τὸ μὲν οὖν παλαιὸν οὐ πολὺ διέφερον τοῖς βίοις καὶ τοῖς ἔθεσι τῶν νομάδων οἵ τε Σογδιανοὶ καὶ οἱ Βακτριανοί, μικρὸν δʼ ὅμως ἡμερώτερα ἦν τὰ τῶν Βακτριανῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τούτων οὐ τὰ βέλτιστα λέγουσιν οἱ περὶ Ὀνησίκριτον· τοὺς γὰρ ἀπειρηκότας διὰ γῆρας ἢ νόσον ζῶντας παραβάλλεσθαι τρεφομένοις κυσὶν ἐπίτηδες πρὸς τοῦτο, οὓς ἐνταφιαστὰς καλεῖσθαι τῇ πατρῴᾳ γλώττῃ, καὶ ὁρᾶσθαι τὰ μὲν ἔξω τείχους τῆς μητροπόλεως τῶν Βάκτρων καθαρά, τῶν δʼ ἐντὸς τὸ πλέον ὀστέων πλῆρες ἀνθρωπίνων· καταλῦσαι δὲ τὸν νόμον Ἀλέξανδρον. τοιαῦτα δέ πως καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Κασπίους ἱστοροῦσι· τοὺς γὰρ γονέας, ἐπειδὰν ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη γεγονότες τυγχάνωσιν, ἐγκλεισθέντας λιμοκτονεῖσθαι. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν ἀνεκτότερον καὶ τῷ Κείων νόμῳ παραπλήσιον καίπερ ὂν σκυθικόν, πολὺ μέντοι σκυθικώτερον τὸ τῶν Βακτριανῶν. καὶ δὴ διαπορεῖν ἄξιον ἦν, ἡνίκα Ἀλέξανδρος τοιαῦτα κατελάμβανε τἀνταῦθα, τί χρὴ εἰπεῖν τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν πρώτων Περσῶν καὶ τῶν ἔτι πρότερον ἡγεμόνων ὁποῖα εἰκὸς ἦν παρʼ αὐτοῖς νενομίσθαι.
Anciently the Sogdiani and Bactriani did not differ much from the nomades in their mode of life and manners, yet the manners of the Bactriani were a little more civilized. Onesicritus however does not give the most favourable account of this people. Those who are disabled by disease or old age are thrown alive to be devoured by dogs kept expressly for this purpose, and whom in the language of the country they call entombers. The places on the exterior of the walls of the capital of the Bactrians are clean, but the interior is for the most part full of human bones. Alexander abolished this custom. Something of the same kind is related of the Caspii also, who, when their parents have attained the age of 70 years, confine them, and let them die of hunger. This custom, although Scythian in character, is more tolerable than that of the Bactrians, and is similar to the domestic law of the Cei; the custom however of the Bactrians is much more according to Scythian manners. We may be justly at a loss to conjecture, if Alexander found such customs prevailing there, what were the customs which probably were observed by them in the time of the first kings of Persia, and of the princes who preceded them.
φασὶ δʼ οὖν ὀκτὼ πόλεις τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ἔν τε τῇ Βακτριανῇ καὶ τῇ Σογδιανῇ κτίσαι, τινὰς δὲ κατασκάψαι, ὧν Καριάτας μὲν τῆς Βακτριανῆς, ἐν ᾗ Καλλισθένης συνελήφθη καὶ παρεδόθη φυλακῆ, Μαράκανδα δὲ τῆς Σογδιανῆς καὶ τὰ Κῦρα, ἔσχατον ὂν Κύρου κτίσμα ἐπὶ τῷ Ἰαξάρτῃ ποταμῷ κείμενον, ὅπερ ἦν ὅριον τῆς Περσῶν ἀρχῆς· κατασκάψαι δὲ τὸ κτίσμα τοῦτο καίπερ ὄντα φιλόκυρον διὰ τὰς πυκνὰς ἀποστάσεις· ἑλεῖν δὲ καὶ πέτρας ἐρυμνὰς σφόδρα ἐκ προδοσίας τήν τε ἐν τῇ Βακτριανῇ τὴν Σισιμίθρου ἐν ᾗ εἶχεν Ὀξυάρτης τὴν θυγατέρα Ῥωξάνην, καὶ τὴν ἐν τῇ Σογδιανῇ τὴν τοῦ Ὤξου, οἱ δʼ Ἀριαμάζου φασί. τὴν μὲν οὖν Σισιμίθρου πεντεκαίδεκα σταδίων ἱστοροῦσι τὸ ὕψος, ὀγδοήκοντα δὲ τὸν κύκλον, ἄνω δʼ ἐπίπεδον καὶ εὔγεων ὅσον πεντακοσίους ἄνδρας τρέφειν δυναμένην, ἐν ᾗ καὶ ξενίας τυχεῖν πολυτελοῦς καὶ γάμους ἀγαγεῖν Ῥωξάνης τῆς Ὀξυάρτου θυγατρὸς τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον· τὴν δὲ τῆς Σογδιανῆς διπλασίαν τὸ ὕψος φασί. περὶ τούτους δὲ τοὺς τόπους καὶ τὸ τῶν Βραγχιδῶν ἄστυ ἀνελεῖν, οὓς Ξέρξην μὲν ἱδρῦσαι αὐτόθι συναπάραντας αὐτῷ ἑκόντας ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας διὰ τὸ παραδοῦναι τὰ χρήματα τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ ἐν Διδύμοις καὶ τοὺς θησαυρούς, ἐκεῖνον δʼ ἀνελεῖν μυσαττόμενον τὴν ἱεροσυλίαν καὶ τὴν προδοσίαν.
