ὁρίζεται δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἕω τῇ τε Παρθυαίᾳ καὶ τοῖς Κοσσαίων ὄρεσι λῃστρικῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἳ τοξότας μυρίους καὶ τρισχιλίους παρέσχοντό ποτε Ἐλυμαίοις συμμαχοῦντες ἐπὶ Σουσίους καὶ Βαβυλωνίους. Νέαρχος δέ φησι τεττάρων ὄντων λῃστρικῶν ἐθνῶν, ὧν Μάρδοι μὲν Πέρσαις προσεχεῖς ἦσαν, Οὔξιοι δὲ καὶ Ἐλυμαῖοι τούτοις τε καὶ Σουσίοις, Κοσσαῖοι δὲ Μήδοις, πάντας μὲν φόρους πράττεσθαι τοὺς βασιλέας, Κοσσαίους δὲ καὶ δῶρα λαμβάνειν, ἡνίκα ὁ βασιλεὺς θερίσας ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις εἰς τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν καταβαίνοι· καταλῦσαι δʼ αὐτῶν τὴν πολλὴν τόλμαν Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιθέμενον χειμῶνος. τούτοις τε δὴ ἀφορίζεται πρὸς ἕω καὶ ἔτι τοῖς Παραιτακηνοῖς, οἳ συνάπτουσι Πέρσαις ὀρεινοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ λῃστρικοί· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄρκτων τοῖς ὑπεροικοῦσι τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης Καδουσίοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις, οὓς ἄρτι διήλθομεν· πρὸς νότον δὲ τῇ Ἀπολλωνιάτιδι, ἣν Σιτακηνὴν ἐκάλουν οἱ παλαιοί, καὶ τῷ Ζάγρῳ, καθʼ ὃ ἡ Μασσαβατικὴ κεῖται τῆς Μηδίας οὖσα, οἱ δὲ τῆς Ἐλυμαίας φασί· πρὸς δύσιν δὲ τοῖς Ἀτροπατίοις καὶ τῶν Ἀρμενίων τισίν. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ Ἑλληνίδες πόλεις κτίσματα τῶν Μακεδόνων ἐν τῇ Μηδίᾳ, ὧν Λαοδίκειά τε καὶ Ἀπάμεια καὶ ἡ πρὸς Ῥάγαις καὶ αὐτὴ Ῥάγα, τὸ τοῦ Νικάτορος κτίσμα, ὃ ἐκεῖνος μὲν Εὐρωπὸν ὠνόμασε, Πάρθοι δὲ Ἀρσακίαν, νοτιωτέραν οὖσαν τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν πεντακοσίοις που σταδίοις, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος Ἀρτεμιτηνός.
Media is bounded on the east by Parthia, and by the mountains of the Cossaei, a predatory tribe. They once furnished the Elymaei, whose allies they were in the war against the Susii and Babylonians, with 13,000 archers. Nearchus says that there were four robber tribes; the Mardi, who were contiguous to the Persians; the Uxii and Elymaei, who were on the borders of the Persians and Susii; and the Cossaei, on those of the Medes; that all of them exacted tribute from the kings; that the Cossaei received presents, when the king, having passed his summer at Ecbatana went down to Babylonia; that Alexander attacked them in the winter time, and repressed their excessive insolence. Media is bounded on the east by these nations, and by the Paraetaceni, who are contiguous to the Persians, and are mountaineers, and robbers; on the north by the Cadusii, who live above the Hyrcanian Sea, and by other nations, whom we have just enumerated; on the south by the Apolloniatis, which the ancients called Sitacene, and by the Zagrus, along which lies Massabatica, which belongs to Media, but according to others, to Elymaea; on the west by the Atropatii, and by some tribes of the Armenians.
There are also Grecian cities in Media, founded by Macedonians, as Laodiceia, Apameia, Heracleia near Rhagae, and Rhaga itself, founded by Nicator, who called it Europus, and the Parthians Arsacia, situated about 500 stadia to the south of the Caspian Gates, according to Apollodorus of Artemita.
