μέγεθος δὲ τῆς χώρας κατὰ πλάτος μὲν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πόντου πρὸς τὸν Ταῦρον ὅσον χίλιοι καὶ ὀκτακόσιοι στάδιοι, μῆκος δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Λυκαονίας καὶ Φρυγίας μέχρι Εὐφράτου πρὸς τὴν ἕω καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν περὶ τρισχιλίους. ἀγαθὴ δὲ καρποῖς, μάλιστα δὲ σίτῳ καὶ βοσκήμασι παντοδαποῖς· νοτιωτέρα δʼ οὖσα τοῦ Πόντου ψυχροτέρα ἐστίν· ἡ δὲ Βαγαδανία καίπερ πεδιὰς οὖσα καὶ νοτιωτάτη πασῶν (ὑποπέπτωκε γὰρ τῷ Ταύρῳ) μόλις τῶν καρπίμων τι φέρει δένδρων, ὀναγροβότος δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ πολλὴ τῆς ἄλλης, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ περὶ Γαρσαύιρα καὶ Λυκαονίαν καὶ Μοριμηνήν. ἐν δὲ τῇ Καππαδοκίᾳ γίνεται καὶ ἡ λεγομένη Σινωπικὴ μίλτος ἀρίστη τῶν πασῶν· ἐνάμιλλος δʼ ἐστὶν αὐτῇ καὶ ἡ Ἰβηρική· ὠνομάσθη δὲ Σινωπικὴ διότι κατάγειν ἐκεῖσε εἰώθεσαν οἱ ἔμποροι πρὶν ἢ τὸ τῶν Ἐφεσίων ἐμπόριον μέχρι τῶν ἐνθάδε ἀνθρώπων διῖχθαι. λέγεται δὲ καὶ κρυστάλλου πλάκας καὶ ὀνυχίτου λίθου πλησίον τῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀρχελάου μεταλλευτῶν εὑρῆσθαι. ἦν δέ τις τόπος καὶ λίθου λευκοῦ τῷ ἐλέφαντι κατὰ τὴν χρόαν ἐμφεροῦς ὥσπερ ἀκόνας τινὰς οὐ μεγάλας ἐκφέρων, ἐξ ὧν τὰ λάβια τοῖς μαχαιρίοις κατεσκεύαζον· ἄλλος δὲ εἰς διόπτρας βώλους μεγάλας ἐκδιδούς, ὥστε καὶ ἔξω κομίζεσθαι. ὅριον δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ Πόντου καὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας ὀρεινή τις παράλληλος τῷ Ταύρῳ, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχουσα ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων ἄκρων τῆς Χαμμανηνῆς, ἐφʼ ἧς ἵδρυται φρούριον ἀπότομον Δασμένδα, μέχρι τῶν ἑωθινῶν τῆς Λαουιανσηνῆς. στρατηγίαι δʼ εἰσὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας ἥ τε Χαμμανηνὴ καὶ ἡ Λαουιανσηνή.
The breadth of the country from Pontus to the Taurus is about 1800 stadia; the length from Lycaonia and Phrygia, as far as the Euphrates to the east, and Armenia, is about 3000 stadia. The soil is fertile, and abounds with fruits of the earth, particularly corn, and with cattle of all kinds. Although it lies more to the south than Pontus, it is colder. Bagadania, although a plain country, and situated more towards the south than any district in Cappadocia, (for it lies at the foot of the Taurus,) produces scarcely any fruit-bearing trees. It affords pasture for wild asses, as does a large portion of the other parts of the country, particularly that about Garsauira, Lycaonia, and Morimene.
In Cappadocia is found the red earth called the Sinopic, which is better than that of any other country. The Spanish only can rival it. It had the name of Sinopic, because the merchants used to bring it down from Sinope, before the traffic of the Ephesians extended as far as the people of Cappadocia. It is said that even plates of crystal and of the onyx stone were discovered by the miners of Archelaus near the country of the Galatians. There was a place where was found a white stone of the colour of ivory in pieces of the size of small whetstones, from which were made handles for small swords. Another place produced large masses of transparent stone for windows, which were exported.
