τῇ δʼ Εὐρώπῃ συνεχής ἐστιν ἡ Ἀσία κατὰ τὸν Τάναϊν συνάπτουσα αὐτῇ· περὶ ταύτης οὖν ἐφεξῆς ῥητέον διελόντας φυσικοῖς τισιν ὅροις τοῦ σαφοῦς χάριν. ὅπερ οὖν Ἐρατοσθένης ἐφʼ ὅλης τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐποίησε, τοῦθʼ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ποιητέον.
ASIA is contiguous to Europe, approaching close to it at the Tanaïs or Don.
I am to describe this country next, after dividing it, for the sake of perspicuity, by certain natural boundaries. What Eratosthenes has done with respect to the whole habitable earth, this I propose to do with respect to Asia.
ὁ γὰρ Ταῦρος μέσην πως διέζωκε ταύτην τὴν ἤπειρον ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τεταμένος, τὸ μὲν αὐτῆς ἀπολείπων πρὸς βορρᾶν τὸ δὲ μεσημβρινόν. καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτῶν οἱ Ἕλληνες τὸ μὲν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου τὸ δὲ ἐκτός. εἴρηται δὲ ταῦθʼ ἡμῖν καὶ πρότερον, ἀλλʼ εἰρήσθω καὶ νῦν ὑπομνήσεως χάριν.
The Taurus, extending from west to east, embraces the middle of this continent, like a girdle, leaving one portion to the north, another to the south. The Greeks call the former Asia Within the Taurus, the latter, Asia Without the Taurus. We have said this before, but it is repeated now to assist the memory.
πλάτος μὲν οὖν ἔχει τὸ ὄρος πολλαχοῦ καὶ τρισχιλίων σταδίων, μῆκος δʼ ὅσον καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἀσίας, τεττάρων που μυριάδων καὶ πεντακισχιλίων, ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥοδίων περαίας ἐπὶ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ Σκυθίας πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολάς.
The Taurus has in many places a breadth of 3000 stadia; its length equals that of Asia, namely 45,000 stadia, reckoning from the continent opposite to Rhodes to the eastern extremities of India and Scythia.
διῄρηται δʼ εἰς μέρη πολλὰ καὶ ὀνόματα περιγραφαῖς καὶ μείζοσι καὶ ἐλάττοσιν ἀφωρισμένα. ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐν τῷ τοσούτῳ πλάτει τοῦ ὄρους ἀπολαμβάνεταί τινα ἔθνη, τὰ μὲν ἀσημότερα τὰ δὲ καὶ παντελῶς γνώριμα (καθάπερ ἡ Παρθυαία καὶ Μηδία καὶ Ἀρμενία καὶ Καππαδοκῶν τινες καὶ Κίλικες καὶ Πισίδαι), τὰ μὲν πλεονάζοντα ἐν τοῖς προσβόρροις μέρεσιν ἐνταῦθα τακτέον, τὰ δʼ ἐν τοῖς νοτίοις εἰς τὰ νότια, καὶ τὰ ἐν μέσῳ δὲ τῶν ὀρῶν κείμενα διὰ τὰς τῶν ἀέρων ὁμοιότητας πρὸς βορρᾶν πως θετέον· ψυχροὶ γάρ εἰσιν, οἱ δὲ νότιοι θερμοί. καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν δὲ αἱ ῥύσεις ἐνθένδε ἰοῦσαι πᾶσαι σχεδόν τι εἰς τἀναντία αἱ μὲν εἰς τὰ βόρεια αἱ δʼ εἰς τὰ νότια μέρη (τά γε πρῶτα, κἂν ὕστερόν τινες ἐπιστρέφωσι πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἢ δύσεις), ἔχουσί τι εὐφυὲς πρὸς τὸ τοῖς ὄρεσιν ὁρίοις χρῆσθαι κατὰ τὴν εἰς δύο μέρη διαίρεσιν τῆς Ἀσίας· καθάπερ καὶ ἡ θάλαττα ἡ ἐντὸς στηλῶν, ἐπʼ εὐθείας πως οὖσα ἡ πλείστη τοῖς ὄρεσι τούτοις, ἐπιτηδεία γεγένηται πρὸς τὸ δύο ποιεῖν ἠπείρους, τήν τε Εὐρώπην καὶ τὴν Λιβύην, ὅριον ἀμφοῖν οὖσα ἀξιόλογον.
It is divided into many parts, which are circumscribed by boundaries of greater or less extent, and distinguished by various names.