ἡ πολλὴ μὲν οὖν ὑψηλή ἐστι καὶ ψυχρά· τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῶν Ἐκβατάνων ὄρη καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Ῥάγας καὶ τὰς Κασπίους πύλας καὶ καθόλου τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη τὰ ἐντεῦθεν μέχρι πρὸς τὴν Ματιανὴν καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν. ἡ δʼ ὑπὸ ταῖς Κασπίοις πύλαις ἐν ταπεινοῖς ἐδάφεσι καὶ κοίλοις οὖσα εὐδαίμων σφόδρα ἐστὶ καὶ πάμφορος πλὴν ἐλαίας· εἰ δὲ καὶ φύεταί που, ἀλιπής τέ ἐστι καὶ ξηρά· ἱππόβοτος δὲ καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶ διαφερόντως καὶ ἡ Ἀρμενία· καλεῖται δέ τις καὶ λειμὼν ἱππόβοτος, ὃν καὶ διεξίασιν οἱ ἐκ τῆς Περσίδος καὶ Βαβυλῶνος εἰς Κασπίους πύλας ὁδεύοντες, ἐν ᾧ πέντε μυριάδας ἵππων θηλείων νέμεσθαί φασιν ἐπὶ τῶν Περσῶν, εἶναι δὲ τὰς ἀγέλας ταύτας βασιλικάς. τοὺς δὲ Νησαίους ἵππους, οἷς ἐχρῶντο οἱ βασιλεῖς ἀρίστοις οὖσι καὶ μεγίστοις, οἱ μὲν ἐνθένδε λέγουσι τὸ γένος, οἱ δʼ ἐξ Ἀρμενίας· ἰδιόμορφοι δέ εἰσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ Παρθικοὶ λεγόμενοι νῦν, παρὰ τοὺς Ἑλλαδικοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς παρʼ ἡμῖν. καὶ τὴν βοτάνην δὲ τὴν μάλιστα τρέφουσαν τοὺς ἵππους ἀπὸ τοῦ πλεονάζειν ἐνταῦθα ἰδίως μηδίκην καλοῦμεν. φέρει δὲ καὶ σίλφιον ἡ χώρα, ἀφʼ οὗ ὁ Μηδικὸς καλούμενος ὀπός, πολὺ λειπόμενος τοῦ Κυρηναϊκοῦ· ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ διαφέρων ἐκείνου, εἴτε παρὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων διαφορὰς εἴτε τοῦ φυτοῦ κατʼ εἶδος ἐξαλλάττοντος, εἴτε καὶ παρὰ τοὺς ὀπίζοντας καὶ σκευάζοντας ὥστε συμμένειν πρὸς τὴν ἀπόθεσιν καὶ τὴν χρείαν.
The greater part of Media consists of high ground, and is cold; such are the mountains above Ecbatana, and the places about Rhagae and the Caspian Gates, and the northern parts in general extending thence as far as Matiane and Armenia. The country below the Caspian Gates consists of flat grounds and valleys. It is very fertile, and produces everything except the olive, or if it grows anywhere it does not yield oil, and is dry. The country is peculiarly adapted, as well as Armenia, for breeding horses. There is a meadow tract called Hippobotus, which is traversed by travellers on their way from Persia and Babylonia to the Caspian Gates. Here, it is said, fifty thousand mares were pastured in the time of the Persians, and were the king’s stud. The Nesaean horses, the best and largest in the king’s province, were of this breed, according to some writers, but according to others they came from Armenia. Their shape is peculiar, as is that of the Parthian horses, compared with those of Greece and others in our country.
The herbage which constitutes the chief food of the horses we call peculiarly by the name of Medic, from its growing in Media in great abundance. The country produces Silphium, from which is obtained the Medic juice, much inferior to the Cyrenaic, but sometimes it excels the latter, which may be accounted for by the difference of places, or from a change the plant may undergo, or from the mode of extracting and preparing the juice so as to continue good when laid by for use.
τοιαύτη μέν τις ἡ χώρα· τὸ δὲ μέγεθος πάρισός πώς ἐστιν εἰς πλάτος καὶ μῆκος· δοκεῖ δὲ μέγιστον εἶναι μῆκος τῆς Μηδίας τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Ζάγρου ὑπερθέσεως, ἥπερ καλεῖται Μηδικὴ πύλη, εἰς Κασπίους πύλας διὰ τῆς Σιγριανῆς σταδίων τετρακισχιλίων ἑκατόν. τῷ δὲ μεγέθει καὶ τῇ δυνάμει τῆς χώρας ὁμολογεῖ καὶ ἡ περὶ τῶν φόρων ἱστορία· τῆς γὰρ Καππαδοκίας παρεχούσης τοῖς Πέρσαις κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν πρὸς τῷ ἀργυρικῷ τέλει ἵππους χιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους, ἡμιόνους δὲ δισχιλίους, προβάτων δὲ πέντε μυριάδας, διπλάσια σχεδόν τι τούτων ἐτέλουν οἱ Μῆδοι.
Such then is the nature of the country with respect to magnitude; its length and breadth are nearly equal. The greatest breadth (length?) however seems to be that reckoned from the pass across the Zagrus, which is called the Median Gate, to the Caspian Gates, through the country of Sigriana, 4100 stadia.
The account of the tribute paid agrees with the extent and wealth of the country. Cappadocia paid to the Persians yearly, in addition to a tribute in silver, 1500 horses, 2000 mules, and 50,000 sheep, and the Medes contributed nearly double this amount.
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