μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σινδικὴν καὶ τὴν Γοργιπίαν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ ἡ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ Ζυγῶν καὶ Ἡνιόχων παραλία τὸ πλέον ἀλίμενος καὶ ὀρεινή, τοῦ Καυκάσου μέρος οὖσα. ζῶσι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ θάλατταν λῃστηρίων, ἀκάτια ἔχοντες λεπτὰ στενὰ καὶ κοῦφα, ὅσον ἀνθρώπους πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι δεχόμενα, σπάνιον δὲ τριάκοντα δέξασθαι τοὺς πάντας δυνάμενα· καλοῦσι δʼ αὐτὰ οἱ Ἕλληνες καμάρας. φασὶ δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰάσονος στρατιᾶς τοὺς μὲν Φθιώτας Ἀχαιοὺς τὴν ἐνθάδε Ἀχαΐαν οἰκίσαι, Λάκωνας δὲ τὴν Ἡνιοχίαν, ὧν ἦρχον Κρέκας καὶ Ἀμφίστρατος οἱ τῶν Διοσκούρων ἡνίοχοι, καὶ τοὺς Ἡνιόχους ἀπὸ τούτων εἰκὸς ὠνομάσθαι. τῶν δʼ οὖν καμαρῶν στόλους κατασκευαζόμενοι καὶ ἐπιπλέοντες τοτὲ μὲν ταῖς ὁλκάσι τοτὲ δὲ χώρᾳ τινὶ ἢ καὶ πόλει θαλαττοκρατοῦσι. προσλαμβάνουσι δʼ ἔσθʼ ὅτε καὶ οἱ τὸν Βόσπορον ἔχοντες ὑφόρμους χορηγοῦντες καὶ ἀγορὰν καὶ διάθεσιν τῶν ἁρπαζομένων· ἐπανιόντες δὲ εἰς τὰ οἰκεῖα χωρία, ναυλοχεῖν οὐκ ἔχοντες, ἀναθέμενοι τοῖς ὤμοις τὰς καμάρας ἀναφέρουσιν ἐπὶ τοὺς δρυμοὺς ἐν οἷσπερ καὶ οἰκοῦσι, λυπρὰν ἀροῦντες γῆν· καταφέρουσι δὲ πάλιν ὅταν ᾖ καιρὸς τοῦ πλεῖν. τὸ δʼ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσι καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ γνώριμα ἔχοντες ὑλώδη χωρία, ἐν οἷς ἀποκρύψαντες τὰς καμάρας αὐτοὶ πλανῶνται πεζῇ νύκτωρ καὶ μεθʼ ἡμέραν ἀνδραποδισμοῦ χάριν. ἃ δʼ ἂν λάβωσιν ἐπίλυτρα ποιοῦσι ῥᾳδίως μετὰ τοὺς ἀνάπλους μηνύοντες τοῖς ἀπολέσασιν. ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς δυναστευομένοις τόποις ἐστί τις βοήθεια ἐκ τῶν ἡγεμόνων τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις· ἀντεπιτίθενται γὰρ πολλάκις καὶ κατάγουσιν αὐτάνδρους τὰς καμάρας· ἡ δʼ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἀβοηθητοτέρα ἐστὶ διὰ τὴν ὀλιγωρίαν τῶν πεμπομένων.
Next to Sindica, and Gorgipia upon the sea, is the sea-coast inhabited by the Achaei, Zygi, and Heniochi. It is for the most part without harbours and mountainous, being a portion of the Caucasus.
These people subsist by piracy.
