λέγεται δὲ διότι τοῦ Ταύρου τὸ τελευταῖον, ὃ καλοῦσιν Ἴμαιον, τῇ Ἰνδικῇ θαλάττῃ ξυνάπτον, οὐδὲν οὔτε προὔχει πρὸς ἕω τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μᾶλλον οὔτʼ εἰσέχει· παριόντι δʼ εἰς τὸ βόρειον πλευρὸν ἀεί τι τοῦ μήκους ὑφαιρεῖ καὶ τοῦ πλάτους ἡ θάλαττα, ὥστʼ ἀποφαίνειν μύουρον πρὸς ἕω τὴν νῦν ὑπογραφομένην μερίδα τῆς Ἀσίας, ἣν ὁ Ταῦρος ἀπολαμβάνει πρὸς τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὸν πληροῦντα τὸ Κάσπιον πέλαγος. μῆκος δʼ ἐστὶ ταύτης τῆς μερίδος τὸ μέγιστον ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὸν κατὰ τὸ Ἴμαιον τρισμυρίων που σταδίων, παρὰ τὴν ὀρεινὴν τοῦ Ταύρου τῆς πορείας οὔσης, πλάτος δʼ ἔλαττον τῶν μυρίων. εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι περὶ τετρακισμυρίους σταδίους ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου μέχρι τῆς ἑῴας θαλάττης τῆς κατὰ Ἰνδούς, ἐπὶ δʼ Ἰσσὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων ἄκρων τῶν κατὰ στήλας ἄλλοι τρισμύριοι· ἔστι δὲ ὁ μυχὸς τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου μικρὸν ἢ οὐδὲν Ἀμισοῦ ἑωθινώτερος, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ Ἀμισοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν γῆν περὶ μυρίους ἐστὶ σταδίους, παράλληλον ὂν τῷ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσσοῦ λεχθέντι ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἰνδούς. λείπεται δὴ τὸ λεχθὲν μῆκος ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τῆς περιωδευμένης νυνὶ μερίδος οἱ τρισμύριοι στάδιοι. πάλιν δὲ τοῦ πλάτους τοῦ μεγίστου τῆς οἰκουμένης ὄντος περὶ τρισμυρίους σταδίους, χλαμυδοειδοῦς οὔσης, τὸ διάστημα τοῦτο ἐγγὺς ἂν εἴη τοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ τοῦ διὰ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης γραφομένου καὶ τῆς Περσικῆς, εἴπερ ἐστὶ τὸ μῆκος τῆς οἰκουμένης ἑπτὰ μυριάδες· εἰ οὖν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας ἐπὶ Ἀρτεμίταν τὴν ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ στάδιοί εἰσιν ὀκτακισχίλιοι, καθάπερ εἴρηκεν Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀρτεμίτας, ἐκεῖθεν δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τῆς κατὰ Πέρσας θαλάττης ἄλλο τοσοῦτόν ἐστι, καὶ πάλιν τοσοῦτον ἢ μικρὸν ἀπολεῖπον εἰς τὰ ἀνταίροντα τοῖς ἄκροις τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, λοιπὸν ἂν εἴη τοῦ πλάτους τῆς οἰκουμένης τοῦ λεχθέντος ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῆς ὅσον εἰρήκαμεν. μυούρου δʼ ὄντος τοῦ τμήματος τούτου τῆς γῆς ἐπὶ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη, γίνοιτʼ ἂν τὸ σχῆμα προσόμοιον μαγειρικῇ κοπίδι, τοῦ μὲν ὄρους ἐπʼ εὐθείας ὄντος καὶ νοουμένου κατὰ τὴν ἀκμὴν τῆς κοπίδος, τῆς δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Ὑρκανίου παραλίας ἐπὶ Τάμαρον κατὰ θάτερον πλευρὸν εἰς περιφερῆ καὶ μύουρον γραμμὴν ἀπολῆγον.
It is said that the termination of Taurus, which is called Imaus, approaches close to the Indian Sea, and neither advances towards nor recedes from the East more than India itself. But on passing to the northern side, the sea contracts (throughout the whole coast) the length and breadth of India, so as to shorten on the East the portion of Asia we are now describing, comprehended between the Taurus and the Northern Ocean, which forms the Caspian Sea.
The greatest length of this portion, reckoned from the Hyrcanian Sea to the (Eastern) Ocean opposite Imaus, is about 30,000 stadia, the route being along the mountainous tract of Taurus; the breadth is less than 10,000 stadia. We have said before, that from the bay of Issus to the eastern sea along the coast of India is about 40,000 stadia, and to Issus from the western extremities at the pillars 30,000 stadia. The recess of the bay of Issus is little, if at all, more to the east than Amisus; from Amisus to Hyrcania is about 10,000 stadia in a line parallel to that which we have described as drawn from the bay of Issus to India. There remains therefore for the portion now delineated the above-mentioned length towards the east, namely, 30,000 stadia. Again, since the breadth of the longest part of the habitable earth, which has the shape of a chlamys, (or a military cloak,) is about 30,000 stadia, this distance would be near the meridian line drawn through the Hyrcanian and the Persian Seas, for the length of the habitable earth is 70,000 stadia. If therefore from Hyrcania to Artemita in Babylonia are 8000 stadia according to Apollodorus of Artemita, and thence to the mouth of the Persian Sea 8000, and again 8000, or a little short of that number, to the places on the same parallel with the extremities of Aethiopia, there would remain, to complete the breadth as I have described it, of the habitable earth, the number of stadia which I have mentioned, reckoning from the recess of the Hyrcanian Sea to its mouth. This segment of the earth being truncated towards the eastern parts, its figure would resemble a cook’s knife, for the mountainous range being prolonged in a straight line, answers to the edge, while the shape of the coast from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to Tamarus on the other side terminates in a circular truncated line.
