πόλεις δʼ εἰσὶν τῆς Ἀρμενίας Ἀρτάξατά τε (ἣν καὶ Ἀρταξιάσατα καλοῦσιν, Ἀννίβα κτίσαντος Ἀρταξίᾳ τῷ βασιλεῖ) καὶ Ἄρξατα, ἀμφότεραι ἐπὶ τῷ Ἀράξῃ, ἡ μὲν Ἄρξατα πρὸς τοῖς ὅροις τῆς Ἀτροπατίας, ἡ δὲ Ἀρτάξατα πρὸς τῷ Ἀραξηνῷ πεδίῳ συνῳκισμένη καλῶς καὶ βασίλειον οὖσα τῆς χώρας. κεῖται δʼ ἐπὶ χερρονησιάζοντος ἀγκῶνος τὸ τεῖχος κύκλῳ προβεβλημένον τὸν ποταμὸν πλὴν τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ, τὸν ἰσθμὸν δʼ ἔχει τάφρῳ καὶ χάρακι κεκλεισμένον. οὐ πολὺ δʼ ἄπωθεν τῆς πόλεώς ἐστι τὰ Τιγράνου καὶ Ἀρταουάσδου γαζοφυλάκια, φρούρια ἐρυμνά, Βάβυρσά τε καὶ Ὀλανή· ἦν δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ἐπὶ τῷ Εὐφράτῃ. Ἀρτάγειρα δὲ ἀπέστησε μὲν Ἄδων ὁ φρούραρχος, ἐξεῖλον δʼ οἱ Καίσαρος στρατηγοὶ πολιορκήσαντες πολὺν χρόνον, καὶ τὰ τείχη περιεῖλον.
The cities of Armenia are Artaxata, called also Artaxiasata, built by Hannibal for the king Artaxias, and Arxata, both situated on the Araxes; Arxata on the confines of Atropatia, and Artaxata near the Araxenian plain; it is well inhabited, and the seat of the kings of the country. It lies upon a peninsular elbow of land; the river encircles the walls except at the isthmus, which is enclosed by a ditch and rampart.
Not far from the city are the treasure-storehouses of Tigranes and Artavasdes, the strong fortresses Babyrsa, and Olane. There were others also upon the Euphrates. Ador, (Addon?) the governor of the fortress, occasioned the revolt of Artagerae, but the generals of Caesar retook it after a long siege, and destroyed the walls.
ποταμοὶ δὲ πλείους μέν εἰσιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ, γνωριμώτατοι δὲ Φᾶσις μὲν καὶ Λύκος εἰς τὴν Ποντικὴν ἐκπίπτοντες θάλατταν (Ἐρατοσθένης δʼ ἀντὶ τοῦ Λύκου τίθησι Θερμώδοντα οὐκ εὖ), εἰς δὲ τὴν Κασπίαν Κῦρος καὶ Ἀράξης, εἰς δὲ τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν ὅ τε Εὐφράτης καὶ ὁ Τίγρις.
There are many rivers in the country. The most celebrated are the Phasis and Lycus; they empty themselves into the Euxine; (Eratosthenes instead of the Lycus mentions the Thermodon, but erroneously;) the Cyrus and the Araxes into the Caspian, and the Euphrates and the Tigris into the Persian Gulf.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ λίμναι κατὰ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν μεγάλαι, μία μὲν ἡ Μαντιανή, Κυανῆ ἑρμηνευθεῖσα, μεγίστη, ὥς φασι, μετὰ τὴν Μαιῶτιν, ἁλμυροῦ ὕδατος, διήκουσα μέχρι τῆς Ἀτροπατίας, ἔχουσα καὶ ἁλοπήγια· ἡ δὲ Ἀρσηνή, ἣν καὶ Θωπῖτιν καλοῦσιν· ἔστι δὲ νιτρῖτις, τὰς δʼ ἐσθῆτας ῥήττει καὶ διαξαίνει· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἄποτόν ἐστι τὸ ὕδωρ. φέρεται δὲ διʼ αὐτῆς ὁ Τίγρις ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὸν Νιφάτην ὀρεινῆς ὁρμηθείς, ἄμικτον φυλάττων τὸ ῥεῦμα διὰ τὴν ὀξύτητα, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τοὔνομα, Μήδων τίγριν καλούντων τὸ τόξευμα· καὶ οὗτος μὲν ἔχει πολυειδεῖς ἰχθῦς, οἱ δὲ λιμναῖοι ἑνὸς εἴδους εἰσί· κατὰ δὲ τὸν μυχὸν τῆς λίμνης εἰς βάραθρον ἐμπεσὼν ὁ ποταμὸς καὶ πολὺν τόπον ἐνεχθεὶς ὑπὸ γῆς ἀνατέλλει κατὰ τὴν Χαλωνῖτιν· ἐκεῖθεν δʼ ἤδη πρὸς τὴν Ὦπιν καὶ τὸ τῆς Σεμιράμιδος καλούμενον διατείχισμα ἐκεῖνός τε καταφέρεται τοὺς Γορδυαίους ἐν δεξιᾷ ἀφεὶς καὶ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν ὅλην, καὶ ὁ Εὐφράτης τοὐναντίον ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἔχων τὴν αὐτὴν χώραν· πλησιάσαντες δὲ ἀλλήλοις καὶ ποιήσαντες τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν ὁ μὲν διὰ Σελευκείας φέρεται πρὸς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον, ὁ δὲ διὰ Βαβυλῶνος, καθάπερ εἴρηταί που ἐν τοῖς πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένην καὶ Ἵππαρχον λόγοις.