Their boats are slender, narrow, light, and capable of holding about five and twenty men, and rarely thirty. The Greeks call them camarae. They say, that at the time of the expedition of Jason the Achaei Phthiotae founded the Achaia there, and the Lacedaemonians, Heniochia. Their leaders were Rhecas, and Amphistratus, the charioteers of the Dioscuri; it is probable that the Heniochi had their name from these persons. They equip fleets consisting of these camarae, and being masters of the sea sometimes attack vessels of burden, or invade a territory, or even a city. Sometimes even those who occupy the Bosporus assist them, by furnishing places of shelter for their vessels, and supply them with provision and means for the disposal of their booty. When they return to their own country, not having places suitable for mooring their vessels, they put their camarae on their shoulders, and carry them up into the forests, among which they live, and where they cultivate a poor soil. When the season arrives for navigation, they bring them down again to the coast. Their habits are the same even in a foreign country, for they are acquainted with wooded tracts, in which, after concealing their camarae, they wander about on foot day and night, for the purpose of capturing the inhabitants and reducing them to slavery. But they readily allow whatever is taken to be ransomed, and signify this after their departure to those who have lost their property. In places where there is a regular government, the injured find means of repelling them. For, frequently, the pirates are attacked in return, and are carried off together with their camarae. But the country subject to the Romans is not so well protected, in consequence of the neglect of those who are sent there.
τοιοῦτος μὲν ὁ τούτων βίος· δυναστεύονται δὲ καὶ οὗτοι ὑπὸ τῶν καλουμένων Σκηπτούχων; καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ οὗτοι ὑπὸ τυράννοις ἢ βασιλεῦσίν εἰσιν. οἱ γοῦν Ἡνίοχοι τέτταρας εἶχον βασιλέας, ἡνίκα Μιθριδάτης ὁ Εὐπάτωρ φεύγων ἐκ τῆς προγονικῆς εἰς Βόσπορον διῄει τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν· καὶ αὕτη μὲν ἦν πορεύσιμος αὐτῷ, τῆς δὲ τῶν Ζυγῶν ἀπογνοὺς διά τε δυσχερείας καὶ ἀγριότητας τῇ παραλίᾳ χαλεπῶς ᾔει, τὰ πολλὰ ἐμβαίνων ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν, ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἧκε· καὶ προσλαβόντων τούτων ἐξετέλεσε τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐκ Φάσιδος οὐ πολὺ τῶν τετρακισχιλίων λείπουσαν σταδίων.
Such then is their mode of life. But even these people are governed by persons called Sceptuchi, and these again are subject to the authority of tyrants, or of kings. The Heniochi had four kings at the time that Mithridates Eupator fled from the country of his ancestors to the Bosporus, and passed through their country, which was open to him, but he avoided that of the Zygi on account of its ruggedness, and the savage character of the people. He proceeded with difficulty along the sea-coast, frequently embarking in vessels, till he came to the country of the Achaei, by whom he was hospitably received. He had then completed a journey from the Phasis of not much less than 4000 stadia.
εὐθὺς δʼ οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Κοροκονδάμης πρὸς ἕω μὲν ὁ πλοῦς ἐστιν. ἐν δὲ σταδίοις ἑκατὸν ὀγδοήκοντα ὁ Σινδικός ἐστι λιμὴν καὶ πόλις, εἶτα ἐν τετρακοσίοις τὰ καλούμενα Βατὰ κώμη καὶ λιμήν, καθʼ ὃ μάλιστα ἀντικεῖσθαι δοκεῖ πρὸς νότον ἡ Σινώπη ταύτῃ τῇ παραλίᾳ, καθάπερ ἡ Κάραμβις εἴρηται τοῦ Κριοῦ μετώπῳ· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Βατῶν ὁ μὲν Ἀρτεμίδωρος τὴν Κερκετῶν λέγει παραλίαν ὑφόρμους ἔχουσαν καὶ κώμας ὅσον ἐπὶ σταδίους ὀκτακοσίους καὶ πεντήκοντα, εἶτα τὴν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν σταδίων πεντακοσίων, εἶτα τὴν τῶν Ἡνιόχων χιλίων, εἶτα τὸν Πιτυοῦντα τὸν μέγαν τριακοσίων ἑξήκοντα μέχρι Διοσκουριάδος· οἱ δὲ τὰ Μιθριδατικὰ συγγράψαντες, οἷς μᾶλλον προσεκτέον, Ἀχαιοὺς λέγουσι πρώτους, εἶτα Ζυγούς, εἶτα Ἡνιόχους, εἶτα