Alexander, it is said, founded eight cities in Bactriana and Sogdiana; some he razed, among which were Cariatae in Bactriana, where Callisthenes was seized and imprisoned; Maracanda in Sogdiana, and Cyra, the last of the places founded by Cyrus, situated upon the river Iaxartes, and the boundary of the Persian empire. This also, although it was attached to Cyrus, he razed on account of its frequent revolts.
Alexander took also, it is said, by means of treachery, strong fortified rocks; one of which belonged to Sisimithres in Bactriana, where Oxyartes kept his daughter Roxana; another to Oxus in Sogdiana, or, according to some writers, to Ariamazas. The stronghold of Sisimithres is described by historians to have been fifteen stadia in height, and eighty stadia in circuit. On the summit is a level ground, which is fertile and capable of maintaining 500 men. Here Alexander was entertained with sumptuous hospitality, and here he espoused Roxana the daughter of Oxyartes. The height of the fortress in Sogdiana is double the height of this. It was near these places that he destroyed the city of the Branchidae, whom Xerxes settled there, and who had voluntarily accompanied him from their own country. They had delivered up to the Persians the riches of the god at Didymi, and the treasure there deposited. Alexander destroyed their city in abhorrence of their treachery and sacrilege.
τὸν δὲ διὰ τῆς Σογδιανῆς ῥέοντα ποταμὸν καλεῖ Πολυτίμητον Ἀριστόβουλος, τῶν Μακεδόνων θεμένων, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ τὰ μὲν καινὰ ἔθεσαν τὰ δὲ παρωνόμασαν· ἄρδοντα δὲ τὴν χώραν ἐκπίπτειν εἰς ἔρημον καὶ ἀμμώδη γῆν καταπίνεσθαί τε εἰς τὴν ἄμμον, ὡς καὶ τὸν Ἄριον τὸν διʼ Ἀρίων ῥέοντα. τοῦ δὲ Ὤχου ποταμοῦ πλησίον ὀρύττοντας εὑρεῖν ἐλαίου πηγὴν λέγουσιν· εἰκὸς δέ, ὥσπερ νιτρώδη τινὰ καὶ στύφοντα ὑγρὰ καὶ ἀσφαλτώδη καὶ θειώδη διαρρεῖ τὴν γῆν, οὕτω καὶ λιπαρὰ εὑρίσκεσθαι, τὸ δὲ σπάνιον ποιεῖ τὴν παραδοξίαν. ῥεῖν δὲ τὸν Ὦχον οἱ μὲν διὰ τῆς Βακτριανῆς φασιν οἱ δὲ παρʼ αὐτήν, καὶ οἱ μὲν ἕτερον τοῦ Ὤξου μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν νοτιώτερον ἐκείνου, ἀμφοτέρων δʼ ἐν τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ τὰς εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ὑπάρχειν ἐκρύσεις, οἱ δὲ κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἕτερον συμβάλλειν δʼ εἰς ἓν τὸ τοῦ Ὤξου ῥεῖθρον, πολλαχοῦ καὶ ἓξ καὶ ἑπτὰ σταδίων ἔχοντα τὸ πλάτος. ὁ μέντοι Ἰαξάρτης ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τέλους ἕτερός ἐστι τοῦ Ὤξου, καὶ εἰς μὲν τὴν αὐτὴν τελευτῶν θάλατταν, αἱ δʼ ἐμβολαὶ διέχουσιν ἀλλήλων, ὥς φησι Πατροκλῆς, παρασάγγας ὡς ὀγδοήκοντα· τὸν δὲ παρασάγγην τὸν περσικὸν οἱ μὲν ἑξήκοντα σταδίων φασίν, οἱ δὲ τριάκοντα ἢ τετταράκοντα. ἀναπλεόντων δʼ ἡμῶν τὸν Νεῖλον ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλοις μέτροις χρώμενοι τὰς σχοίνους ὠνόμαζον ἀπὸ πόλεως ἐπὶ πόλιν, ὥστε τὸν αὐτὸν τῶν σχοίνων ἀριθμὸν ἀλλαχοῦ μὲν μείζω παρέχειν πλοῦν ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ βραχύτερον· οὕτως ἐξ ἀρχῆς παραδεδομένον καὶ φυλαττόμενον μέχρι νῦν.