But as such an extended range of mountains must comprise nations some of which are little known, and others with whom we are well acquainted, as Parthians, Medes, Armenians, some of the Cappadocians, Cilicians, and Pisidians; those which approach near the northern parts must be assigned to the north, (northern Asia,) those approximating the southern parts, to the south, (southern Asia,) and those situated in the middle of the mountains must be placed on account of the similarity of the temperature of the air, for it is cold to the north, while the air of the south is warm.
The currents of almost all the rivers which flow from the Taurus are in a direction contrary to each other, some running to the north, others to the south, at least at the commencement of their course, although afterwards some bend towards the east or west. They naturally suggest the adoption of this chain of mountains as a boundary in the division of Asia into two portions; in the same manner that the sea within the Pillars, which for the most part runs in the same line with these mountains, conveniently forms two continents, Europe and Africa, and is a remarkable boundary to both.
τοῖς δὲ μεταβαίνουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐν τῇ γεωγραφίᾳ τὰ πρὸς βορρᾶν ἐστι πρῶτα τῆς εἰς δύο διαιρέσεως, ὥστε ἀπὸ τούτων ἀρκτέον. αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων πρῶτά ἐστι τὰ περὶ τὸν Τάναϊν, ὅνπερ τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ὅριον ὑπεθέμεθα. ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα τρόπον τινὰ χερρονησίζοντα· περιέχεται γὰρ ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἑσπέρας τῷ ποταμῷ τῷ Τανάιδι καὶ τῇ Μαιώτιδι μέχρι τοῦ Βοσπόρου καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐξείνου παραλίας τῆς τελευτώσης εἰς τὴν Κολχίδα· ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἄρκτων τῷ Ὠκεανῷ μέχρι τοῦ στόματος τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης· ἕωθεν δὲ αὐτῇ ταύτῃ τῇ θαλάττῃ μέχρι τῶν μεθορίων τῆς τε Ἀλβανίας καὶ τῆς Ἀρμενίας, καθʼ ἃ ὁ Κῦρος καὶ ὁ Ἀράξης ἐκδιδοῦσι ποταμοί, ῥέοντες ὁ μὲν διὰ τῆς Ἀρμενίας Κῦρος δὲ διὰ τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τῆς Ἀλβανίας· ἐκ νότου δὲ τῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Κύρου μέχρι τῆς Κολχίδος, ὅσον τρισχιλίων οὔσῃ σταδίων ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν, διʼ Ἀλβανῶν καὶ Ἰβήρων, ὥστε ἰσθμοῦ λόγον ἔχειν. οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον συναγαγόντες τὸν ἰσθμὸν ἐφʼ ὅσον Κλείταρχος, ἐπίκλυστον φήσας ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ πελάγους, οὐδʼ ἂν λόγου ἀξιοῖντο. Ποσειδώνιος δὲ χιλίων καὶ πεντακοσίων εἴρηκε τὸν ἰσθμόν, ὅσον καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ Πηλουσίου ἰσθμὸν εἰς τὴν Ἐρυθράν. δοκῶ δέ φησί μὴ πολὺ διαφέρειν μηδὲ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Μαιώτιδος εἰς τὸν Ὠκεανόν.
In passing in our geographical description from Europe to Asia, the first parts of the country which present themselves are those in the northern division, and we shall therefore begin with these.
Of these parts the first are those about the Tanaïs, (or Don,) which we have assumed as the boundary of Europe and Asia. These have a kind of peninsular form, for they are surrounded on the west by the river Tanaïs (or Don) and the Palus Maotis as far as the Cimmerian Bosporus, and that part of the coast of the Euxine which terminates at Colchis; on the north by the Ocean, as far as the mouth of the Caspian Sea; on the east by the same sea, as far as the confines of Albania and Armenia, where the rivers Cyrus and Araxes empty themselves; the latter flowing through Armenia, and the Cyrus through Iberia and Albania; on the south is the tract of country extending from the mouth of the Cyrus as far as Colchis, and comprising about 3000 stadia from sea to sea, across the territory of the Albani, and Iberes, so as to represent an isthmus.
Those writers do not deserve attention who contract the isthmus as much as Cleitarchus, according to whom it is subject to inundations of the sea from either side. According to Posidonius the isthmus is 1500 stadia in extent, that is, as large as the isthmus from Pelusium to the Red Sea. And I think, says he, that the isthmus between the Palus Maeotis and the Ocean is not very different from this in extent.
