ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης προϊόντι ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω δεξιὰ μέν ἐστι τὰ ὄρη μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς θαλάττης παρατείνοντα, ἅπερ οἱ Ἕλληνες ὀνομάζουσι Ταῦρον, ἀρξάμενα ἀπὸ τῆς Παμφυλίας καὶ τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο προϊόντα ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας συνεχῆ καὶ τυγχάνοντα ἄλλων καὶ ἄλλων ὀνομάτων. προσοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτοῦ τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη πρῶτοι μὲν οἱ Γῆλαι καὶ Καδούσιοι καὶ Ἄμαρδοι, καθάπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τῶν Ὑρκανίων τινές, ἔπειτα τὸ τῶν Παρθυαίων ἔθνος καὶ τὸ τῶν Μαργιανῶν καὶ τῶν Ἀρίων καὶ ἡ ἔρημος, ἣν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας ὁρίζει ὁ Σάρνιος ποταμὸς πρὸς ἕω βαδίζουσι καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ὦχον. καλεῖται δὲ τὸ μέχρι δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας διατεῖνον ἢ μικρὸν ἀπολεῖπον Παραχοάθρας. ἔστι δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης εἰς τοὺς Ἀρίους περὶ ἑξακισχιλίους σταδίους· εἶθʼ ἡ Βακτριανή ἐστι καὶ ἡ Σογδιανή, τελευταῖοι δὲ Σκύθαι νομάδες. τὰ δʼ ὄρη Μακεδόνες μὲν ἅπαντα τὰ ἐφεξῆς ἀπὸ Ἀρίων Καύκασον ἐκάλεσαν, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς βαρβάροις τά τε ἄκρα κατὰ μέρος ὠνομάζετο ὁ Παροπάμισος τὰ προσβόρεια καὶ τὰ Ἠμωδὰ καὶ τὸ Ἴμαον καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ὀνόματα ἑκάστοις μέρεσιν ἐπέκειτο.
IN proceeding from the Hyrcanian Sea towards the east, on the right hand are the mountains which the Greeks call Taurus, extending as far as India. They begin from Pamphylia and Cilicia, and stretch to this part from the west in a continuous line, bearing different names in different places. The northern parts of this range are occupied first by Gelae, Cadusii, and Amardi, as we have said, and by some tribes of Hyrcanians; then follow, as we proceed towards the east and the Ochus, the nation of the Parthians, then that of the Margiani and Arii, and the desert country which the river Sarnius separates from Hyrcania. The mountain, which extends to this country, or within a small distance of it, from Armenia, is called Parachoathras.
From the Hyrcanian sea to the Arii are about 6000 stadia. Next follow Bactriana, Sogdiana, and lastly nomade Scythians. The Macedonians gave the name of Caucasus to all the mountains which follow after Ariana, but among the barbarians the heights and the northern parts of the Parapomisus were called Emoda, and Mount Imaus; and other names of this kind were assigned to each portion of this range.
ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τούτοις ἀντιπαράκειται Σκυθικὰ ἔθνη καὶ τὰ νομαδικὰ ἅπασαν ἐκπληροῦντα τὴν βόρειον πλευράν. οἱ μὲν δὴ πλείους τῶν Σκυθῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης ἀρξάμενοι Δᾶαι προσαγορεύονται, τοὺς δὲ προσεῴους τούτων μᾶλλον Μασσαγέτας καὶ Σάκας ὀνομάζουσι, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους κοινῶς μὲν Σκύθας ὀνομάζουσιν ἰδίᾳ δʼ ὡς ἑκάστους· ἅπαντες δʼ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ νομάδες. μάλιστα δὲ γνώριμοι γεγόνασι τῶν νομάδων οἱ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀφελόμενοι τὴν Βακτριανήν, Ἄσιοι καὶ Πασιανοὶ καὶ Τόχαροι καὶ Σακάραυλοι, ὁρμηθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς περαίας τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου τῆς κατὰ Σάκας καὶ Σογδιανούς, ἣν κατεῖχον Σάκαι. καὶ τῶν Δαῶν οἱ μὲν προσαγορεύονται Ἄπαρνοι οἱ δὲ Ξάνθιοι οἱ δὲ Πίσσουροι. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἄπαρνοι πλησιαίτατα τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ παράκεινται καὶ τῇ κατʼ αὐτὴν θαλάττῃ, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ διατείνουσι καὶ μέχρι τῆς ἀντιπαρηκούσης τῇ Ἀρίᾳ.
