ἡ δὲ Παρθυαία πολλὴ μὲν οὐκ ἔστι· συνετέλει γοῦν μετὰ τῶν Ὑρκανῶν τὰ Περσικὰ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τῶν Μακεδόνων κρατούντων ἐπὶ χρόνον πολύν. πρὸς δὲ τῇ σμικρότητι δασεῖα καὶ ὀρεινή ἐστι καὶ ἄπορος, ὥστε διὰ τοῦτο δρόμῳ διεξιᾶσι τὸν ἑαυτῶν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὄχλον, οὐ δυναμένης τρέφειν τῆς χώρας οὐδʼ ἐπὶ μικρόν· ἀλλὰ νῦν ηὔξηται. μέρη δʼ ἐστὶ τῆς Παρθυηνῆς ἥ τε Κωμισηνὴ καὶ ἡ Χωρήνη, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ τὰ μέχρι πυλῶν Κασπίων καὶ Ῥαγῶν καὶ Ταπύρων ὄντα τῆς Μηδίας πρότερον. ἔστι δʼ Ἀπάμεια καὶ Ἡράκλεια, πόλεις περὶ τὰς Ῥάγας. εἰσὶ δʼ ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν εἰς μὲν Ῥάγας στάδιοι πεντακόσιοι, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος, εἰς δʼ Ἑκατόμπυλον τὸ τῶν Παρθυαίων βασίλειον χίλιοι διακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα· τοὔνομα δὲ ταῖς Ῥάγαις ἀπὸ τῶν γενομένων σεισμῶν γενέσθαι φασίν, ὑφʼ ὧν πόλεις τε συχναὶ καὶ κῶμαι δισχίλιαι, ὡς Ποσειδώνιός φησι, ἀνετράπησαν. τοὺς δὲ Ταπύρους οἰκεῖν φασι μεταξὺ Δερβίκων τε καὶ Ὑρκανῶν. ἱστοροῦσι δὲ περὶ τῶν Ταπύρων ὅτι αὐτοῖς εἴη νόμιμον τὰς γυναῖκας ἐκδιδόναι τὰς γαμετὰς ἑτέροις ἀνδράσιν, ἐπειδὰν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀνέλωνται δύο ἢ τρία τέκνα, καθάπερ καὶ Κάτων Ὁρτησίῳ δεηθέντι ἐξέδωκε τὴν Μαρκίαν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν κατὰ παλαιὸν Ῥωμαίων ἔθος.
PARTHIA is not an extensive tract of country; for this reason it was united with the Hyrcani for the purpose of paying tribute under the Persian dominion and afterwards, during a long period when the Macedonians were masters of the country. Besides its small extent, it is thickly wooded, mountainous, and produces nothing; so that the kings with their multitude of followers pass with great speed through the country, which is unable to furnish subsistence for such numbers even for a short time. At present it is augmented in extent. Comisene and Chorene are parts of Parthiene, and perhaps also the country as far as the Caspian Gates, Rhagae, and the Tapyri, which formerly belonged to Media. Apameia and Heracleia are cities in the neighbourhood of Rhagae.
From the Caspian Gates to Rhagae are 500 stadia according to Apollodorus, and to Hecatompylos, the royal seat of the Parthians, 1260 stadia. Rhagae is said to have had its name from the earthquakes which occurred in that country, by which many cities and two thousand villages, as Poseidonius relates, were overthrown. The Tapyri are said to live between the Derbices and the Hyrcani. Historians say, that it is a custom among the Tapyri to surrender the married women to other men, even when the husbands have had two or three children by them, as Cato surrendered Marcia in our times, according to an ancient custom of the Romans, to Hortensius, at his request.