The boundary of Pontus and Cappadocia is a mountainous range parallel to the Taurus, commencing from the western extremities of Chammanene, (where stands Dasmenda, a fortress built upon a precipice,) and extending to the eastern parts of Laviansene. Both Chammanene and Laviansene are provinces of Cappadocia.
συνέβη δέ, ἡνίκα πρῶτον Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν διῴκουν νικήσαντες Ἀντίοχον, καὶ φιλίας καὶ συμμαχίας ἐποιοῦντο πρός τε τὰ ἔθνη καὶ τοὺς βασιλέας, τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις βασιλεῦσιν αὐτοῖς καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς δοθῆναι τὴν τιμὴν ταύτην, τῷ δὲ Καππάδοκι καὶ αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ ἔθνει κοινῇ. ἐκλιπόντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους οἱ μὲν Ῥωμαῖοι συνεχώρουν αὐτοῖς αὐτονομεῖσθαι κατὰ τὴν συγκειμένην φιλίαν τε καὶ συμμαχίαν πρὸς τὸ ἔθνος, οἱ δὲ πρεσβευσάμενοι τὴν μὲν ἐλευθερίαν παρῃτοῦντο (οὐ γὰρ δύνασθαι φέρειν αὐτὴν ἔφασαν), βασιλέα δʼ ἠξίουν αὐτοῖς ἀποδειχθῆναι. οἱ δὲ θαυμάσαντες εἴ τινες οὕτως εἶεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν […] ἐπέτρεψαν δʼ οὖν αὐτοῖς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν ἑλέσθαι κατὰ χειροτονίαν ὃν ἂν βούλωνται· καὶ εἵλοντο Ἀριοβαρζάνην· εἰς τριγονίαν δὲ προελθόντος τοῦ γένους ἐξέλιπε, κατεστάθη δʼ ὁ Ἀρχέλαος οὐδὲν προσήκων αὐτοῖς Ἀντωνίου καταστήσαντος. ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῆς μεγάλης Καππαδοκίας· περὶ δὲ τῆς τραχείας Κιλικίας τῆς προστεθείσης αὐτῇ βέλτιόν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς ὅλης Κιλικίας λόγῳ διελθεῖν.
When the Romans, after the defeat of Antiochus, first governed Asia, they made treaties of friendship and alliance both with the nations and with the kings. This honour was conferred upon the other kings separately and independently, but upon the king of Cappadocia in common with the nation. On the extinction of the royal race, the Romans admitted the independence of the Cappadocians according to the treaty of friendship and alliance which they had made with the nation. The deputies excused themselves from accepting the liberty which was offered to them, declaring that they were unable to bear it, and requested that a king might be appointed. The Romans were surprised that any people should be unwilling to enjoy liberty, but permitted them to elect by suffrage any one they pleased from among themselves. They elected Ariobarzanes. The race became extinct in the third generation. Archelaus, who was not connected with the nation, was appointed king by Antony.
So much respecting the Greater Cappadocia.
With regard to Cilicia Tracheia, which was annexed to the Greater Cappadocia, it will be better to describe it when we give an account of the whole of Cilicia.
