Μασσαγέται δʼ ἐδήλωσαν τὴν σφετέραν ἀρετὴν ἐν τῷ πρὸς Κῦρον πολέμῳ, περὶ οὗ θρυλοῦσι πολλοί, καὶ δεῖ πυνθάνεσθαι παρʼ ἐκείνων. λέγεται δὲ καὶ τοιαῦτα περὶ τῶν Μασσαγετῶν, ὅτι κατοικοῦσιν οἱ μὲν ὄρη τινὲς δʼ αὐτῶν πεδία οἱ δὲ ἕλη ἃ ποιοῦσιν οἱ ποταμοί, οἱ δὲ τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι νήσους. μάλιστα δέ φασι τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμὸν κατακλύζειν τὴν χώραν πολλαχῆ σχιζόμενον, ἐκπίπτοντα δὲ τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις στόμασιν εἰς τὴν ἄλλην τὴν πρὸς ἄρκτοις θάλατταν, ἑνὶ δὲ μόνῳ πρὸς τὸν κόλπον τὸν Ὑρκάνιον. θεὸν δὲ ἥλιον μόνον ἡγοῦνται, τούτῳ δὲ ἱπποθυτοῦσι· γαμεῖ δʼ ἕκαστος μίαν, χρῶνται δὲ καὶ ταῖς ἀλλήλων οὐκ ἀφανῶς, ὁ δὲ μιγνύμενος τῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ τὴν φαρέτραν ἐξαρτήσας ἐκ τῆς ἁμάξης φανερῶς μίγνυται· θάνατος δὲ νομίζεται παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἄριστος, ὅταν γηράσαντες κατακοπῶσι μετὰ προβατείων κρεῶν καὶ ἀναμὶξ βρωθῶσι· τοὺς δὲ νόσῳ θανόντας ῥίπτουσιν ὡς ἀσεβεῖς καὶ ἀξίους ὑπὸ θηρίων βεβρῶσθαι. ἀγαθοὶ δὲ ἱππόται καὶ πεζοί, τόξοις δὲ χρῶνται καὶ μαχαίραις καὶ θώραξι καὶ σαγάρεσι χαλκαῖς, ζῶναι δὲ αὐτοῖς εἰσι χρυσαῖ καὶ διαδήματα ἐν ταῖς μάχαις· οἵ τε ἵπποι χρυσοχάλινοι, καὶ μασχαλιστῆρες δὲ χρυσοῖ· ἄργυρος δʼ οὐ γίνεται παρʼ αὐτοῖς, σίδηρος δʼ ὀλίγος, χαλκὸς δὲ καὶ χρυσὸς ἄφθονος.
The Massagetae signalized their bravery in the war with Cyrus, of which many writers have published accounts; we must get our information from them. Such particulars as the following are narrated respecting this nation; some tribes inhabit mountains, some plains, others live among marshes formed by the rivers, others on the islands among the marshes. The Araxes is said to be the river which is the chief cause of inundating the country; it is divided into various branches and discharges itself by many mouths into the other sea towards the north, but by one only into the Hyrcanian Gulf. The Massagetae regard no other deity than the sun, and to his honour they sacrifice a horse. Each man marries only one wife, but they have intercourse with the wives of each other without any concealment. He who has intercourse with the wife of another man hangs up his quiver on a waggon, and lies with her openly. They account the best mode of death to be chopped up when they grow old with the flesh of sheep, and both to be devoured together. Those who die of disease are cast out as impious, and only fit to be the prey of wild beasts; they are excellent horsemen, and also fight well on foot. They use bows, swords, breastplates, and sagares of brass, they wear golden belts, and turbans on their heads in battle. Their horses have bits of gold, and golden breastplates; they have no silver, iron in small quantity, but gold and brass in great plenty.