νεωτερισθέντων δὲ τῶν ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου διὰ τὸ πρὸς ἄλλοις εἶναι τοὺς τῆς Συρίας καὶ τῆς Μηδίας βασιλέας τοὺς ἔχοντας καὶ ταῦτα, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν Βακτριανὴν ἀπέστησαν οἱ πεπιστευμένοι καὶ τὴν ἐγγὺς αὐτῆς πᾶσαν, οἱ περὶ Εὐθύδημον. ἔπειτʼ Ἀρσάκης ἀνὴρ Σκύθης τῶν Δαῶν τινας ἔχων τοὺς Πάρνους καλουμένους νομάδας παροικοῦντας τὸν Ὦχον, ἐπῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν Παρθυαίαν καὶ ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς. κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἀσθενὴς ἦν διαπολεμῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἀφαιρεθέντας τὴν χώραν καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ διαδεξάμενοι ἐκεῖνον, ἔπειθʼ οὕτως ἴσχυσαν ἀφαιρούμενοι τὴν πλησίον ἀεὶ διὰ τὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις κατορθώσεις ὥστε τελευτῶντες ἁπάσης τῆς ἐντὸς Εὐφράτου κύριοι κατέστησαν. ἀφείλοντο δὲ καὶ τῆς Βακτριανῆς μέρος βιασάμενοι τοὺς Σκύθας καὶ ἔτι πρότερον τοὺς περὶ Εὐκρατίδαν, καὶ νῦν ἐπάρχουσι τοσαύτης γῆς καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν ὥστε ἀντίπαλοι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις τρόπον τινὰ γεγόνασι κατὰ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς. αἴτιος δʼ ὁ βίος αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ ἔθη τὰ ἔχοντα πολὺ μὲν τὸ βάρβαρον καὶ τὸ Σκυθικόν, πλέον μέντοι τὸ χρήσιμον πρὸς ἡγεμονίαν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις κατόρθωσιν.
Disturbances having arisen in the countries beyond the Taurus in consequence of the kings of Syria and Media, who possessed the tract of which we are speaking, being engaged in other affairs, those who were intrusted with the government of it occasioned first the revolt of Bactriana; then Euthydemus and his party the revolt of all the country near that province. Afterwards Arsaces, a Scythian, (with the Parni, called nomades, a tribe of the Dahae, who live on the banks of the Ochus,) invaded Parthia, and made himself master of it. At first both Arsaces and his successors were weakened by maintaining wars with those who had been deprived of their territory. Afterwards they became so powerful, in consequence of their successful warfare, continually depriving their neighbours of portions of their territory, that at last they took possession of all the country within the Euphrates. They deprived Eucratidas, and then the Scythians, by force of arms, of a part of Bactriana. They now have an empire comprehending so large an extent of country, and so many nations, that it almost rivals that of the Romans in magnitude. This is to be attributed to their mode of life and manners, which have indeed much of the barbarous and Scythian character, but are very well adapted for establishing dominion, and for insuring success in war.
φασὶ δὲ τοὺς Πάρνους Δάας μετανάστας εἶναι ἐκ τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Μαιώτιδος Δαῶν, οὓς Ξανδίους ἢ Παρίους καλοῦσιν· οὐ πάνυ δʼ ὡμολόγηται Δάας εἶναί τινας τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Μαιώτιδος Σκυθῶν· ἀπὸ τούτων δʼ οὖν ἕλκειν φασὶ τὸ γένος τὸν Ἀρσάκην, οἱ δὲ Βακτριανὸν λέγουσιν αὐτόν, φεύγοντα δὲ τὴν αὔξησιν τῶν περὶ Διόδοτον ἀποστῆσαι τὴν Παρθυαίαν. εἰρηκότες δὲ πολλὰ περὶ τῶν Παρθικῶν νομίμων ἐν τῇ ἕκτῃ τῶν ἱστορικῶν ὑπομνημάτων βίβλῳ, δευτέρᾳ δὲ τῶν μετὰ Πολύβιον, παραλείψομεν ἐνταῦθα μὴ ταυτολογεῖν δόξωμεν, τοσοῦτον εἰπόντες μόνον ὅτι τῶν Παρθυαίων συνέδριόν φησιν εἶναι Ποσειδώνιος διττόν, τὸ μὲν συγγενῶν τὸ δὲ σοφῶν καὶ μάγων, ἐξ ὧν ἀμφοῖν τοὺς βασιλεῖς καθίστασθαι.
They say that the Dahae Parni were an emigrant tribe from the Dahae above the Maeotis, who are called Xandii and Parii. But it is not generally acknowledged that Dahae are to be found among the Scythians above the Meotis, yet from these Arsaces according to some was descended; according to others he was a Bactrian, and withdrawing himself from the increasing power of Diodotus, occasioned the revolt of Parthia.
We have enlarged on the subject of the Parthian customs in the sixth book of historical commentaries, and in the second of those, which are a sequel to Polybius: we shall omit what we said, in order to avoid repetition; adding this only, that Poseidonius affirms that the council of the Parthians is composed of two classes, one of relatives, (of the royal family,) and another of wise men and magi, by both of which kings are chosen.
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