τοῦ δὲ Πόντου καθίστατο μὲν Μιθριδάτης ὁ Εὐπάτωρ βασιλεύς. εἶχε δὲ τὴν ἀφοριζομένην τῷ Ἅλυϊ μέχρι Τιβαρανῶν καὶ Ἀρμενίων καὶ τῆς ἐντὸς Ἅλυος τὰ μέχρι Ἀμάστρεως καὶ τινῶν τῆς Παφλαγονίας μερῶν. προσεκτήσατο δʼ οὗτος καὶ τὴν μέχρι Ἡρακλείας παραλίαν ἐπὶ τὰ δυσμικὰ μέρη, τῆς Ἡρακλείδου τοῦ Πλατωνικοῦ πατρίδος, ἐπὶ δὲ τἀναντία μέχρι Κολχίδος καὶ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας, ἃ δὴ καὶ προσέθηκε τῷ Πόντῳ. καὶ δὴ καὶ Πομπήιος καταλύσας ἐκεῖνον ἐν τούτοις τοῖς ὅροις οὖσαν τὴν χώραν ταύτην παρέλαβε· τὰ μὲν πρὸς Ἀρμενίαν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Κολχίδα τοῖς συναγωνισαμένοις δυνάσταις κατένειμε, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ εἰς ἕνδεκα πολιτείας διεῖλε καὶ τῇ Βιθυνίᾳ προσέθηκεν ὥστʼ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἐπαρχίαν γενέσθαι μίαν· μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν Παφλαγόνων τῶν μεσογαίων τινὰς βασιλεύεσθαι παρέδωκε τοῖς ἀπὸ Πυλαιμένους, καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς Γαλάτας τοῖς ἀπὸ γένους τετράρχαις. ὕστερον δʼ οἱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνες ἄλλους καὶ ἄλλους ἐποιήσαντο μερισμούς, βασιλέας τε καὶ δυνάστας καθιστάντες καὶ πόλεις τὰς μὲν ἐλευθεροῦντες τὰς δὲ ἐγχειρίζοντες τοῖς δυνάσταις τὰς δʼ ὑπὸ τῷ δήμῳ τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐῶντες. ἡμῖν δʼ ἐπιοῦσι τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ὡς νῦν ἔχει λεγέσθω, μικρὰ καὶ τῶν προτέρων ἐφαπτομένοις ὅπου τοῦτο χρήσιμον. ἀρξόμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ Ἡρακλείας, ἥπερ δυσμικωτάτη ἐστὶ τούτων τῶν τόπων.
MITHRIDATES Eupator was appointed King of Pontus. His kingdom consisted of the country bounded by the Halys, extending to the Tibareni, to Armenia, to the territory within the Halys, extending as far as Amastris, and to some parts of Paphlagonia. He annexed to (the kingdom of) Pontus the sea-coast towards the west as far as Heracleia, the birthplace of Heracleides the Platonic philosopher, and towards the east, the country extending to Colchis, and the Lesser Armenia. Pompey, after the overthrow of Mithridates, found the kingdom comprised within these boundaries. He distributed the country towards Armenia and towards Colchis among the princes who had assisted him in the war; the remainder he divided into eleven governments, and annexed them to Bithynia, so that out of both there was formed one province. Some people in the inland parts he subjected to the kings descended from Pylaemenes, in the same manner as he delivered over the Galatians to be governed by tetrarchs of that nation.
In later times the Roman emperors made different divisions of the same country, appointing kings and rulers, making some cities free, and subjecting others to the authority of rulers, others again were left under the dominion of the Roman people.
As we proceed in our description according to the present state of things, we shall touch slightly on their former condition, whenever it may be useful.
I shall begin from Heracleia, which is the most westerly of these places.
εἰς δὴ τὸν Εὔξεινον πόντον εἰσπλέουσιν ἐκ τῆς Προποντίδος ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μὲν τὰ προσεχῆ τῷ Βυζαντίῳ κεῖται· Θρᾳκῶν δʼ ἐστί, καλεῖται δὲ τὰ ἀριστερὰ τοῦ Πόντου· ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ τὰ προσεχῆ Χαλκηδόνι· Βιθυνῶν δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ πρῶτα, εἶτα Μαριανδυνῶν (τινὲς δὲ καὶ Καυκώνων φασίν), εἶτα Παφλαγόνων μέχρι Ἅλυος, εἶτα Καππαδόκων τῶν πρὸς τῷ Πόντῳ καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς μέχρι Κολχίδος· ταῦτα δὲ πάντα καλεῖται τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου. ταύτης δὲ τῆς παραλίας ἁπάσης ἐπῆρξεν Εὐπάτωρ ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Κολχίδος μέχρι Ἡρακλείας, τὰ δʼ ἐπέκεινα τὰ μέχρι τοῦ στόματος καὶ τῆς Χαλκηδόνος τῷ Βιθυνῶν βασιλεῖ συνέμενε. καταλυθέντων δὲ τῶν βασιλέων ἐφύλαξαν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς αὐτοὺς ὅρους, ὥστε τὴν Ἡράκλειαν προσκεῖσθαι τῷ Πόντῳ, τὰ δʼ ἐπέκειαν Βιθυνοῖς προσχωρεῖν.