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἐν ταῖς νήσοις οὐκ ἔχοντες σπόριμα ῥιζοφαγοῦσι καὶ ἀγρίοις χρῶνται καρποῖς, ἀμπέχονται δὲ τοὺς τῶν δένδρων φλοιούς (οὐδὲ γὰρ βοσκήματα ἔχουσι), πίνουσι δὲ τὸν ἐκ τῶν δένδρων καρπὸν ἐκθλίβοντες· οἱ δʼ ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσιν ἰχθυοφαγοῦσιν, ἀμπέχονται δὲ τὰ τῶν φωκῶν δέρματα τῶν ἐκ θαλάττης ἀνατρεχουσῶν· οἱ δʼ ὄρειοι τοῖς ἀγρίοις τρέφονται καὶ αὐτοὶ καρποῖς· ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ πρόβατα ὀλίγα ὥστʼ οὐδὲ κατακόπτουσι φειδόμενοι τῶν ἐρίων χάριν καὶ τοῦ γάλακτος· τὴν δʼ ἐσθῆτα ποικίλλουσιν ἐπιχρίστοις φαρμάκοις δυσεξίτηλον ἔχουσι τὸ ἄνθος. οἱ δὲ πεδινοὶ καίπερ ἔχοντες χώραν οὐ γεωργοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ προβάτων καὶ ἰχθύων ζῶσι νομαδικῶς καὶ Σκυθικῶς. ἔστι γάρ τις καὶ κοινὴ δίαιτα πάντων τῶν τοιούτων ἣν πολλάκις λέγω, καὶ ταφαὶ δʼ εἰσὶ παραπλήσιαι καὶ ἤθη καὶ ὁ σύμπας βίος, αὐθέκαστος μὲν σκαιός τε καὶ ἄγριος καὶ πολεμικός, πρὸς δὲ τὰ συμβόλαια ἁπλοῦς καὶ ἀκάπηλος.
Those who live in the islands have no corn-fields. Their food consists of roots and wild fruits. Their clothes are made of the bark of trees, for they have no sheep. They press out and drink the juice of the fruit of certain trees.
The inhabitants of the marshes eat fish. They are clothed in the skins of seals, which come upon the island from the sea.
The mountaineers subsist on wild fruits. They have besides a few sheep, but they kill them sparingly, and keep them for the sake of their wool and milk. Their clothes they variegate by steeping them in dyes, which produce a colour not easily effaced.
The inhabitants of the plains, although they possess land, do not cultivate it, but derive their subsistence from their flocks, and from fish, after the manner of the nomades and Scythians. I have frequently described a certain way of life common to all these people. Their burial-places and their manners are alike, and their whole manner of living is independent, but rude, savage, and hostile; in their compacts, however, they are simple and without deceit.
τοῦ δὲ τῶν Μασσαγετῶν καὶ τῶν Σακῶν ἔθνους καὶ οἱ Ἀττάσιοι καὶ οἱ Χωράσμιοι, εἰς οὓς ἀπὸ τῶν Βακτριανῶν καὶ τῶν Σογδιανῶν ἔφυγε Σπιταμένης, εἷς ἐκ τῶν ἀποδράντων Περσῶν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, καθάπερ καὶ Βῆσσος· καὶ ὕστερον δὲ Ἀρσάκης τὸν Καλλίνικον φεύγων Σέλευκον εἰς τοὺς Ἀπασιάκας ἐχώρησε. φησὶ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης τοὺς Ἀραχωτοὺς καὶ Μασσαγέτας τοῖς Βακτρίοις παρακεῖσθαι πρὸς δύσιν παρὰ τὸν Ὦξον, καὶ Σάκας μὲν καὶ Σογδιανοὺς τοῖς ὅλοις ἐδάφεσιν ἀντικεῖσθαι τῇ Ἰνδικῇ, Βακτρίους δʼ ἐπʼ ὀλίγον· τὸ γὰρ πλέον τῷ Παροπαμισῷ παρακεῖσθαι· διείργειν δὲ Σάκας μὲν καὶ Σογδιανοὺς τὸν Ἰαξάρτην, καὶ Σογδιανοὺς δὲ καὶ Βακτριανοὺς τὸν Ὦξον, μεταξὺ δὲ Ὑρκανῶν καὶ Ἀρίων Ταπύρους οἰκεῖν· κύκλῳ δὲ περὶ τὴν θάλατταν μετὰ τοὺς Ὑρκανοὺς Ἀμάρδους τε καὶ Ἀναριάκας καὶ Καδουσίους καὶ Ἀλβανοὺς καὶ Κασπίους καὶ Οὐιτίους, τάχα δὲ καὶ ἑτέρους μέχρι Σκυθῶν, ἐπὶ θάτερα δὲ μέρη τῶν Ὑρκανῶν Δέρβικας, τοὺς δὲ Καδουσίους συμψαύειν Μήδων καὶ Ματιανῶν ὑπὸ τὸν Παραχοάθραν.