Aristobulus calls the river, which runs through Sogdiana, Polytimetus, a name imposed by the Macedonians, as they imposed many others, some of which were altogether new, others were deflections from the native appellations. This river after watering the country flows through a desert and sandy soil, and is absorbed in the sand, like the Arius, which flows through the territory of the Arii.
It is said that on digging near the river Ochus a spring of oil was discovered. It is probable, that as certain nitrous, astringent, bituminous, and sulphurous fluids permeate the earth, greasy fluids may be found, but the rarity of their occurrence makes their existence almost doubtful. The course of the Ochus, according to some writers, is through Bactriana, according to others parallel to it. Some allege that, taking a more southerly direction, it is distinct from the Oxus to its mouths, but that they both discharge themselves (separately) into the Caspian in Hyrcania. Others again say that it is distinct, at its commencement, from the Oxus, but that it (afterwards) unites with the latter river, having in many places a breadth of six or seven stadia.
The Iaxartes is distinct from the Oxus from its commencement to its termination, and empties itself into the same sea. Their mouths, according to Patrocles, are about 80 parasangs distant from each other. The Persian parasang some say contains 60, others 30 or 40, stadia.
When I was sailing up the Nile, schoeni of different measures were used in passing from one city to another, so that the same number of schoeni gave in some places a longer, in others a shorter, length to the voyage. This mode of computation has been handed down from an early period, and is continued to the present time.
μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῆς Σογδιανῆς πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον ἰόντι ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας γνώριμα ὑπῆρξε τὰ ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς Πέρσαις πρότερον τὰ εἴσω τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τοῖς Μακεδόσι μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις. τὰ δʼ ἐπέκεινα ἐπʼ εὐθείας ὅτι μὲν Σκυθικά ἐστιν, ἐκ τῆς ὁμοειδείας εἰκάζεται, στρατεῖαι δʼ οὐ γεγόνασιν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν γνώριμοι, καθάπερ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς βορειοτάτους τῶν νομάδων, ἐφʼ οὓς ἐπεχείρησε μὲν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἄγειν στρατείαν, ὅτε τὸν Βῆσσον μετῄει καὶ τὸν Σπιταμένην, ζωγρίᾳ δʼ ἀναχθέντος τοῦ Βήσσου, τοῦ δὲ Σπιταμένους ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων διαφθαρέντος, ἐπαύσατο τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως. οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι δʼ ὅτι περιέπλευσάν τινες ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἐπὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν· ὅτι δὲ δυνατόν, Πατροκλῆς εἴρηκε.
In proceeding from Hyrcania towards the rising sun as far as Sogdiana, the nations beyond (within?) the Taurus were known first to the Persians, and afterwards to the Macedonians and Parthians. The nations lying in a straight line above these people are supposed to be Scythian, from their resemblance to that nation. But we are not acquainted with any expeditions which have been undertaken against them, nor against the most northerly tribes of the nomades. Alexander proposed to conduct his army against them, when he was in pursuit of Bessus and Spitamenes, but when Bessus was taken prisoner, and Spitamenes put to death by the Barbarians, he desisted from executing his intention.
It is not generally admitted, that persons have passed round by sea from India to Hyrcania, but Patrocles asserts that it may be done.
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