Ἀλβανοὶ δὲ ποιμενικώτεροι καὶ τοῦ νομαδικοῦ γένους ἐγγυτέρω, πλὴν ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἄγριοι· ταύτῃ δὲ καὶ πολεμικοὶ μετρίως. οἰκοῦσι δὲ μεταξὺ τῶν Ἰβήρων καὶ τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης, πρὸς ἕω μὲν ἁπτόμενοι τῆς θαλάττης, πρὸς δύσιν δὲ ὁμοροῦντες τοῖς Ἴβηρσι· τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν πλευρῶν τὸ μὲν βόρειον φρουρεῖται τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι (ταῦτα γὰρ ὑπέρκειται τῶν πεδίων, καλεῖται δὲ τὰ πρὸς τῇ θαλάττῃ μάλιστα Κεραύνια), τὸ δὲ νότιον ποιεῖ ἡ Ἀρμενία παρήκουσα, πολλὴ μὲν πεδιὰς πολλὴ δὲ καὶ ὀρεινή, καθάπερ ἡ Καμβυσηνή, καθʼ ἣν ἅμα καὶ τοῖς Ἴβηρσι καὶ τοῖς Ἀλβανοῖς οἱ Ἀρμένιοι συνάπτουσιν.
THE Albanians pursue rather a shepherd life, and resemble more the nomadic tribes, except that they are not savages, and hence they are little disposed to war. They inhabit the country between the Iberians and the Caspian Sea, approaching close to the sea on the east, and on the west border upon the Iberians.
Of the remaining sides the northern is protected by the Caucasian mountains, for these overhang the plains, and are called, particularly those near the sea, Ceraunian mountains. The southern side is formed by Armenia, which extends along it. A large portion of it consists of plains, and a large portion also of mountains, as Cambysene, where the Armenians approach close both to the Iberians and the Albanians.
ὁ δὲ Κῦρος ὁ διαρρέων τὴν Ἀλβανίαν καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ποταμοὶ οἱ πληροῦντες ἐκεῖνον ταῖς μὲν τῆς γῆς ἀρεταῖς προσλαμβάνουσι, τὴν δὲ θάλατταν ἀλλοτριοῦσιν. ἡ γὰρ χοῦς προσπίπτουσα πολλὴ πληροῖ τὸν πόρον, ὥστε καὶ τὰς ἐπικειμένας νησῖδας ἐξηπειροῦσθαι καὶ τενάγη ποιεῖν ἀνώμαλα καὶ δυσφύλακτα· τὴν δʼ ἀνωμαλίαν ἐπιτείνουσιν αἱ ἐκ τῶν πλημμυρίδων ἀνακοπαί. καὶ δὴ καὶ εἰς στόματα δώδεκά φασι μεμερίσθαι τὰς ἐκβολάς, τὰ μὲν τυφλὰ τὰ δὲ παντελῶς ἐπίπεδα ὄντα καὶ μηδὲ ὕφορμον ἀπολείποντα· ἐπὶ πλείους γοῦν ἢ ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ἀμφικλύστου τῆς ᾐόνος οὔσης τῇ θαλάττῃ καὶ τοῖς ποταμοῖς, ἅπαν εἶναι μέρος αὐτῆς ἀπροσπέλαστον, τὴν δὲ χοῦν καὶ μέχρι πεντακοσίων παρήκειν σταδίων θινώδη ποιοῦσαν τὸν αἰγιαλόν. πλησίον δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἀράξης ἐμβάλλει τραχὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐκπίπτων· ἣν δὲ ἐκεῖνος προωθεῖ χοῦν πορευτὸν ποιῶν τὸ ῥεῖθρον, ταύτην ὁ Κῦρος ἀναπληροῖ.
The Cyrus, which flows through Albania, and the other rivers which swell the stream of the Cyrus, improve the qualities of the land, but remove the sea to a distance. For the mud, accumulating in great quantity, fillsup the channel in such a manner, that the small adjacent islands are annexed to the continent, irregular marshes are formed, and difficult to be avoided; the reverberation also of the tide increases the irregular formation of the marshes. The mouth of the river is said to be divided into twelve branches, some of which afford no passage through them, others are so shallow as to leave no shelter for vessels. The shore for an extent of more than 60 stadia is inundated by the sea, and by the rivers; all that part of it is inaccessible; the mud reaches even as far as 500 stadia, and forms a bank along the coast. The Araxes discharges its waters not far off, coming with an impetuous stream from Armenia, but the mud which this river impels forward, making the channel pervious, is replaced by the Cyrus.