In sailing out of the Propontis into the Euxine Sea, on the left hand are the parts adjoining to Byzantium, (Constantinople,) and these belong to the Thracians. The parts on the left of the Pontus are called Aristera (or left) of Pontus; the parts on the right are contiguous to Chalcedon. Of these the first tract of country belongs to the Bithynians, the next to the Mariandyni, or, as some say, to the Caucones; next is that of the Paphlagonians, extending to the Halys, then that of the Cappadocians near the Pontus, and then a district reaching to Colchis. All this country has the name of the Dexia (or right) of Pontus. This whole coast, from Colchis to Heracleia, was subject to Mithridates Eupator. But the parts on the other side to the mouth of the Euxine and Chalcedon, remained under the government of the king of Bithynia. After the overthrow of the kings the Romans preserved the same boundaries of the kingdoms; Heracleia was annexed to Pontus, and the country beyond assigned to the Bithynians.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Βιθυνοὶ διότι πρότερον Μυσοὶ ὄντες μετωνομάσθησαν οὕτως ἀπὸ τῶν Θρᾳκῶν τῶν ἐποικησάντων, Βιθυνῶν τε καὶ Θυνῶν, ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ τῶν πλείστων, καὶ σημεῖα τίθενται τοῦ μὲν τῶν Βιθυνῶν ἔθνους τὸ μέχρι νῦν ἐν τῇ Θρᾴκῃ λέγεσθαί τινας Βιθυνούς, τοῦ δὲ τῶν Θυνῶν τὴν Θυνιάδα ἀκτὴν τὴν πρὸς Ἀπολλωνίᾳ καὶ Σαλμυδησσῷ. καὶ οἱ Βέβρυκες δὲ οἱ τούτων προεποικήσαντες τὴν Μυσίαν Θρᾷκες, ὡς εἰκάζω ἐγώ. εἴρηται δʼ ὅτι καὶ αὐτοὶ οἱ Μυσοὶ Θρᾳκῶν ἄποικοί εἰσι τῶν νῦν λεγομένων Μοισῶν.
It is generally acknowledged by writers, that the Bithynians, who were formerly Mysians, received this name from Bithynians and Thyni, Thracian people, who came and settled among them. They advance as a proof of their statement, first as regards the Bithynians, that there still exists in Thrace a people called Bithynians, and then, as regards the Thyni, that the sea-shore, near Apollonia and Salmydessus, is called Thynias. The Bebryces, who preceded them as settlers in Mysia, were, as I conjecture, Thracians. We have said that the Mysians themselves were a colony of those Thracians who are now called Maesi.
Such is the account given of these people.
ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω λέγεται. τοὺς δὲ Μαριανδυνοὺς καὶ τοὺς Καύκωνας οὐχ ὁμοίως ἅπαντες λέγουσι· τὴν γὰρ δὴ Ἡράκλειαν ἐν τοῖς Μαριανδυνοῖς ἱδρῦσθαί φασι Μιλησίων κτίσμα· τίνες δὲ καὶ πόθεν οὐδενὶ εἴρηται· οὐδὲ διάλεκτος οὐδʼ ἄλλη διαφορὰ ἐθνικὴ περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους φαίνεται, παραπλήσιοι δʼ εἰσὶ τοῖς Βιθυνοῖς· ἔοικεν οὖν καὶ τοῦτο Θρᾴκιον ὑπάρξαι τὸ φῦλον. Θεόπομπος δὲ Μαριανδυνόν φησι μέρους τῆς Παφλαγονίας ἄρξαντα ὑπὸ πολλῶν δυναστευομένης, ἐπελθόντα τὴν τῶν Βεβρύκων κατασχεῖν, ἣν δʼ ἐξέλιπεν ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτοῦ καταλιπεῖν. εἴρηται δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι πρῶτοι τὴν Ἡράκλειαν κτίσαντες Μιλήσιοι τοὺς Μαριανδυνοὺς εἱλωτεύειν ἠνάγκασαν τοὺς προκατέχοντας τὸν τόπον, ὥστε καὶ πιπράσκεσθαι ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, μὴ εἰς τὴν ὑπερορίαν δέ (συμβῆναι γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτοις), καθάπερ Κρησὶ μὲν ἐθήτευεν ἡ Μνῴα καλουμένη σύνοδος, Θετταλοῖς δὲ οἱ Πενέσται.
