ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ βόρεια μέρη τῆς Ἀσίας ποιεῖ ὁ Ταῦρος, ἃ δὴ καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καλοῦσιν, εἰπεῖν προειλόμεθα πρῶτον · τούτων δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν αὐτοῖς ἢ ὅλα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα. ὅσα μὲν τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν ἑωθινώτερά ἐστιν, ἁπλουστέραν ἔχει τὴν περιήγησιν διὰ τὴν ἀγριότητα, οὐ πολύ τε ἂν διαφέροι τοῦδε ἢ τοῦδε τοῦ κλίματος συγκαταλεχθέντα· τὰ δʼ ἑσπέρια πάντα δίδωσιν εὐπορίαν τοῦ λέγειν περὶ αὐτῶν, ὥστε δεῖ προάγειν ἐπὶ τὰ παρακείμενα ταῖς Κασπίαις πύλαις. παράκειται δὲ ἡ Μηδία πρὸς δύσιν, χώρα καὶ πολλὴ καὶ δυναστεύσασά ποτε καὶ ἐν μέσῳ τῷ Ταύρῳ κειμένη, πολυσχιδεῖ κατὰ ταῦτα ὑπάρχοντι τὰ μέρη καὶ αὐλῶνας ἐμπεριλαμβάνοντι μεγάλους, καθάπερ καὶ τῇ Ἀρμενίᾳ τοῦτο συμβέβηκε.
SINCE the Taurus constitutes the northern parts of Asia, which are called also the parts within the Taurus, I propose to speak first of these.
They are situated either entirely,—or chiefly, among the mountains. Those to the east of the Caspian Gates admit of a shorter description on account of the rude state of the people, nor is there much difference whether they are referred to one climate or the other. All the western countries furnish abundant matter for description. We must therefore proceed to the places situated near the Caspian Gates.
Media lies towards the west, an extensive country, and formerly powerful; it is situated in the middle of Taurus, which here has many branches, and contains large valleys, as is the case in Armenia.
τὸ γὰρ ὄρος τοῦτο ἄρχεται μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Καρίας καὶ Λυκίας, ἀλλʼ ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὔτε πλάτος οὔτε ὕψος ἀξιόλογον δείκνυσιν· ἐξαίρεται δὲ πολὺ πρῶτον κατὰ τὰς Χελιδονίας (αὗται δʼ εἰσὶ νῆσοι κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς Παμφύλων παραλίας), ἐπὶ δὲ τὰς ἀνατολὰς ἐκτεινόμενον αὐλῶνας μακροὺς ἀπολαμβάνει τοὺς τῶν Κιλίκων· εἶτα τῇ μὲν τὸ Ἀμανὸν ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ σχίζεται τῇ δὲ ὁ Ἀντίταυρος, ἐν ᾧ τὰ Κόμανα ἵδρυται τὰ ἐν τοῖς ἄνω λεγομένοις Καππάδοξιν. οὗτος μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ Καταονίᾳ τελευτᾷ, τὸ δὲ Ἀμανὸν ὄρος μέχρι τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τῆς Μελιτηνῆς πρόεισι, καθʼ ἣν ἡ Κομμαγηνὴ τῇ Καππαδοκίᾳ παράκειται· ἐκδέχεται δὲ τὰ πέραν τοῦ Εὐφράτου ὄρη, συνεχῆ μὲν τοῖς προειρημένοις πλὴν ὅσον διακόπτει ῥέων διὰ μέσων ὁ ποταμός, πολλὴν δʼ ἐπίδοσιν λαμβάνει εἰς τὸ ὕψος καὶ τὸ πλάτος καὶ τὸ πολυσχιδές. τὸ δʼ οὖν νοτιώτατον μάλιστά ἐστιν ὁ Ταῦρος ὁρίζων τὴν Ἀρμενίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας.
This mountain has its beginning in Caria and Lycia, but does not exhibit there either considerable breadth or height. It first appears to have a great altitude opposite the Chelidoneae, which are islands situated in front of the commencement of the Pamphylian coast. It extends towards the east, and includes the long valleys of Cilicia. Then on one side the Amanus is detached from it, and on the other the Anti-Taurus. In the latter is situated Comana, belonging to the Upper Cappadocia. It terminates in Cataonia, but Mount Amanus is continued as far as the Euphrates, and Melitene, where Commagene extends along Cappadocia. It receives the mountains beyond the Euphrates, which are continuous with those before mentioned, except the part which is intercepted by the river flowing through the middle of them. Here its height and breadth become greater, and its branches more numerous. The Taurus extends the farthest distance towards the south, where it separates Armenia from Mesopotamia.
ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἀμφότεροι ῥέουσιν οἱ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν ἐγκυκλούμενοι ποταμοὶ καὶ συνάπτοντες ἀλλήλοις ἐγγὺς κατὰ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν, εἶτα ἐκδιδόντες εἰς τὴν κατὰ Πέρσας θάλατταν, ὅ τε Εὐφράτης καὶ Τίγρις. ἔστι δὲ καὶ μείζων ὁ Εὐφράτης καὶ πλείω διέξεισι χώραν σκολιῷ τῷ ῥείθρῳ, τὰς πηγὰς ἔχων ἐν τῷ προσβορείῳ μέρει τοῦ Ταύρου, ῥέων δʼ ἐπὶ δύσιν διὰ τῆς Ἀρμενίας τῆς μεγάλης καλουμένης μέχρι τῆς μικρᾶς, ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχων ταύτην ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τὴν Ἀκιλισηνήν· εἶτʼ ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς νότον, συνάπτει δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν τοῖς Καππαδόκων ὁρίοις· δεξιᾷ δὲ ταῦτα ἀφεὶς καὶ τὰ τῶν Κομμαγηνῶν, ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τὴν Ἀκιλισηνὴν καὶ Σωφηνὴν τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρμενίας πρόεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν Συρίαν καὶ λαμβάνει πάλιν ἄλλην ἐπιστροφὴν εἰς τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν καὶ τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον. ὁ δὲ Τίγρις ἐκ τοῦ νοτίου μέρους τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὄρους ἐνεχθεὶς ἐπὶ τὴν Σελεύκειαν συνάπτει τῷ Εὐφράτῃ πλησίον καὶ ποιεῖ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν πρὸς αὐτόν, εἶτʼ ἐκδίδωσι καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν κόλπον. διέχουσι δὲ ἀλλήλων αἱ πηγαὶ τοῦ τε Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος περὶ δισχιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους σταδίους.
From the south flow both rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris, which encircle Mesopotamia, and approach close to each other at Babylonia, and then discharge themselves into the sea on the coast of Persia. The Euphrates is the larger river, and traverses a greater tract of country with a tortuous course, it rises in the northern part of Taurus, and flows toward the west through Armenia the Greater, as it is called, to Armenia the Less, having the latter on the right and Acilisene on the left hand. It then turns to the south, and at its bend touches the boundaries of Cappadocia. It leaves this and Commagene on the right hand; on the left Acilisene and Sophene, belonging to the Greater Armenia. It proceeds onwards to Syria, and again makes another bend in its way to Babylonia and the Persian Gulf.
The Tigris takes its course from the southern part of the same mountains to Seleucia, approaches close to the Euphrates, with which it forms Mesopotamia. It then empties itself into the same gulf.
The sources of the Tigris and of the Euphrates are distant from each other about 2500 stadia.
ἀπὸ δʼ οὖν τοῦ Ταύρου πρὸς ἄρκτον ἀποσχίδες πολλαὶ γεγόνασι, μία μὲν ἡ τοῦ καλουμένου Ἀντιταύρου· καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα οὕτως ὠνομάζετο ὁ τὴν Σωφηνὴν ἀπολαμβάνων ἐν αὐλῶνι μεταξὺ κειμένῳ αὐτοῦ τε καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου. πέραν δὲ τοῦ Εὐφράτου κατὰ τὴν μικρὰν Ἀρμενίαν ἐφεξῆς τῷ Ἀντιταύρῳ πρὸς ἄρκτον ἐπεκτείνεται μέγα ὄρος καὶ πολυσχιδές· καλοῦσι δὲ τὸ μὲν αὐτοῦ Παρυάδρην τὸ δὲ Μοσχικὰ ὄρη τὸ δʼ ἄλλοις ὀνόμασι· ταῦτα δʼ ἀπολαμβάνει τὴν Ἀρμενίαν ὅλην μέχρι Ἰβήρων καὶ Ἀλβανῶν. εἶτʼ ἄλλʼ ἐπανίσταται πρὸς ἕω, τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης μέχρι Μηδίας τῆς τε Ἀτροπατίου καὶ τῆς μεγάλης· καλοῦσι δὲ καὶ ταῦτα τὰ μέρη πάντα τῶν ὀρῶν Παραχοάθραν καὶ τὰ μέχρι τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν καὶ ἐπέκεινα ἔτι πρὸς ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς τὰ συνάπτοντα τῇ Ἀρίᾳ. τὰ μὲν δὴ πρόσβορρα ὄρη οὕτω καλοῦσι, τὰ δὲ νότια τὰ πέραν τοῦ Εὐφράτου τῆς Καππαδοκίας καὶ τῆς Κομμαγηνῆς πρὸς ἕω τείνοντα κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν αὐτὸ τοῦτο καλεῖται Ταῦρος, διορίζων τὴν Σωφηνὴν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην Ἀρμενίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας· τινὲς δὲ Γορδυαῖα ὄρη καλοῦσιν. ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἐστὶ καὶ τὸ Μάσιον, τὸ ὑπερκείμενον τῆς Νισίβιος ὄρος καὶ τῶν Τιγρανοκέρτων. ἔπειτα ἐξαίρεται πλέον καὶ καλεῖται Νιφάτης· ἐνταῦθα δέ που καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος πηγαὶ κατὰ τὸ νότιον τῆς ὀρεινῆς πλευρόν· εἶτʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Νιφάτου μᾶλλον ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον ἡ ῥάχις ἐκτεινομένη τὸ Ζάγριον ὄρος ποιεῖ τὸ διορίζον τὴν Μηδίαν καὶ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν· μετὰ δὲ τὸ Ζάγριον ἐκδέχεται ὑπὲρ μὲν τῆς Βαβυλωνίας ἥ τε τῶν Ἐλυμαίων ὀρεινὴ καὶ ἡ τῶν Παραιτακηνῶν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς Μηδίας ἡ τῶν Κοσσαίων· ἐν μέσῳ δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ Μηδία καὶ ἡ Ἀρμενία, πολλὰ μὲν ὄρη περιλαμβάνουσα πολλὰ δὲ ὀροπέδια, ὡσαύτως δὲ πεδία καὶ αὐλῶνας μεγάλους, συχνὰ δὲ καὶ ἔθνη τὰ περιοικοῦντα, μικρὰ ὀρεινὰ καὶ λῃστρικὰ τὰ πλείω. οὕτω μὲν τοίνυν τίθεμεν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου τήν τε Μηδίαν, ἧς εἰσι καὶ αἱ Κάσπιοι πύλαι, καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν.