τάχα μὲν οὖν τῷ τοιούτῳ γένει τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲν δεῖ θαλάττης· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῇ γῇ χρῶνται κατʼ ἀξίαν, πάντα μὲν ἐκφερούσῃ καρπὸν καὶ τὸν ἡμερώτατον, πᾶν δὲ φυτόν· καὶ γὰρ τὰ ἀειθαλῆ φέρει· τυγχάνει δʼ ἐπιμελείας οὐδὲ μικρᾶς ἀλλὰ τάγʼ ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται, / καθάπερ οἱ στρατεύσαντές φασι, Κυκλώπειόν τινα διηγούμενοι βίον· πολλαχοῦ γὰρ σπαρεῖσαν ἅπαξ δὶς ἐκφέρειν καρπὸν ἢ καὶ τρίς, τὸν δὲ πρῶτον καὶ πεντηκοντάχουν, ἀνέαστον καὶ ταῦτα οὐδὲ σιδήρῳ τμηθεῖσαν ἀλλʼ αὐτοξύλῳ ἀρότρῳ. ποτίζεται δὲ πᾶν τὸ πεδίον τοῦ Βαβυλωνίου καὶ τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου μᾶλλον τοῖς ποταμοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὕδασιν ὥστʼ ἀεὶ ποώδη φυλάττειν τὴν ὄψιν· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ εὔβοτόν ἐστι· πρόσεστι δὲ καὶ τὸ εὐάερον ἐκείνων μᾶλλον. ἄσκαφοι δʼ αἱ ἄμπελοι μένουσαι διὰ τέλους, τεμνόμεναι δὲ διὰ πενταετηρίδος, νέαι μὲν διετεῖς ἐκφέρουσιν ἤδη καρπόν, τέλειαι δʼ ἀποδιδόασι τοσοῦτον ὥστʼ ἀφιᾶσιν ἐν τοῖς κλήμασι πολὺ μέρος. εὐερνῆ δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ βοσκήματα παρʼ αὐτοῖς τά τε ἥμερα καὶ τὰ ἄγρια.
Perhaps such a race of people have no need of the sea, for they do not make a proper use even of the land, which produces every kind of fruit, even the most delicate, and every kind of plant and evergreen. It is not cultivated with the least care; but all that is excellent grows without sowing, and without ploughing, according to the accounts of persons who have accompanied armies there, and describe the inhabitants as leading a Cyclopean mode of life. In many places the ground, which has been sowed once, produces two or three crops, the first of which is even fifty-fold, and that without a fallow, nor is the ground turned with an iron instrument, but with a plough made entirely of wood. The whole plain is better watered than Babylon or Aegypt, by rivers and streams, so that it always presents the appearance of herbage, and it affords excellent pasture. The air here is better than in those countries. The vines remain always without digging round them, and are pruned every five years. The young trees bear fruit even the second year, but the full grown yield so much that a large quantity of it is left on the branches. The cattle, both tame and wild, thrive well in this country.
καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι κάλλει καὶ μεγέθει διαφέροντες, ἁπλοῖ δὲ καὶ οὐ καπηλικοί· οὐδὲ γὰρ νομίσματι τὰ πολλὰ χρῶνται, οὐδὲ ἀριθμὸν ἴσασι μείζω τῶν ἑκατόν, ἀλλὰ φορτίοις τὰς ἀμοιβὰς ποιοῦνται· καὶ πρὸς τἆλλα δὲ τὰ τοῦ βίου ῥᾳθύμως ἔχουσιν. ἄπειροι δʼ εἰσὶ καὶ μέτρων τῶν ἐπʼ ἀκριβὲς καὶ σταθμῶν, καὶ πολέμου δὲ καὶ πολιτείας καὶ γεωργίας ἀπρονοήτως ἔχουσιν· ὅμως δὲ καὶ πεζοὶ καὶ ἀφʼ ἵππων ἀγωνίζονται, ψιλοί τε καὶ κατάφρακτοι, καθάπερ Ἀρμένιοι.
The men are distinguished for beauty of person and for size. They are simple in their dealings and not fraudulent, for they do not in general use coined money; nor are they acquainted with any number above a hundred, and transact their exchanges by loads. They are careless with regard to the other circumstances of life. They are ignorant of weights and measures as far as exactness is concerned; they are improvident with respect to war, government, and agriculture. They fight however on foot and on horseback, both in light and in heavy armour, like the Armenians.