Κερκέτας καὶ Μόσχους καὶ Κόλχους καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τούτων Φθειροφάγους καὶ Σοάνας καὶ ἄλλα μικρὰ ἔθνη τὰ περὶ τὸν Καύκασον. κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἡ παραλία, καθάπερ εἶπον, ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τείνει καὶ βλέπει πρὸς νότον, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Βατῶν ἐπιστροφὴν λαμβάνει κατὰ μικρόν, εἶτʼ ἀντιπρόσωπος γίνεται τῇ δύσει καὶ τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὸν Πιτυοῦντα καὶ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα· ταῦτα γὰρ τὰ χωρία τῆς Κολχίδος συνάπτει τῇ λεχθείσῃ παραλίᾳ. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα ἡ λοιπὴ τῆς Κολχίδος ἐστὶ παραλία καὶ ἡ συνεχὴς Τραπεζοῦς καμπὴν ἀξιόλογον ποιήσασα, εἶτα εἰς εὐθεῖαν ταθεῖσά πως πλευρὰν τὴν τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ Πόντου ποιοῦσαν τὰ βλέποντα πρὸς ἄρκτον. ἅπασα δʼ ἡ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων παραλία μέχρι Διοσκουριάδος καὶ τῶν ἐπʼ εὐθείας πρὸς νότον ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τόπων ὑποπέπτωκε τῷ Καυκάσῳ.
From Corocondame, the course of the voyage is directly towards the east. At the distance of 180 stadia is the Sindic harbour, and a city. Then at the distance of 400 stadia is Bata, as it is called, a village with a harbour. It is at this place that Sinope on the south seems to be directly opposite to this coast, as Carambis has been said to be opposite to Criu-Metopon.
Next to Bata Artemidorus places the coast of the Cercetae, which has places of shelter for vessels, and villages along an extent of about 850 stadia; then at 500 stadia more the coast of the Achaei, then that of the Heniochi, at 1000 stadia, then the Great Pityus, from which to Dioscurias are 360 stadia.
The authors most worthy of credit who have written the history of the Mithridatic wars, enumerate the Achaei first, then Zygi, then Heniochi, then Cercetae, Moschi, Colchi, and above these the Phtheirophagi, Soanes, and other smaller nations about the Caucasus. The direction of the sea-coast is at first, as I have said, towards the east, with a southern aspect; but from Bata it makes a bend for a small distance, then fronts the west, and terminates towards Pityus, and Dioscurias, for these places are contiguous to the coast of Colchis, which I have already mentioned. Next to Dioscurias is the remainder of the coast of Colchis, and Trapezus contiguous to it; where the coast, having made a considerable turn, then extends nearly in a straight line, and forms the side on the right hand of the Euxine, looking to the north.
The whole of the coast of the Achaei, and of the other nations, as far as Dioscurias, and the inland places lying in a straight line towards the south, are at the foot of the Caucasus.
ἔστι δʼ ὄρος τοῦτο ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ πελάγους ἑκατέρου τοῦ τε Ποντικοῦ καὶ τοῦ Κασπίου, διατειχίζον τὸν ἰσθμὸν τὸν διείργοντα αὐτά. ἀφορίζει δὲ πρὸς νότον μὲν τήν τε Ἀλβανίαν καὶ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ τὰ τῶν Σαρματῶν πεδία· εὔδενδρον δʼ ἐστὶν ὕλῃ παντοδαπῇ τῇ τε ἄλλῃ καὶ τῇ ναυπηγησίμῳ. φησὶ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης ὑπὸ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων καλεῖσθαι Κάσπιον τὸν Καύκασον, ἴσως ἀπὸ τῶν Κασπίων παρονομασθέντα. ἀγκῶνες δέ τινες αὐτοῦ προπίπτουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν, οἳ τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν περιλαμβάνουσι μέσην καὶ τοῖς Ἀρμενίων ὄρεσι συνάπτουσι καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς καλουμένοις, ἔτι δὲ τῷ Σκυδίσῃ καὶ τῷ Παρυάδρῃ· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ μέρη τοῦ Ταύρου πάντα τοῦ ποιοῦντος τὸ νότιον τῆς Ἀρμενίας πλευρόν, ἀπερρωγότα πως ἐκεῖθεν πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ προσπίπτοντα μέχρι τοῦ Καυκάσου καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐξείνου παραλίας τῆς ἐπὶ Θεμίσκυραν διατεινούσης ἀπὸ τῆς Κολχίδος.