Towards the north there are many forks which branch away from the Taurus. One of these is called Anti-Taurus, for there the mountain had this name, and includes Sophene in a valley situated between Anti-Taurus and the Taurus.
Next to the Anti-Taurus on the other side of the Euphrates, along the Lesser Armenia, there stretches towards the north a large mountain with many branches, one of which is called Paryadres, another the Moschic mountains, and others by other names. The Moschic mountains comprehend the whole of Armenians as far as the Iberians and Albanians. Other mountains again rise towards the east above the Caspian Sea, and extend as far as Media the Greater, and the Atropatian-Media. They call all these parts of the mountains Parachoathras, as well as those which extend to the Caspian Gates, and those still farther above towards the east, which are contiguous to Asia. The following are the names of the mountains towards the north.
The southern mountains on the other side of the Euphrates, extending towards the east from Cappadocia and Commagene, at their commencement have the name of Taurus, which separates Sophene and the rest of Armenia from Mesopotamia, but some writers call them the Gordyaean mountains. Among these is Mount Masius, which is situated above Nisibis, and Tigranocerta. It then becomes more elevated, and is called Niphates. Somewhere in this part on the southern side of the mountainous chain are the sources of the Tigris. Then the ridge of mountains continuing to extend from the Niphates forms the mountain Zagrius, which separates Media and Babylonia. After the Zagrius follows above Babylonia the mountainous range of the Elymaei and Paraetaceni, and above Media that of the Cossaei.
In the middle of these branches are situated Media and Armenia, which comprise many mountains, and many mountain plains, as well as plains and large valleys. Numerous small tribes live around among the mountains, who are for the most part robbers.
We thus place within the Taurus Armenia and Media, to which belong the Caspian Gates.
καθʼ ἡμᾶς μὲν τοίνυν προσάρκτια ἂν εἴη τὰ ἔθνη ταῦτα, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου, Ἐρατοσθένης δὲ πεποιημένος τὴν διαίρεσιν εἰς τὰ νότια μέρη καὶ τὰ προσάρκτια καὶ τὰς ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ λεγομένας σφραγῖδας, τὰς μὲν βορείους καλῶν τὰς δὲ νοτίους, ὅρια ἀποφαίνει τῶν κλιμάτων ἀμφοῖν τὰς Κασπίους πύλας· εἰκότως οὖν τὰ νοτιώτερα τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν νότια ἂν ἀποφαίνοι, ὧν ἐστι καὶ ἡ Μηδία καὶ ἡ Ἀρμενία, τὰ δὲ βορειότερα πρόσβορρα, κατʼ ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην διάταξιν τούτου συμβαίνοντος. τάχα δὲ οὐκ ἐπέβαλε τούτῳ, διότι ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου πρὸς νότον οὐδέν ἐστιν οὔτε τῆς Ἀρμενίας μέρος οὔτε τῆς Μηδίας.
In our opinion these nations may be considered as situated to the north, since they are within the Taurus. But Eratosthenes, having divided Asia into southern and northern portions, and what he calls seals, (or sections,) designating some as northern, others as southern, makes the Caspian Gates the boundary of both climates. He might without any impropriety have represented the more southern parts of the Caspian Gates as in southern Asia, among which are Media and Armenia, and the parts more to the north than the Caspian Gates in northern Asia, which might be the case according to different descriptions of the country. But perhaps Eratosthenes did not attend to the circumstance, that there is no part of Armenia nor of Media towards the south on the other side of the Taurus.
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