On the left hand opposite to these parts are situated the Scythian and nomadic nations, occupying the whole of the northern side. Most of the Scythians, beginning from the Caspian Sea, are called Dahae Scythae, and those situated more towards the east Massagetae and Sacae; the rest have the common appellation of Scythians, but each separate tribe has its peculiar name. All, or the greatest part of them, are nomades. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani, (Asiani?) Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the Iaxartes, opposite the Sacae and Sogdiani, and which country was also occupied by Sacae; some tribes of the Dahae are surnamed Aparni, some Xanthii, others Pissuri. The Aparni approach the nearest of any of these people to llyrcania, and to the Caspian Sea. The others extend as far as the country opposite to Aria.
μεταξὺ δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς Ὑρκανίας καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίας μέχρι Ἀρίων ἔρημος πρόκειται πολλὴ καὶ ἄνυδρος, ἣν διεξιόντες μακραῖς ὁδοῖς κατέτρεχον τήν τε Ὑρκανίαν καὶ τὴν Νησαίαν καὶ τὰ τῶν Παρθυαίων πεδία· οἱ δὲ συνέθεντο φόρους· φόρος δʼ ἦν τὸ ἐπιτρέπειν τακτοῖς τισι χρόνοις τὴν χώραν κατατρέχειν καὶ φέρεσθαι λείαν. ἐπιπολαζόντων δʼ αὐτῶν παρὰ τὰ συγκείμενα ἐπολεμεῖτο, καὶ πάλιν διαλύσεις καὶ ἀναπολεμήσεις ὑπῆρχον. τοιοῦτος δὲ καὶ ὁ τῶν ἄλλων νομάδων βίος, ἀεὶ τοῖς πλησίον ἐπιτιθεμένων τοτὲ δʼ αὖ διαλλαττομένων.
Between these people, Hyrcania, and Parthia as far as Aria lies a vast and arid desert, which they crossed by long journeys, and overran Hyrcania, the Nesaean country, and the plains of Parthia. These people agreed to pay a tribute on condition of having permission to overrun the country at stated times, and to carry away the plunder. But when these incursions became more frequent than the agreement allowed, war ensued, afterwards peace was made, and then again war was renewed. Such is the kind of life which the other Nomades also lead, continually attacking their neighbours, and then making peace with them.
Σάκαι μέντοι παραπλησίας ἐφόδους ἐποιήσαντο τοῖς Κιμμερίοις καὶ Τρήρεσι, τὰς μὲν μακροτέρας τὰς δὲ καὶ ἐγγύθεν· καὶ γὰρ τὴν Βακτριανὴν κατέσχον καὶ τῆς Ἀρμενίας κατεκτήσαντο τὴν ἀρίστην γῆν, ἣν καὶ ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτῶν κατέλιπον τὴν Σακασηνήν, καὶ μέχρι Καππαδόκων καὶ μάλιστα τῶν πρὸς Εὐξείνῳ οὓς Ποντικοὺς νῦν καλοῦσι, προῆλθον. ἐπιθέμενοι δʼ αὐτοῖς πανηγυρίζουσιν ἀπὸ τῶν λαφύρων οἱ ταύτῃ τότε τῶν Περσῶν στρατηγοὶ νύκτωρ ἄρδην αὐτοὺς ἠφάνισαν. ἐν δὲ τῷ πεδίῳ πέτραν τινὰ προσχώματι συμπληρώσαντες εἰς βουνοειδὲς σχῆμα ἐπέθηκαν τεῖχος καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἀναΐτιδος καὶ τῶν συμβώμων θεῶν ἱερὸν ἱδρύσαντο, Ὠμανοῦ καὶ Ἀναδάτου Περσικῶν δαιμόνων, ἀπέδειξάν τε πανήγυριν κατʼ ἔτος ἱεράν, τὰ Σάκαια, ἣν μέχρι νῦν ἐπιτελοῦσιν οἱ τὰ Ζῆλα ἔχοντες· οὕτω γὰρ καλοῦσι τὸν τόπον· ἔστι δὲ ἱεροδούλων πόλισμα τὸ πλέον· Πομπήιος δὲ προσθεὶς χώραν ἀξιόλογον καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ συνοικίσας εἰς τὸ τεῖχος μίαν τῶν πόλεων ἀπέφηνεν ὧν διέταξε μετὰ τὴν Μιθριδάτου κατάλυσιν.