This mountain overhangs both the Euxine and the Caspian seas, forming a kind of rampart to the isthmus which separates one sea from the other. To the south it is the boundary of Albania and Iberia, to the north, of the plains of the Sarmatians. It is well wooded, and contains various kinds of timber, and especially trees adapted to shipbuilding. Eratosthenes says that the Caucasus is called Mount Caspius by the natives, a name borrowed perhaps from the Caspii. It throws out forks towards the south, which embrace the middle of Iberia, and touch the Armenian and those called the Moschic mountains, and besides these the mountains of Scydises, and the Paryadres. All these are portions of the Taurus, which forms the southern side of Armenia, and are broken off in a manner from it towards the north, and extend as far as Caucasus, and the coast of the Euxine which lies between Colchis and Themiscyra.
ἡ δʼ οὖν Διοσκουριὰς ἐν κόλπῳ τοιούτῳ κειμένη καὶ τὸ ἑωθινώτατον σημεῖον ἐπέχουσα τοῦ σύμπαντος πελάγους, μυχός τε τοῦ Εὐξείνου λέγεται καὶ ἔσχατος πλοῦς· τό τε παροιμιακῶς λεχθὲν οὕτω δεῖ δέξασθαι εἰς Φᾶσιν ἔνθα ναυσὶν ἔσχατος δρόμος, / οὐχ ὡς τὸν ποταμὸν λέγοντος τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὸ ἰαμβεῖον, οὐδὲ δὴ ὡς τὴν ὁμώνυμον αὐτῷ πόλιν κειμένην ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ, ἀλλʼ ὡς τὴν Κολχίδα ἀπὸ μέρους, ἐπεὶ ἀπό γε τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ τῆς πόλεως οὐκ ἐλάττων ἑξακοσίων σταδίων λείπεται πλοῦς ἐπʼ εὐθείας εἰς τὸν μυχόν. ἡ δʼ αὐτὴ Διοσκουριάς ἐστι καὶ ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τοῦ μεταξὺ τῆς Κασπίας καὶ τοῦ Πόντου καὶ ἐμπόριον τῶν ὑπερκειμένων καὶ σύνεγγυς ἐθνῶν κοινόν· συνέρχεσθαι γοῦν εἰς αὐτὴν ἑβδομήκοντα, οἱ δὲ καὶ τριακόσια ἔθνη φασίν, οἷς οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων μέλει, πάντα δὲ ἑτερόγλωττα διὰ τὸ σποράδην καὶ ἀμίκτως οἰκεῖν ὑπὸ αὐθαδείας καὶ ἀγριότητος· Σαρμάται δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ πλείους, πάντες δὲ Καυκάσιοι. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ τὰ περὶ τὴν Διοσκουριάδα.
Situated on a bay of this kind, and occupying the most easterly point of the whole sea, is Dioscurias, called the recess of the Euxine Sea, and the extreme boundary of navigation, for in this sense we are to understand the proverbial saying, To Phasis where ships end their course. / Not as if the author of the iambic intended to speak of the river, nor of the city of the same name upon the river, but Colchis designated by a part, because from the city and the river there remains a voyage of not less than 600 stadia in a straight line to the recess of the bay. This same Dioscurias is the commencement of the isthmus lying between the Caspian Sea and the Euxine. It is a common mart of the nations situated above it, and in its neighbourhood. There assemble at Dioscurias 70 or, according to some writers who are careless in their statements, 300 nations. All speak different languages, from living dispersed in various places and without intercourse, in consequence of their fierce and savage manners. They are chiefly Sarmatians, but all of them Caucasian tribes. So much then respecting Dioscurias.
Cite This Text