τῆς δʼ Ἀρμενίας τὰ μὲν νότια προβέβληται τὸν Ταῦρον, διείργοντα αὐτὴν ἀφʼ ὅλης τῆς μεταξὺ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος, ἣν Μεσοποταμίαν καλοῦσι, τὰ δὲ ἑωθινὰ τῇ Μηδίᾳ συνάπτει τῇ μεγάλῃ καὶ τῇ Ἀτροπατηνῇ· προσάρκτια δέ ἐστι τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης ὄρη τὰ τοῦ Παραχοάθρα καὶ Ἀλβανοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες καὶ ὁ Καύκασος ἐγκυκλούμενος τὰ ἔθνη ταῦτα καὶ συνάπτων τοῖς Ἀρμενίοις, συνάπτων δὲ καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς ὄρεσι καὶ Κολχικοῖς μέχρι τῶν καλουμένων Τιβαρανῶν· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑσπέρας ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ ἔθνη καὶ ὁ Παρυάδρης καὶ ὁ Σκυδίσης μέχρι τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμίας, ἣ διείργει τὴν Ἀρμενίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Καππαδοκίας καὶ τῆς Κομμαγηνῆς.
THE southern parts of Armenia lie in front of the Taurus, which separates Armenia from the whole of the country situated between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and which is called Mesopotamia. The eastern parts are contiguous to the Greater Media, and to Atropatene. To the north are the range of the mountains of Parachoathras lying above the Caspian Sea, the Albanians, Iberians, and the Caucasus. The Caucasus encircles these nations, and approaches close to the Armenians, the Moschic and Colchic mountains, and extends as far as the country of the people called Tibareni. On the west are these nations and the mountains Paryadres and Scydises, extending to the Lesser Armenia, and the country on the side of the Euphrates, which divides Armenia from Cappadocia and Commagene.
ὁ γὰρ Εὐφράτης ἀπὸ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς τοῦ Ταύρου τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχων τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ῥεῖ πρὸς δύσιν διὰ τῆς Ἀρμενίας, εἶτʼ ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς νότον καὶ διακόπτει τὸν Ταῦρον μεταξὺ τῶν Ἀρμενίων τε καὶ Καππαδόκων καὶ Κομμαγηνῶν, ἐκπεσὼν δʼ ἔξω καὶ γενόμενος κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς χειμερινὰς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος καὶ ποιεῖ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν πρὸς τὸν Τίγριν· ἀμφότεροι δὲ τελευτῶσιν εἰς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον. τὰ μὲν δὴ κύκλῳ τοιαῦτα, ὀρεινὰ σχεδόν τι πάντα καὶ τραχέα πλὴν τῶν πρὸς τὴν Μηδίαν κεκλιμένων ὀλίγων. πάλιν δὲ τοῦ λεχθέντος Ταύρου τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνοντος ἀπὸ τῆς περαίας τῶν Κομμαγηνῶν καὶ τῶν Μελιτηνῶν ἣν ὁ Εὐφράτης ποιεῖ, Μάσιον μέν ἐστι τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος τῶν ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ Μυγδόνων ἐκ νότου, ἐν οἷς ἡ Νίσιβίς ἐστιν· ἐκ δὲ τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον μερῶν ἡ Σωφηνὴ κεῖται μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Μασίου καὶ τοῦ Ἀντιταύρου. οὗτος δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβὼν τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὰ ἑῷα τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἀπολαμβάνων μέσην τὴν Σωφηνήν, ἐκ θατέρου δὲ μέρους ἔχων τὴν Ἀκιλισηνὴν μεταξὺ ἱδρυμένην τοῦ Ταύρου τε καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμίας πρὶν ἢ κάμπτειν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ νότον. βασίλειον δὲ τῆς Σωφηνῆς Καρκαθιόκερτα. τοῦ δὲ Μασίου ὑπέρκειται πρὸς ἕω πολὺ κατὰ τὴν Γορδυηνὴν ὁ Νιφάτης, εἶθʼ ὁ Ἄβος, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ ὁ Εὐφράτης ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Ἀράξης, ὁ μὲν πρὸς δύσιν ὁ δὲ πρὸς ἀνατολάς· εἶθʼ ὁ Νίβαρος μέχρι τῆς Μηδίας παρατείνει.
