ἡ δʼ Ὑρκανία σφόδρα εὐδαίμων καὶ πολλὴ καὶ τὸ πλέον πεδιὰς πόλεσί τε ἀξιολόγοις διειλημμένη, ὧν ἐστι Ταλαβρόκη καὶ Σαμαριανὴ καὶ Κάρτα καὶ τὸ βασίλειον Τάπη, ὅ φασι μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἱδρυμένον διέχειν τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν σταδίους χιλίους τετρακοσίους. σημεῖα δὲ τῆς εὐδαιμονίας· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἄμπελος μετρητὴν οἴνου φέρει, ἡ δὲ συκῆ μεδίμνους ἑξήκοντα, ὁ δὲ σῖτος ἐκ τοῦ ἐκπεσόντος καρποῦ τῆς καλάμης φύεται, ἐν δὲ τοῖς δένδρεσι σμηνουργεῖται καὶ τῶν φύλλων ἀπορρεῖ μέλι· τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται καὶ τῆς Μηδίας ἐν τῇ Ματιανῇ καὶ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐν τῇ Σακασηνῇ καὶ τῇ Ἀραξηνῇ. τῆς μέντοι προσηκούσης ἐπιμελείας οὐκ ἔτυχεν οὔτε αὐτὴ οὔτε ἡ ἐπώνυμος αὐτῇ θάλαττα ἄπλους τε οὖσα καὶ ἀργός· νῆσοί τέ εἰσιν οἰκεῖσθαι δυνάμεναι, ὡς δʼ εἰρήκασί τινες καὶ χρυσῖτιν ἔχουσαι γῆν. αἴτιον δʼ ὅτι καὶ οἱ ἡγεμόνες οἵ τʼ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐτύγχανον βάρβαροι ὄντες οἱ τῶν Ὑρκανῶν, Μῆδοί τε καὶ Πέρσαι καὶ οἱ ὕστατοι Παρθυαῖοι, χείρους ἐκείνων ὄντες, καὶ ἡ γείτων ἅπασα χώρα λῃστῶν καὶ νομάδων μεστὴ καὶ ἐρημίας. Μακεδόνες δʼ ὀλίγον μὲν χρόνον ἐπῆρξαν, ἀλλʼ ἐν πολέμοις ὄντες καὶ τὰ πόρρω σκοπεῖν οὐ δυνάμενοι. φησὶ δʼ Ἀριστόβουλος ὑλώδη οὖσαν τὴν Ὑρκανίαν δρῦν ἔχειν, πεύκην δὲ καὶ ἐλάτην καὶ πίτυν μὴ φύειν, τὴν δʼ Ἰνδικὴν πληθύειν τούτοις. τῆς δὲ Ὑρκανίας ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Νησαία· τινὲς δὲ καὶ καθʼ αὑτὴν τιθέασι τὴν Νησαίαν.
Hyrcania is very fertile, and extensive, consisting for the most part of plains, and has considerable cities dispersed throughout it, as Talabroce, Samariane, Carta, and the royal residence, Tape, which is said to be situated a little above the sea, and distant 1400 stadia from the Caspian Gates. The following facts are narrated as indications of the fertility of the country. The vine produces a metretes of wine; the fig-tree sixty medimni of fruit; the corn grows from the seed which falls out of the stalk; bees make their hives in the trees, and honey drops from among the leaves. This is the case also in the territory of Matiane in Media, and in the Sacasene, and Araxene of Armenia.
But neither this country, nor the sea which is named after it, has received proper care and attention from the inhabitants, for there are no vessels upon the sea, nor is it turned to any use. According to some writers there are islands on it, capable of being inhabited, in which gold is found. The cause of this neglect is this; the first governors of Hyrcania were barbarians, Medes, and Persians, and lastly, people who were more oppressive than these, namely, Parthians. The whole of the neighbouring country was the haunt of robbers and wandering tribes, and abounded with tracts of desert land. For a short time Macedonians were sovereigns of the country, but being engaged in war were unable to attend to remote possessions. Aristobulus says that Hyrcania has forests and produces the oak, but not the pitch pine, nor the fir, nor the pine, but that India abounds with these trees.
Nesaea belongs to Hyrcania, but some writers make it an independent district.