The Sacae had made incursions similar to those of the Cimmerians and Treres, some near their own country, others at a greater distance. They occupied Bactriana, and got possession of the most fertile tract in Armenia, which was called after their own name, Sacasene. They advanced even as far as the Cappadocians, those particularly situated near the Euxine; who are now called Pontici. When they were assembled together and feasting on the division of the booty, they were attacked by night by the Persian generals who were then stationed in that quarter, and were utterly exterminated. The Persians raised a mound of earth in the form of a hill over a rock in the plain, (where this occurred,) and fortified it. They erected there a temple to Anaïtis and tile gods Omanus and Anadatus, Persian deities who have a common altar. They also instituted an annual festival, (in memory of the event,) the Sacaea, which the occupiers of Zela, for this is the name of the place, celebrate to this day. It is a small city chiefly appropriated to the sacred attendants. Pompey added to it a considerable tract of territory, the inhabitants of which he collected within the walls. It was one of the cities which he settled after the overthrow of Mithridates.
οἱ μὲν οὕτω λέγουσι περὶ τῶν Σακῶν, οἱ δʼ ὅτι Κῦρος ἐπιστρατεύσας τοῖς Σάκαις ἡττηθεὶς τῇ μάχῃ φεύγει, στρατοπεδευσάμενος δʼ ἐν ᾧ χωρίῳ τὰς παρασκευὰς ἀπολελοίπει πλήρεις ἀφθονίας ἁπάσης καὶ μάλιστα οἴνου, διαναπαύσας μικρὰ τὴν στρατιάν, ἤλαυνεν ἀφʼ ἑσπέρας ὡς φεύγων, πλήρεις ἀφεὶς τὰς σκηνάς· προελθὼν δʼ ὅσον ἐδόκει συμφέρειν ἱδρύθη· ἐπιόντες δʼ ἐκεῖνοι καὶ καταλαβόντες ἔρημον ἀνδρῶν τὸ στρατόπεδον τῶν δὲ πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν μεστόν, ἀνέδην ἐνεπίμπλαντο· ὁ δʼ ὑποστρέψας ἐξοίνους κατέλαβε καὶ παραπλῆγας, ὥσθʼ οἱ μὲν ἐν κάρῳ κείμενοι καὶ ὕπνῳ κατεκόπτοντο, οἱ δʼ ὀρχούμενοι καὶ βακχεύοντες γυμνοὶ περιέπιπτον τοῖς τῶν πολεμίων ὅπλοις, ὀλίγου δʼ ἀπώλοντο ἅπαντες. ὁ δὲ θεῖον νομίσας τὸ εὐτύχημα, τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην ἀνιερώσας τῇ πατρίῳ θεῷ προσηγόρευσε Σάκαια· ὅπου δʼ ἂν ᾖ τῆς θεοῦ ταύτης ἱερόν, ἐνταῦθα νομίζεται καὶ ἡ τῶν Σακαίων ἑορτὴ βακχεία τις μεθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτωρ, διεσκευασμένων σκυθιστί, πινόντων ἅμα καὶ πληκτιζομένων πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἅμα τε καὶ τὰς συμπινούσας γυναῖκας.
Such is the account which is given of the Sacae by some writers. Others say, that Cyrus in an expedition against the Sacae was defeated, and fled. He advanced with his army to the spot where he had left his stores, consisting of large supplies of every kind, particularly of wine; he stopped a short time to refresh his army, and set out in the evening, as though he continued his flight, the tents being left full of provisions. He proceeded as far as he thought requisite, and then halted. The Sacae pursued, who, finding the camp abandoned and full of the means of gratifying their appetites, indulged themselves without restraint. Cyrus then returned and found them drunk and frantic; some were killed, stretched on the ground drowsy or asleep; others, dancing and maddened with wine, fell defenceless on the weapons of their enemies. Nearly all of them perished. Cyrus ascribed this success to the gods; lie consecrated the day to the goddess worshipped in his own country, and called it Sacae. Wherever there is a temple of this goddess, there the Sacoean festival, a sort of Bacchanalian feast, is celebrated, in which both men and women, dressed in the Scythian habit, pass day and night in drinking and wanton play.
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