The Euphrates rises in the northern side of the Taurus, and flows at first towards the west through Armenia, it then makes a bend to the south, and intersects the Taurus between the Armenians, Cappadocians, and Commageni. Then issuing outwards and entering Syria, it turns towards the winter sun-rise as far as Babylon, and forms Mesopotamia with the Tigris. Both these rivers terminate in the Persian Gulf.
Such is the nature of the places around Armenia, almost all of them mountainous and rugged, except a few tracts which verge towards Media.
To the above-mentioned Taurus, which commences again in the country on the other side of the Euphrates, occupied by the Commageni, and Meliteni formed by the Euphrates, belongs Mount Masius, which is situated on the south above the Mygdones in Mesopotamia, in whose territory is Nisibis; on the northern parts is Sophene, lying between the Masius and Anti-Taurus. Anti-Taurus begins from the Euphrates and the Taurus, and terminates at the eastern parts of Armenia, enclosing within it Sophene. It has on the other side Acilisene, which lies between [Anti-]Taurus and the bed of the Euphrates before it turns to the south. The royal city of Sophene is Carcathiocerta.
Above Mount Masius far to the east along Gordyene is the Niphates, then the Abus, from which flow both the Euphrates and the Araxes, the former to the west, the latter to the east; then the Nibarus, which extends as far as Media.
ὁ μὲν οὖν Εὐφράτης εἴρηται ὃν τρόπον ῥεῖ· ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς ἐνεχθεὶς μέχρι τῆς Ἀτροπατηνῆς κάμπτει πρὸς δύσιν καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτους καὶ παραρρεῖ τὰ Ἄζαρα πρῶτον, εἶτʼ Ἀρτάξατα, πόλεις Ἀρμενίων· ἔπειτα διὰ τοῦ Ἀραξηνοῦ πεδίου πρὸς τὸ Κάσπιον ἐκδίδωσι πέλαγος.
We have described the course of the Euphrates. The Araxes, after running to the east as far as Atropatene, makes a bend towards the west and north. It then first flows beside Azara, then by Artaxata, a city of the Armenians; afterwards it passes through the plain of Araxenus to discharge itself into the Caspian Sea.
ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ Ἀρμενίᾳ πολλὰ μὲν ὄρη πολλὰ δὲ ὀροπέδια, ἐν οἷς οὐδʼ ἄμπελος φύεται ῥᾳδίως, πολλοὶ δʼ αὐλῶνες οἱ μὲν μέσως οἱ δὲ καὶ σφόδρα εὐδαίμονες καθάπερ τὸ Ἀραξηνὸν πεδίον, διʼ οὗ ὁ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέων εἰς τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἀλβανίας καὶ τὴν Κασπίαν ἐκπίπτει θάλατταν, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἡ Σακασηνὴ καὶ αὐτὴ τῇ Ἀλβανίᾳ πρόσχωρος καὶ τῷ Κύρῳ ποταμῷ, εἶθʼ ἡ Γωγαρηνή· πᾶσα γὰρ ἡ χώρα αὕτη καρποῖς τε καὶ τοῖς ἡμέροις δένδρεσι καὶ τοῖς ἀειθαλέσι πληθύει, φέρει δὲ καὶ ἐλαίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ Φαυηνὴ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐπαρχία καὶ ἡ Κωμισηνὴ καὶ Ὀρχιστηνὴ πλείστην ἱππείαν παρέχουσα· ἡ δὲ Χορζηνὴ καὶ Καμβυσηνὴ προσβορρόταταί εἰσι καὶ νιφόβολοι μάλιστα, συνάπτουσαι τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι καὶ τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ καὶ τῇ Κολχίδι· ὅπου φασὶ κατὰ τὰς ὑπερβολὰς τῶν ὀρῶν πολλάκις καὶ συνοδίας ὅλας ἐν τῇ χιόνι καταπίνεσθαι νιφετῶν γινομένων ἐπὶ πλέον· ἔχειν δὲ καὶ βακτηρίας πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους κινδύνους, παρεξαίροντας εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἀναπνοῆς τε χάριν καὶ τοῦ διαμηνύειν τοῖς ἐπιοῦσιν ὥστε βοηθείας τυγχάνειν, ἀνορύττεσθαι καὶ σώζεσθαι. ἐν δὲ τῇ χιόνι βώλους πήγνυσθαί φασι κοίλας περιεχούσας χρηστὸν ὕδωρ ὡς ἐν χιτῶνι, καὶ ζῷα δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννᾶσθαι· καλεῖ δὲ σκώληκας Ἀπολλωνίδης, Θεοφάνης δὲ θρῖπας· κἀν τούτοις ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι χρηστὸν ὕδωρ, περισχισθέντων δὲ τῶν χιτώνων πίνεσθαι· τὴν δὲ γένεσιν τῶν ζῴων τοιαύτην εἰκάζουσιν οἵαν τὴν τῶν κωνώπων ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς μετάλλοις φλογὸς καὶ τοῦ φεψάλου.