The Attasii (Augasii?) and the Chorasmii belong to the Massagetae and Sacae, to whom Spitamenes directed his flight from Bactria and Sogdiana. He was one of the Persians who, like Bessus, made his escape from Alexander by flight, as Arsaces afterwards fled from Seleucus Callinicus, and retreated among the Aspasiacae.
Eratosthenes says, that the Bactrians lie along the Arachoti and Massagetae on the west near the Oxus, and that Sacae and Sogdiani, through the whole extent of their territory, are opposite to India, but the Bactrii in part only, for the greater part of their country lies parallel to the Parapomisus; that the Sacae and Sogdiani are separated by the Iaxartes, and the Sogdiani and Bactriani by the Oxus; that Tapyri occupy the country between Hyrcani and Arii; that around the shores of the sea, next to the Hyrcani, are Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii, Albani, Caspii, Vitii, and perhaps other tribes extending as far as the Scythians; that on the other side of the Hyrcani are Derbices, that the Caducii are contiguous both to the Medes and Matiani below the Parachoathras.
τὰ δὲ διαστήματα οὕτω λέγει· ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ Κασπίου ἐπὶ τὸν Κῦρον ὡς χιλίους ὀκτακοσίους σταδίους, ἔνθεν δʼ ἐπὶ Κασπίας πύλας πεντακισχιλίους ἑξακοσίους, εἶτʼ εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν ἐν Ἀρίοις ἑξακισχιλίους τετρακοσίους, εἶτʼ εἰς Βάκτραν τὴν πόλιν, ἣ καὶ Ζαριάσπα καλεῖται, τρισχιλίους ὀκτακοσίους ἑβδομήκοντα, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰαξάρτην ποταμόν, ἐφʼ ὃν Ἀλέξανδρος ἧκεν, ὡς πεντακισχιλίους· ὁμοῦ δισμύριοι δισχίλιοι ἑξακόσιοι ἑβδομήκοντα. λέγει δὲ καὶ οὕτω τὰ διαστήματα ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν εἰς Ἰνδούς· εἰς μὲν Ἑκατόμπυλον χιλίους ἐνακοσίους ἑξήκοντά φασιν, εἰς δʼ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν ἐν Ἀρίοις τετρακισχιλίους πεντακοσίους τριάκοντα, εἶτʼ εἰς Προφθασίαν τὴν ἐν Δραγγῇ χιλίους ἑξακοσίους, οἱ δὲ πεντακοσίους, εἶτʼ εἰς Ἀραχωτοὺς τὴν πόλιν τετρακισχιλίους ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν, εἶτʼ εἰς Ὀρτόσπανα ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκ Βάκτρων τρίοδον δισχιλίους, εἶτʼ εἰς τὰ ὅρια τῆς Ἰνδικῆς χιλίους· ὁμοῦ μύριοι πεντακισχίλιοι τριακόσιοι. ἐπʼ εὐθείας δὲ τῷ διαστήματι τούτῳ τὸ συνεχὲς δεῖ νοεῖν, τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ μέχρι τῆς ἑῴας θαλάττης μῆκος τῆς Ἰνδικῆς. ταῦτα μὲν τὰ περὶ τοὺς Σάκας.
These are the distances which he gives. Stadia. From the Caspian Sea to the Cyrus about 1800 Thence to the Caspian Gates 5600 Thence to Alexandreia in the territory of the Arii 6400 Thence to the city Bactra, which is called also Zariaspa 3870 Thence to the river Iaxartes, which Alexander reached, about 5000 Making a total of 22,670
He also assigns the following distances from the Caspian Gates to India. Stadia. To Hecatompylos 1960 To Alexandreia in the country of the Arii (Ariana) 4530 Thence to Prophthasia in Dranga (or according to others 1500) 1600 Thence to the city Arachoti 4120 Thence to Ortospana on the three roads from Bactra 2000 Thence to the confines of India 1000 Which together amount to 15,300 We must regard as continuous with this distance, in a straight line, the length of India, reckoned from the Indus to the, Eastern Sea.
Thus much then respecting the Sacae.
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