στέλλουσι δὲ μείζω τῆς Ἰβήρων στρατιάν. ὁπλίζουσι γὰρ καὶ ἓξ μυριάδας πεζῶν, ἱππέας δὲ μυρίους καὶ δισχιλίους, ὅσοις πρὸς Πομπήιον διεκινδύνευσαν. καὶ τούτοις δὲ συμπολεμοῦσιν οἱ νομάδες πρὸς τοὺς ἔξωθεν, ὥσπερ τοῖς Ἴβηρσι, κατὰ τὰς αὐτὰς αἰτίας. ἄλλως δʼ ἐπιχειροῦσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πολλάκις ὥστε καὶ γεωργεῖν κωλύουσιν. ἀκοντισταὶ δέ εἰσι καὶ τοξόται, θώρακας ἔχοντες καὶ θυρεούς, περίκρανα δὲ θήρεια παραπλησίως τοῖς Ἴβηρσιν. ἔστι δὲ τῆς Ἀλβανῶν χώρας καὶ ἡ Κασπιανή, τοῦ Κασπίου ἔθνους ἐπώνυμος, οὗπερ καὶ ἡ θάλαττα, ἀφανοῦς ὄντος νυνί. ἡ δʼ ἐκ τῆς Ἰβηρίας εἰς τὴν Ἀλβανίαν εἰσβολὴ διὰ τῆς Καμβυσηνῆς ἀνύδρου τε καὶ τραχείας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀλαζόνιον ποταμόν. θηρευτικοὶ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ κύνες αὐτῶν εἰς ὑπερβολήν, οὐ τέχνῃ μᾶλλον ἢ σπουδῇ τῇ περὶ τοῦτο.
They can send into the field a larger army than the Iberians, for they can equip 60,000 infantry and 22,000 horsemen; with such a force they offered resistance to Pompey. The Nomades also co-operate with them against foreigners, as they do with the Iberians on similar occasions. When there is no war they frequently attack these people and prevent them from cultivating the ground. They use javelins and bows, and wear breastplates, shields, and coverings for the head, made of the hides of wild animals, like the Iberians.
To the country of the Albanians belongs Caspiana, and has its name from the Caspian tribe, from whom the sea also has its appellation; the Caspian tribe is now extinct.
The entrance from Iberia into Albania is through the Cambysene, a country without water, and rocky, to the river Alazonius. The people themselves and their dogs are excessively fond of the chase, pursuing it with equal eagerness and skill.
διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς· νυνὶ μὲν οὖν εἷς ἁπάντων ἄρχει, πρότερον δὲ καὶ καθʼ ἑκάστην γλῶτταν ἰδίᾳ ἐβασιλεύοντο ἕκαστοι. γλῶτται δʼ εἰσὶν ἓξ καὶ εἴκοσιν αὐτοῖς διὰ τὸ μὴ εὐεπίμικτον πρὸς ἀλλήλους. φέρει δʼ ἡ γῆ καὶ τῶν ἑρπετῶν ἔνια τῶν θανασίμων καὶ σκορπίους καὶ φαλάγγια· τῶν δὲ φαλαγγίων τὰ μὲν ποιεῖ γελῶντας ἀποθνήσκειν, τὰ δὲ κλαίοντας πόθῳ τῶν οἰκείων.
Their kings differ from one another; at present one king governs all the tribes. Formerly each tribe was governed by a king, who spoke the peculiar language of each. They speak six and twenty languages from the want of mutual intercourse and communication with one another.
The country produces some venomous reptiles, as scorpions and tarantulas. These tarantulas cause death in some instances by laughter, in others by grief and a longing to return home.