ἐπιμνηστέον δὲ καὶ τῶν παραδόξων ἐνίων ἃ θρυλοῦσι περὶ τῶν τελέως βαρβάρων, οἷον τῶν περὶ τὸν Καύκασον καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ὀρεινήν. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ νόμιμον εἶναί φασι τὸ τοῦ Εὐριπίδου τὸν φύντα θρηνεῖν εἰς ὅσʼ ἔρχεται κακά, / τὸν δʼ αὖ θανόντα καὶ πόνων πεπαυμένον / χαίροντας εὐφημοῦντας ἐκπέμπειν δόμων. / ἑτέροις δὲ μηδένα ἀποκτείνειν τῶν ἐξαμαρτόντων τὰ μέγιστα, ἀλλʼ ἐξορίζειν μόνον μετὰ τῶν τέκνων, ὑπεναντίως τοῖς Δέρβιξι· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ μικροῖς οὗτοι σφάττουσι. σέβονται δὲ γῆν οἱ Δέρβικες· θύουσι δʼ οὐδὲν θῆλυ οὐδὲ ἐσθίουσι· τοὺς δὲ ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη γεγονότας σφάττουσιν, ἀναλίσκουσι δὲ τὰς σάρκας οἱ ἄγχιστα γένους· τὰς δὲ γραίας ἀπάγχουσιν, εἶτα θάπτουσι· τοὺς δὲ ἐντὸς ἑβδομήκοντα ἐτῶν ἀποθανόντας οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν ἀλλὰ θάπτουσι. Σίγιννοι δὲ τἆλλα μὲν περσίζουσιν, ἱππαρίοις δὲ χρῶνται μικροῖς δασέσιν, ἅπερ ἱππότην ὀχεῖν μὲν οὐ δύναται, τέθριππα δὲ ζευγνύουσιν· ἡνιοχοῦσι δὲ γυναῖκες ἐκ παίδων ἠσκημέναι, ἡ δʼ ἄριστα ἡνιοχοῦσα συνοικεῖ ᾧ βούλεται· τινὰς δʼ ἐπιτηδεύειν φασὶν ὅπως ὡς μακροκεφαλώτατοι φανοῦνται καὶ προπεπτωκότες τοῖς μετώποις ὥσθʼ ὑπερκύπτειν τῶν γενείων. Ταπύρων δʼ ἔστι καὶ τὸ τοὺς μὲν ἄνδρας μελανειμονεῖν καὶ μακροκομεῖν, τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας λευχειμονεῖν καὶ βραχυκομεῖν. καὶ ὁ ἀνδρειότατος κριθεὶς γαμεῖ ἣν βούλεται. Κάσπιοι δὲ τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη λιμοκτονήσαντες εἰς τὴν ἐρημίαν ἐκτιθέασιν, ἄπωθεν δὲ σκοπεύοντες ἐὰν μὲν ὑπʼ ὀρνίθων κατασπωμένους ἀπὸ τῆς κλίνης ἴδωσιν, εὐδαιμονίζουσιν, ἐὰν δὲ ὑπὸ θηρίων ἢ κυνῶν, ἧττον, ἐὰν δʼ ὑπὸ μηδενός, κακοδαιμονίζουσι.
We must mention some of the extraordinary circum stances which are related of those tribes which are perfectly barbarous, living about Mount Caucasus, and the other mountainous districts.
What Euripides expresses in the following lines is said to be a custom among them; they lament the birth of the new-born on account of the many evils to which they are exposed; but the dead, and one at rest from his troubles, is carried forth from his home with joy and gratulation.
Other tribes do not put to death even the greatest offenders, but only banish them from their territories together with their children; which is contrary to the custom of the Derbices, who punish even slight offences with death. The Derbices worship the earth. They neither sacrifice, nor eat the female of any animal. Persons who attain the age of above seventy years are put to death by them, and their nearest relations eat their flesh. Old women are strangled, and then buried. Those who die under seventy years of age are not eaten, but are only buried.
The Siginni in general practise Persian customs. They have small horses with shaggy hair, but which are not able to carry a rider. Four of these horses are harnessed together, driven by women, who are trained to this employment from childhood. The best driver marries whom she pleases. Some, they say, make it their study to appear with heads as long as possible, and with foreheads projecting over their chins.
The Tapyrii have a custom for the men to dress in black, and wear their hair long, and the women to dress in white, and wear their hair short. [They live between the Derbices and Hyrcani.] He who is esteemed the bravest marries whom he likes.
The Caspii starve to death those who are above seventy years old, by exposing them in a desert place. The exposed are observed at a distance; if they are dragged from their resting-place by birds, they are then pronounced happy; but if by wild beasts, or dogs, less fortunate; but if by none of these, ill-fated.
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