οὐκ οἶδα δὲ πῶς ἄν τις περὶ τῶν ἀδήλων αὐτῷ πιστεύσειε μηδὲν εἰκὸς ἔχοντι εἰπεῖν περὶ αὐτῶν, ὅταν περὶ τῶν φανερῶν οὕτω παραλόγως λέγῃ, καὶ ταῦτα φίλος Πομπηίῳ γεγονὼς τῷ στρατεύσαντι ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἴβηρας καὶ τοὺς Ἀλβανοὺς μέχρι τῆς ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα θαλάττης τῆς τε Κασπίας καὶ τῆς Κολχικῆς. φασὶ γοῦν ἐν Ῥόδῳ γενόμενον τὸν Πομπήιον, ἡνίκα ἐπὶ τὸν λῃστρικὸν πόλεμον ἐξῆλθεν (εὐθὺς δʼ ἔμελλε καὶ ἐπὶ Μιθριδάτην ὁρμήσειν καὶ τὰ μέχρι τῆς Κασπίας ἔθνη), παρατυχεῖν διαλεγομένῳ τῷ Ποσειδωνίῳ, ἀπιόντα δʼ ἐρέσθαι εἴ τι προστάττει, τὸν δʼ εἰπεῖν αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν καὶ ὑπείροχον ἔμμεναι ἄλλων. / προστίθει δὲ τούτοις ὅτι καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν συνέγραψε τὴν περὶ αὐτόν. διὰ δὴ ταῦτα ἐχρῆν φροντίσαι τἀληθοῦς πλέον τι.
I know not how any one can rely upon his authority respecting what is uncertain, when he has nothing probable to advance on the subject; for he reasons so falsely respecting things which are evident, and this too when he enjoyed the friendship of Pompey, who had carried on war against the Iberes and Albani, and was acquainted with both the Caspian and Colchian Seas on each side of the isthmus. It is related, that when Pompey was at Rhodes, on his expedition against the pirates, (he was soon afterwards to carry on war against Mithridates and the nations as far as the Caspian Sea,) he accidentally heard a philosophical lecture of Posidonius; and on his departure he asked Posidonius if he had any commands; to which he replied, To stand the first in worth, as in command. / Add to this, that he wrote the history of Pompey. For these reasons he ought to have paid a greater regard to truth.
δεύτερον δʼ ἂν εἴη μέρος τὸ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης, ἣν Κασπίαν καλοῦμεν, μέχρι τῶν κατʼ Ἰνδοὺς Σκυθῶν. τρίτον δὲ μέρος τὸ συνεχὲς τῷ λεχθέντι ἰσθμῷ καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς τούτῳ καὶ ταῖς Κασπίαις πύλαις, τῶν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐγγυτάτω· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ Μηδία καὶ Ἀρμενία καὶ Καππαδοκία καὶ τὰ μεταξύ. τέταρτον δʼ ἡ ἐντὸς Ἅλυος γῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ Ταύρῳ καὶ ἐκτὸς ὅσα εἰς τὴν χερρόνησον ἐμπίπτει, ἣν ποιεῖ ὁ διείργων ἰσθμὸς τήν τε Ποντικὴν καὶ τὴν Κιλικίαν θάλατταν. τῶν δὲ ἄλλων τῶν ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου τήν τε Ἰνδικὴν τίθεμεν καὶ τὴν Ἀριανὴν μέχρι τῶν ἐθνῶν τῶν καθηκόντων πρός τε τὴν κατὰ Πέρσας θάλατταν καὶ τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον καὶ τὸν Νεῖλον καὶ πρὸς τὸ Αἰγύπτιον πέλαγος καὶ τὸ Ἰσσικόν.
The second portion is that above the Hyrcanian, which we also call the Caspian Sea, extending as far as the Scythians near the Indians.
The third portion is continuous with the above-mentioned isthmus, and consists of the country following next in order to the isthmus and the Caspian Gates, and approaching nearest the parts within the Taurus, and to Europe; these are Media, Armenia, Cappadocia, and the intervening country.
The fourth portion consists of the tract within the Halys, and the parts upon and without the Taurus, which coincide with the peninsula formed by the isthmus, which separates the Euxine and the Cilician Seas. Among the other countries beyond the Taurus we place Indica and Ariana, as far as the nations which extend to the Persian Sea, the Arabian Gulf, and the Nile, and to the Aegyptian and the Issic seas.
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