διαρρεῖται δὲ καὶ ποταμοῖς ἡ Ὑρκανία τῷ τε Ὤχῳ καὶ Ὤξῳ μέχρι τῆς εἰς θάλατταν ἐκβολῆς, ὧν ὁ Ὦχος καὶ διὰ τῆς Νησαίας ῥεῖ· ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν Ὦχον εἰς τὸν Ὦξον ἐμβάλλειν φασίν. Ἀριστόβουλος δὲ καὶ μέγιστον ἀποφαίνει τὸν Ὦξον τῶν ἑωραμένων ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν πλὴν τῶν Ἰνδικῶν· φησὶ δὲ καὶ εὔπλουν εἶναι καὶ οὗτος καὶ Ἐρατοσθένης παρὰ Πατροκλέους λαβών, καὶ πολλὰ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν φορτίων κατάγειν εἰς τὴν Ὑρκανίαν θάλατταν, ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς τὴν Ἀλβανίαν περαιοῦσθαι καὶ διὰ τοῦ Κύρου καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς τόπων εἰς τὸν Εὔξεινον καταφέρεσθαι. οὐ πάνυ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν παλαιῶν ὁ Ὦχος ὀνομάζεται· Ἀπολλόδωρος μέντοι ὁ τὰ Παρθικὰ γράψας συνεχῶς αὐτὸν ὀνομάζει ὡς ἐγγυτάτω τοῖς Παρθυαίοις ῥέοντα.
Hyrcania is watered by the rivers Ochus and Oxus as far as their entrance into the sea. The Ochus flows through Nesaea, but some writers say that the Ochus empties itself into the Oxus.
Aristobulus avers that the Oxus was the largest river, except those in India, which he had seen in Asia. He says also that it is navigable with ease, (this circumstance both Aristobulus and Eratosthenes borrow from Patrocles,) and that large quantities of Indian merchandise are conveyed by it to the Hyrcanian Sea, and are transferred from thence into Albania by the Cyrus, and through the adjoining countries to the Euxine. The Ochus is not often mentioned by the ancients, but Apollodorus, the author of the Parthica, frequently mentions it, [and describes it] as flowing very near the Parthians.
προσεδοξάσθη δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς θαλάττης ταύτης πολλὰ ψευδῆ διὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου φιλοτιμίαν· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὡμολόγητο ἐκ πάντων ὅτι διείργει τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός, τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ τῆς θαλάττης καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος πολὺ μέρος τῆς Ἀσίας ὂν οὐχ ὑπέπιπτε τοῖς Μακεδόσι, στρατηγεῖν δʼ ἔγνωστο ὥστε τῇ φήμῃ γε κἀκείνων δόξαι τῶν μερῶν κρατεῖν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, εἰς ἓν συνῆγον τήν τε Μαιῶτιν λίμνην τὴν δεχομένην τὸν Τάναϊν καὶ τὴν Κασπίαν θάλατταν, λίμνην καὶ ταύτην καλοῦντες καὶ συντετρῆσθαι φάσκοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἀμφοτέρας, ἑκατέραν δὲ εἶναι μέρος τῆς ἑτέρας. Πολύκλειτος δὲ καὶ πίστεις προφέρεται περὶ τοῦ λίμνην εἶναι τὴν θάλατταν ταύτην, ὄφεις τε γὰρ ἐκτρέφειν καὶ ὑπόγλυκυ εἶναι τὸ ὕδωρ· ὅτι δὲ καὶ οὐχ ἑτέρα τῆς Μαιώτιδός ἐστι, τεκμαιρόμενος ἐκ τοῦ τὸν Τάναϊν εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμβάλλειν· ἐκ γὰρ τῶν αὐτῶν ὀρῶν τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ἐξ ὧν ὅ τε Ὦχος καὶ ὁ Ὦξος καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους φέρεται καὶ ὁ Ἰαξάρτης ἐκδίδωσί τε ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις εἰς τὸ Κάσπιον πέλαγος πάντων ἀρκτικώτατος. τοῦτον οὖν ὠνόμασαν Τάναϊν, καὶ προσέθεσάν γε τούτῳ πίστιν, ὡς εἴη Τάναϊς ὃν εἴρηκεν ὁ Πολύκλειτος· τὴν γὰρ περαίαν τοῦ ποταμοῦ τούτου φέρειν ἐλάτην καὶ οἰστοῖς ἐλατίνοις χρῆσθαι τοὺς ταύτῃ Σκύθας· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τεκμήριον τοῦ τὴν χώραν τὴν πέραν τῆς Εὐρώπης εἶναι, μὴ τῆς Ἀσίας· τὴν γὰρ Ἀσίαν τὴν ἄνω καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἕω μὴ φύειν ἐλάτην. Ἐρατοσθένης δέ φησι καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ φύεσθαι ἐλάτην καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ναυπηγήσασθαι τὸν στόλον Ἀλέξανδρον· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα συγκρούειν Ἐρατοσθένης πειρᾶται, ἡμῖν δʼ ἀποχρώντως εἰρήσθω περὶ αὐτῶν.