There are many mountains in Armenia, and many mountain plains, in which not even the vine grows. There are also many valleys, some are moderately fertile, others are very productive, as the Araxenian plain, through which the river Araxes flows to the extremities of Albania, and empties itself into the Caspian Sea. Next is Sacasene, which borders upon Albania, and the river Cyrus; then Gogarene. All this district abounds with products of the soil, cultivated fruit trees and evergreens. It bears also the olive.
There is Phauene, (Phanenae, Phasiana?) a province of Armenia, Comisene, and Orchistene, which furnishes large bodies of cavalry. Chorzene and Cambysene are the most northerly countries, and particularly subject to falls of snow. They are contiguous to the Caucasian mountains, to Iberia, and Colchis. Here, they say, on the passes over mountains, it frequently happens that whole companies of persons have been overwhelmed in violent snow-storms. Travellers are provided against such dangerous accidents with poles, which they force upwards to the surface of the snow, for the purpose of breathing, and of signifying their situation to other travellers who may come that way, so that they may receive assistance, be extricated, and so escape alive.
They say that hollow masses are consolidated in the snow, which contain good water, enveloped as in a coat; that animals are bred in the snow, which Apollonides call scoleces, and Theophanes, thripes, and that these hollow masses con tain good water, which is obtained by breaking open their coats or coverings. The generation of these animals is supposed to be similar to that of the gnats, (or mosquitos,) from flames, and the sparks in mines.
ἱστοροῦσι δὲ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν μικρὰν πρότερον οὖσαν αὐξηθῆναι διὰ τῶν περὶ Ἀρταξίαν καὶ Ζαρίαδριν, οἳ πρότερον μὲν ἦσαν Ἀντιόχου τοῦ μεγάλου στρατηγοί, βασιλεύσαντες δʼ ὕστερον μετὰ τὴν ἐκείνου ἧτταν ὁ μὲν τῆς Σωφηνῆς καὶ τῆς Ἀκισηνῆς καὶ Ὀδομαντίδος καὶ ἄλλων τινῶν ὁ δὲ τῆς περὶ Ἀρτάξατα, συνηύξησαν ἐκ τῶν περικειμένων ἐθνῶν ἀποτεμόμενοι μέρη, ἐκ Μήδων μὲν τήν τε Κασπιανὴν καὶ Φαυνῖτιν καὶ Βασοροπέδαν, Ἰβήρων δὲ τήν τε παρώρειαν τοῦ Παρυάδρου καὶ τὴν Χορζηνὴν καὶ Γωγαρηνήν, πέραν οὖσαν τοῦ Κύρου, Χαλύβων δὲ καὶ Μοσυνοίκων Καρηνῖτιν καὶ Ξερξήνην, ἃ τῇ μικρᾷ Ἀρμενίᾳ ἐστὶν ὅμορα ἢ καὶ μέρη αὐτῆς ἐστι, Καταόνων δὲ Ἀκιλισηνὴν καὶ τὴν περὶ τὸν Ἀντίταυρον, Σύρων δὲ Ταρωνῖτιν, ὥστε πάντας ὁμογλώττους εἶναι.
According to historians, Armenia, which was formerly a small country, was enlarged by Artaxias and Zariadris, who had been generals of Antiochus the Great, and at last, after his overthrow, when they became kings, (the former of Sophene, Acisene, (Amphissene?) Odomantis, and some other places, the latter of the country about Artaxata,) they simultaneously aggrandized themselves, by taking away portions of the territory of the surrounding nations: from the Medes they took the Caspiana, Phaunitis, and Basoropeda; from the Iberians, the country at the foot of the Paryadres, the Chorzene, and Gogarene, which is on the other side of the Cyrus; from the Chalybes, and the Mosynoeci, Carenitis and Xerxene, which border upon the Lesser Armenia, or are even parts of it; from the Cataones, Acilisene, and the country about the Anti-Taurus; from the Syrians, Taronitis; hence they all speak the same language.
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