἔμμεναι ἔχματα πύργων. τὰς οἵ γʼ αὐέρυον, ἔλποντο δὲ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ῥήξειν· οὐδέ νύ πω Δαναοὶ χάζοντο κελεύθου, ἀλλʼ οἵ γε ῥινοῖσι βοῶν φράξαντες ἐπάλξεις βάλλον ἀπʼ αὐτάων δηΐους ὑπὸ τεῖχος ἰόντας. 265ἀμφοτέρω δʼ Αἴαντε κελευτιόωντʼ ἐπὶ πύργων πάντοσε φοιτήτην μένος ὀτρύνοντες Ἀχαιῶν.

So spake he and led the way; and they followed after with a wondrous din; and thereat Zeus, that hurleth the thunderbolt, roused from the mountains of Ida a blast of wind, that bare the dust straight against the ships and he bewildered the mind of the Achaeans, but vouchsafed glory to the Trojans and to Hector. Trusting therefore in his portents and in their might they sought to break the great wall of the Achaeans. The pinnets of the fortifications they dragged down and overthrew the battlements, and pried out the supporting beams that the Achaeans had set first in the earth as buttresses for the wall. These they sought to drag out, and hoped to break the wall of the Achaeans. Howbeit not even now did the Danaans give ground from the path, but closed up the battlements with bull's-hides, and therefrom cast at the foemen, as they came up against the wall. And the two Aiantes ranged everywhere along the walls urging men on, and arousing the might of the Achaeans.

267ἄλλον μειλιχίοις, ἄλλον στερεοῖς ἐπέεσσι νείκεον, ὅν τινα πάγχυ μάχης μεθιέντα ἴδοιεν· ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ὅς τʼ ἔξοχος ὅς τε μεσήεις 270ὅς τε χερειότερος, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω πάντες ὁμοῖοι ἀνέρες ἐν πολέμῳ, νῦν ἔπλετο ἔργον ἅπασι· καὶ δʼ αὐτοὶ τόδε που γιγνώσκετε. μή τις ὀπίσσω τετράφθω ποτὶ νῆας ὁμοκλητῆρος ἀκούσας, ἀλλὰ πρόσω ἵεσθε καὶ ἀλλήλοισι κέλεσθε, 275αἴ κε Ζεὺς δώῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος ἀστεροπητὴς νεῖκος ἀπωσαμένους δηΐους προτὶ ἄστυ δίεσθαι. ὣς τώ γε προβοῶντε μάχην ὄτρυνον Ἀχαιῶν. τῶν δʼ, ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαὶ ἤματι χειμερίῳ, ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο μητίετα Ζεὺς 280νιφέμεν ἀνθρώποισι πιφαυσκόμενος τὰ ἃ κῆλα· κοιμήσας δʼ ἀνέμους χέει ἔμπεδον, ὄφρα καλύψῃ ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων κορυφὰς καὶ πρώονας ἄκρους καὶ πεδία λωτοῦντα καὶ ἀνδρῶν πίονα ἔργα, καί τʼ ἐφʼ ἁλὸς πολιῆς κέχυται λιμέσιν τε καὶ ἀκταῖς, 285κῦμα δέ μιν προσπλάζον ἐρύκεται· ἄλλά τε πάντα εἴλυται καθύπερθʼ, ὅτʼ ἐπιβρίσῃ Διὸς ὄμβρος· ὣς τῶν ἀμφοτέρωσε λίθοι πωτῶντο θαμειαί, αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐς Τρῶας, αἱ δʼ ἐκ Τρώων ἐς Ἀχαιούς, βαλλομένων· τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ὕπερ πᾶν δοῦπος ὀρώρει.

One man with gentle words, another with harsh would they chide, whomsoever they saw giving ground utterly from the fight: Friends, whoso is pre-eminent among the Danaans, whoso holds a middle place, or whoso is lesser, for in nowise are all men equal in war, now is there a work for all, and this, I ween, ye know even of yourselves. Let no man turn him back to the ships now that he has heard one that cheers him on; nay, press ye forward, and urge ye one the other, in hope that Olympian Zeus, lord of the lightning, may grant us to thrust back the assault and drive our foes to the city. So shouted forth the twain, and aroused the battle of the Achaeans. And as flakes of snow fall thick on a winter's day, when Zeus, the counsellor, bestirreth him to snow, shewing forth to men these arrows of his, and he lulleth the winds and sheddeth the flakes continually, until he hath covered the peaks of the lofty mountains and the high headlands, and the grassy plains, and the rich tillage of men; aye, and over the harbours and shores of the grey sea is the snow strewn, albeit the wave as it beateth against it keepeth it off, but all things beside are wrapped therein, when the storm of Zeus driveth it on: even so from both sides their stones flew thick, some upon the Trojans, and some from the Trojans upon the Achaeans, as they cast at one another; and over all the wall the din arose.

People and places in this passage

English translation by Augustus Taber Murray (1924). Original text: David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen (eds.), Homeri Opera, Oxford Classical Texts, 3rd ed., vols. 1-2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1920 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus); English: Augustus Taber Murray, Homer, The Iliad, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1924-1925.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.