There is not, however, the same agreement among writers with regard to the Mariandyni, and the Caucones. For they say that Heracleia is situated among the Mariandyni, and was founded by Milesians. But who they are, or whence they came, nothing is said. There is no difference in language, nor any other apparent national distinction between them and the Bithynians, whom they resemble in all respects. It is probable therefore the Mariandyni were a Thracian tribe.
Theopompus says that Mariandynus, who governed a part of Paphlagonia, which was subject to many masters, invaded and obtained possession of the country of the Bebryces, and that he gave his own name to the territory which he had before occupied. It is also said that the Milesians who first founded Heracleia, compelled the Mariandyni, the former possessors of the place, to serve as Helots, and even sold them, but not beyond the boundaries of their country. For they were sold on the same conditions as the class of persons called Mnoans, who were slaves to the Cretans, and the Penestae, who were slaves of the Thessalians.
τοὺς δὲ Καύκωνας, οὓς ἱστοροῦσι τὴν ἐφεξῆς οἰκῆσαι παραλίαν τοῖς Μαριανδυνοῖς μέχρι τοῦ Παρθενίου ποταμοῦ πόλιν ἔχοντας τὸ Τίειον, οἱ μὲν Σκύθας φασὶν οἱ δὲ τῶν Μακεδόνων τινὰς οἱ δὲ τῶν Πελασγῶν· εἴρηται δέ που καὶ περὶ τούτων πρότερον. Καλλισθένης δὲ καὶ ἔγραφε τὰ ἔπη ταῦτα εἰς τὸν διάκοσμον, μετὰ τὸ Κρῶμνάν τʼ Αἰγιαλόν τε καὶ ὑψηλοὺς Ἐρυθίνους / τιθείς Καύκωνας δʼ αὖτʼ ἦγε Πολυκλέος υἱὸς ἀμύμων, / οἳ περὶ Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ δώματʼ ἔναιον. / παρήκειν γὰρ ἀφʼ Ἡρακλείας καὶ Μαριανδυνῶν μέχρι Λευκοσύρων, οὓς ἡμεῖς Καππάδοκας προσαγορεύομεν, τό τε τῶν Καυκώνων γένος τὸ περὶ τὸ Τίειον μέχρι Παρθενίου καὶ τὸ τῶν Ἐνετῶν τὸ συνεχὲς μετὰ τὸν Παρθένιον τῶν ἐχόντων τὸ Κύτωρον· καὶ νῦν δʼ ἔτι Καυκωνίτας εἶναί τινας περὶ τὸν Παρθένιον.
The Caucones, who, according to history, inhabited the line of sea-coast which extends from the Mariandyni as far as the river Parthenius, and to whom belonged the city Tieium, are said by some writers to be Scythians, by others a tribe of Macedonians, and by others a tribe of Pelasgi. We have already spoken of these people elsewhere. Callisthenes in his comment upon the enumeration of the ships inserts after this verse, Cromna, Aegialus, and the lofty Erythini, / these lines, The brave son of Polycles led the Caucones, / Who inhabited the well-known dwellings about the river Parthenius, / for the territory extends from Heracleia, and the Mariandyni as far as the Leucosyri, whom we call Cappadocians. But the tribe of the Caucones about Tieium extends to the Parthenius; that of the Heneti, who occupy Cytorum, immediately follows the Parthenius, and even at present some Caucones are living about the Parthenius.
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