θεοὺς δὲ τιμῶσιν ἥλιον καὶ δία καὶ σελήνην, διαφερόντως δὲ τὴν σελήνην. ἔστι δʼ αὐτῆς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς Ἰβηρίας πλησίον· ἱερᾶται δʼ ἀνὴρ ἐντιμότατος μετά γε τὸν βασιλέα, προεστὼς τῆς ἱερᾶς χώρας, πολλῆς καὶ εὐάνδρου, καὶ αὐτῆς καὶ τῶν ἱεροδούλων, ὧν ἐνθουσιῶσι πολλοὶ καὶ προφητεύουσιν· ὃς δʼ ἂν αὐτῶν ἐπὶ πλέον κατάσχετος γενόμενος πλανᾶται κατὰ τὰς ὕλας μόνος, τοῦτον συλλαβὼν ὁ ἱερεὺς ἁλύσει δήσας ἱερᾷ τρέφει πολυτελῶς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκεῖνον, ἔπειτα προαχθεὶς εἰς τὴν θυσίαν τῆς θεοῦ, σὺν ἄλλοις ἱερείοις θύεται μυρισθείς. τῆς δὲ θυσίας ὁ τρόπος οὗτος· ἔχων τις ἱερὰν λόγχην ᾗπέρ ἐστι νόμος ἀνθρωποθυτεῖν, παρελθὼν ἐκ τοῦ πλήθους παίει διὰ τῆς πλευρᾶς εἰς τὴν καρδίαν, οὐκ ἄπειρος τοιούτου· πεσόντος δὲ σημειοῦνται μαντεῖά τινα ἐκ τοῦ πτώματος καὶ εἰς τὸ κοινὸν ἀποφαίνουσι, κομισθέντος δὲ τοῦ σώματος εἴς τι χωρίον ἐπιβαίνουσιν ἅπαντες καθαρσίῳ χρώμενοι.
The gods they worship are the Sun, Jupiter, and the Moon, but the Moon above the rest. She has a temple near Iberia. The priest is a person who, next to the king, receives the highest honours. He has the government of the sacred land, which is extensive and populous, and authority over the sacred attendants, many of whom are divinely inspired, and prophesy. Whoever of these persons, being violently possessed, wanders alone in the woods, is seized by the priest, who, having bound him with sacred fetters, maintains him sumptuously during that year. Afterwards he is brought forth at the sacrifice performed in honour of the goddess, and is anointed with fragrant ointment and sacrificed together with other victims. The sacrifice is performed in the following manner. A person, having in his hand a sacred lance, with which it is the custom to sacrifice human victims, advances out of the crowd and pierces the heart through the side, which he does from experience in this office. When the man has fallen, certain prognostications are indicated by the manner of the fall, and these are publicly declared. The body is carried away to a certain spot, and then they all trample upon it, performing this action as a mode of purification of themselves.
ὑπερβαλλόντως δὲ τὸ γῆρας τιμῶσιν Ἀλβανοὶ καὶ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων, οὐ τῶν γονέων μόνον· τεθνηκότων δὲ οὐχ ὅσιον φροντίζειν οὐδὲ μεμνῆσθαι. συγκατορύττουσι μέντοι τὰ χρήματα αὐτοῖς, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πένητες ζῶσιν οὐδὲν πατρῷον ἔχοντες. ταῦτα μὲν περὶ Ἀλβανῶν. λέγεται δʼ Ἰάσονα μετὰ Ἀρμένου τοῦ Θετταλοῦ κατὰ τὸν πλοῦν τὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς Κόλχους ὁρμῆσαι μέχρι τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης, καὶ τήν τε Ἰβηρίαν καὶ τὴν Ἀλβανίαν ἐπελθεῖν καὶ πολλὰ τῆς Ἀρμενίας καὶ τῆς Μηδίας, ὡς μαρτυρεῖ τά τε Ἰασόνια καὶ ἄλλα ὑπομνήματα πλείω. τὸν δὲ Ἄρμενον εἶναι ἐξ Ἀρμενίου πόλεως τῶν περὶ τὴν Βοιβηίδα λίμνην μεταξὺ Φερῶν καὶ Λαρίσης, τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ τε οἰκίσαι τήν τε Ἀκιλισηνὴν καὶ τὴν Συσπιρῖτιν ἕως Καλαχανῆς καὶ Ἀδιαβηνῆς, καὶ δὴ καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν ἐπώνυμον καταλιπεῖν.
The Albanians pay the greatest respect to old age, which is not confined to their parents, but is extended to old persons in general. It is regarded as impious to show any concern for the dead, or to mention their names. Their money is buried with them, hence they live in poverty, having no patrimony.
So much concerning the Albanians. It is said that when Jason, accompanied by Armenus the Thessalian, undertook the voyage to the Colchi, they advanced as far as the Caspian Sea, and traversed Iberia, Albania, a great part of Armenia, and Media, as the Jasoneia and many other monuments testify. Armenus, they say, was a native of Armenium, one of the cities on the lake Beebeis, between Pherae and Parisa, and that his companions settled in Acilisene, and the Suspiritis, and occupied the country as far as Calachene and Adiabene, and that he gave his own name to Armenia.
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