Many additional falsehoods were invented respecting this sea, to flatter the ambition of Alexander and his love of glory; for, as it was generally acknowledged that the river Tanaïs separated Europe from Asia throughout its whole course, and that a large part of Asia, lying between this sea and the Tanaïs, had never been subjected to the power of the Macedonians, it was resolved to invent an expedition, in order that, according to fame at least, Alexander might seem to have conquered those countries. They therefore made the lake Maeotis, which receives the Tanaïs, and the Caspian Sea, which also they call a lake, one body of water, affirming that there was a subterraneous opening between both, and that one was part of the other. Polycleitus produces proofs to show that this sea is a lake, for instance, that it breeds serpents, and that the water is sweetish. That it was not a different lake from the Maeotis, he conjectures from the circumstance of the Tanaïs discharging itself into it. From the same mountains in India, where the Ochus and the Oxus rise, many other rivers take their course, and among these the Iaxartes, which like the former empties itself into the Caspian Sea, although it is the most northerly of them all. This river then they called Tanaïs, and alleged, as a proof that it was the Tanaïs mentioned by Polycleitus, that the country on the other side of the river produced the fir-tree, and that the Scethians there used arrows made of fir-wood. It was a proof also that the country on the other side of the river was a part of Europe and not of Asia, that Upper and Eastern Asia do not produce the fir-tree. But Eratosthenes says that the fir does grow even in India, and that Alexander built his ships of that wood. Eratosthenes collects many things of this kind, with a view to show their contradictory character. But I have said enough about them.
καὶ τοῦτο δʼ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν ἱστορουμένων παραδόξων ἐστὶν ὑπὸ Εὐδόξου καὶ ἄλλων, ὅτι πρόκεινταί τινες ἀκταὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὕπαντροι, τούτων δὲ μεταξὺ καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὑπόκειται ταπεινὸς αἰγιαλός, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὕπερθεν κρημνῶν ποταμοὶ ῥέοντες τοσαύτῃ προφέρονται βίᾳ ὥστε ταῖς ἀκταῖς συνάψαντες ἐξακοντίζουσι τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, ἄρραντον φυλάττοντες τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ὥστε καὶ στρατοπέδοις ὁδεύσιμον εἶναι σκεπαζομένοις τῷ ῥεύματι, οἱ δʼ ἐπιχώριοι κατάγονται πολλάκις εὐωχίας καὶ θυσίας χάριν εἰς τὸν τόπον, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῖς ἄντροις κατακλίνονται, ποτὲ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῷ τῷ ῥεύματι ἡλιαζόμενοι ἄλλως ἄλλοι τέρπονται, παραφαινομένης ἅμα καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ἑκατέρωθεν καὶ τῆς ᾐόνος ποώδους καὶ ἀνθηρᾶς οὔσης διὰ τὴν ἰκμάδα.
Among the peculiarities recorded of the Hyrcanian sea, Eudoxus and others relate the following. There is a certain coast in front of the sea hollowed out into caverns, between which and the sea there lies a flat shore. Rivers on reaching this coast descend from the precipices above with sufficient force to dart the water into the sea without wetting the intervening shore, so that even an army could pass underneath sheltered by the stream above. The inhabitants frequently resort to this place for the purposes of festivity and of performing sacrifices, one while reclining beneath the caverns, at another basking in the sun (even) beneath the fall of water. They divert themselves in various ways, having in sight on each side the sea and shore, the latter of which by the dew [and moisture of the falls] is rendered a grassy and flowery meadow.
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