There are also large lakes in Armenia; one the Mantiane, which word translated signifies Cyane, or Blue, the largest salt-water lake, it is said, after the Palus Maeotis, extending as far as (Media-) Atropatia. It has salt pans for the concretion of salt.
The next is Arsene, which is also called Thopitis. Its waters contain nitre, and are used for cleaning and fulling clothes. It is unfit by these qualities for drinking. The Tigris passes through this lake after issuing from the mountainous country near the Niphates, and by its rapidity keeps its stream unmixed with the water of the lake, whence it has its name, for the Medes call an arrow, Tigris. This river contains fish of various kinds, but the lake one kind only. At the extremity of the lake the river falls into a deep cavity in the earth. After pursuing a long course under-ground, it re-appears in the Chalonitis; thence it goes to Opis, and to the wall of Semiramis, as it is called, leaving the Gordyaei and the whole of Mesopotamia on the right hand. The Euphrates, on the contrary, has the same country on the left. Having approached one another, and formed Mesopotamia, one traverses Seleucia in its course to the Persian Gulf, the other Babylon, as I have said in replying to Eratosthenes and Hipparchus.
μέταλλα δʼ ἐν μὲν τῇ Συσπιρίτιδί ἐστι χρυσοῦ κατὰ τὰ Κάβαλλα, ἐφʼ ἃ Μένωνα ἔπεμψεν Ἀλέξανδρος μετὰ στρατιωτῶν, ἀνήχθη δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων· καὶ ἄλλα δʼ ἐστὶ μέταλλα, καὶ δὴ τῆς σάνδικος καλουμένης, ἣν δὴ καὶ Ἀρμένιον καλοῦσι χρῶμα, ὅμοιον κάλχῃ. οὕτω δʼ ἐστὶν ἱπποβότος σφόδρα ἡ χώρα καὶ οὐχ ἧττον τῆς Μηδίας, ὥστε οἱ Νησαῖοι ἵπποι καὶ ἐνταῦθα γίνονται, οἷσπερ οἱ Περσῶν βασιλεῖς ἐχρῶντο, καὶ ὁ σατράπης τῆς Ἀρμενίας τῷ Πέρσῃ κατʼ ἔτος δισμυρίους πώλους τοῖς Μιθρακίνοις ἔπεμπεν. Ἀρταουάσδης δὲ Ἀντωνίῳ χωρὶς τῆς ἄλλης ἱππείας αὐτὴν τὴν κατάφρακτον ἑξακισχιλίαν ἵππον ἐκτάξας ἐπέδειξεν, ἡνίκα εἰς τὴν Μηδίαν ἐνέβαλε σὺν αὐτῷ. ταύτης δὲ τῆς ἱππείας οὐ Μῆδοι μόνοι καὶ Ἀρμένιοι ζηλωταὶ γεγόνασιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀλβανοί· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι καταφράκτοις χρῶνται.
There are mines of gold in the Hyspiratis, near Caballa. Alexander sent Menon to the mines with a body of soldiers, but he was strangled by the inhabitants of the country. There are other mines, and also a mine of Sandyx as it is called, to which is given the name of Armenian colour, it resembles the Calche.
This country is so well adapted, being nothing inferior in this respect to Media, for breeding horses, that the race of Nesean horses, which the kings of Persia used, is found here also; the satrap of Armenia used to send annually to the king of Persia 20,000 foals at the time of the festival of the Mithracina. Artavasdes, when he accompanied Antony in his invasion of Media, exhibited, besides other bodies of cavalry, 6000 horse covered with complete armour drawn up in array.
Not only do the Medes and Armenians, but the Albanians also, admire this kind of cavalry, for the latter use horses covered with armour.
τοῦ δὲ πλούτου καὶ τῆς δυνάμεως τῆς χώρας σημεῖον οὐ μικρὸν ὅτι Πομπηίου Τιγράνῃ τῷ πατρὶ τῷ Ἀρταουάσδου τάλαντα ἐπιγράψαντος ἑξακισχίλια ἀργυρίου, διένειμεν αὐτίκα ταῖς δυνάμεσι τῶν Ῥωμαίων, στρατιώτῃ μὲν κατʼ ἄνδρα πεντήκοντα δραχμὰς ἑκατοντάρχῃ δὲ χιλίας ἱππάρχῳ δὲ καὶ χιλιάρχῳ τάλαντον.
Of the riches and power of this country, this is no slight proof, that when Pompey imposed upon Tigranes, the father of Artavasdes, the payment of 6000 talents of silver, he immediately distributed the money among the Roman army, to each soldier 50 drachmae, 1000 to a centurion, and a talent to a Hipparch and a Chiliarch.
μέγεθος δὲ τῆς χώρας Θεοφάνης ἀποδίδωσιν εὖρος μὲν σχοίνων ἑκατὸν μῆκος δὲ διπλάσιον, τιθεὶς τὴν σχοῖνον τετταράκοντα σταδίων· πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν δʼ εἴρηκεν· ἐγγυτέρω δʼ ἐστὶ τῆς ἀληθείας μῆκος μὲν θέσθαι τὸ ὑπʼ ἐκείνου λεχθὲν , εὖρος δὲ τὸ ἥμισυ ἢ μικρῷ πλεῖον. ἡ μὲν δὴ φύσις τῆς Ἀρμενίας καὶ δύναμις τοιαύτη.
Theophanes represents this as the size of the country; its breadth to be 100 schoeni, and its length double this number, reckoning the schoenus at 40 stadia; but this computation exceeds the truth. It is nearer the truth to take the length as he has given it, and the breadth at one half, or a little more.
Such then is the nature of the country of Armenia, and its power.
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