εἴρηται δʼ αὐτῷ που καὶ διότι ὁ ποιητὴς ἱστορίαν εἶχε τῶν Παφλαγόνων τῶν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ παρὰ τῶν πεζῇ διελθόντων τὴν χώραν, τὴν παραλίαν δʼ ἠγνόει, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην τὴν Ποντικήν· ὠνόμαζε γὰρ αὐτήν. τοὐναντίον δʼ ἔστιν ἀναστρέψαντα εἰπεῖν ἐκ τῆς περιοδείας ὁρμηθέντα τῆς ἀποδοθείσης νυνί, ὡς τὴν μὲν παραλίαν πᾶσαν ἐπελήλυθε καὶ οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων τότε ἀξίων μνήμης παραλέλοιπεν· εἰ δʼ Ἡράκλειαν καὶ Ἄμαστριν καὶ Σινώπην οὐ λέγει τὰς μήπω συνῳκισμένας οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν· τὴν δὲ μεσόγαιαν οὐδὲν ἄτοπον εἰ μὴ εἴρηκε. καὶ τὸ μὴ ὀνομάζειν δὲ πολλὰ τῶν γνωρίμων οὐκ ἀγνοίας ἐστὶ σημεῖον, ὅπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεσημηνάμεθα· ἀγνοεῖν γὰρ αὐτὸν πολλὰ τῶν ἐνδόξων ἔφη περὶ τὸν Πόντον, οἷον ποταμοὺς καὶ ἔθνη· ὀνομάσαι γὰρ ἄν. τοῦτο δʼ ἐπὶ μέν τινων σφόδρα σημειωδῶν δοίη τις ἄν, οἷον Σκύθας καὶ Μαιῶτιν καὶ Ἴστρον. οὐ γὰρ διὰ σημείων μὲν τοὺς νομάδας εἴρηκε γαλακτοφάγους ἀβίους τε, δικαιοτάτους ἀνθρώπους, καὶ ἔτι ἀγαυοὺς ἱππημολγούς, Σκύθας δὲ οὐκ ἂν εἶπεν ἢ Σαυρομάτας ἢ Σαρμάτας, εἰ δὴ οὕτως ὠνομάζοντο ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων· οὐδʼ ἂν Θρᾳκῶν τε καὶ Μυσῶν μνησθεὶς τῶν πρὸς τῷ Ἴστρῳ αὐτὸν παρεσίγησε μέγιστον τῶν ποταμῶν ὄντα, καὶ ἄλλως ἐπιφόρως ἔχων πρὸς τὸ τοῖς ποταμοῖς ἀφορίζεσθαι τοὺς τόπους, οὐδʼ ἂν Κιμμερίους λέγων παρῆκε τὸν Βόσπορον ἢ τὴν Μαιῶτιν.
He also somewhere says that the poet obtained his knowledge of the Paphlagonians, situated in the interior, from persons who had travelled through the country on foot, but that he was not acquainted with the sea-coast any more than with the rest of the territory of Pontus; for otherwise he would have mentioned it by name. We may, on the contrary, after the description which has just been given of the country, retort and say that he has traversed the whole of the sea-coast, and has omitted nothing worthy of record which existed at that time. It is not surprising that he does not mention Heracleia, Amastris, or Sinope, for they were not founded; nor is it strange that he should omit to speak of the interior of the country; nor is it a proof of ignorance not to specify by name many places which were well known, as we have shown in a preceding part of this work.
He says that Homer was ignorant of much that was remarkable in Pontus, as rivers and nations, otherwise he would have mentioned their names. This may be admitted with respect to some very remarkable nations and rivers, as the Scythians, the Palus Maeotis, and the Danube. For he would not have described the Nomades, by characteristic signs, as living on milk, Abii, a people without certain means of subsistence, most just and renowned Hippemolgi, (milkers of mares,) and not distinguished them as Scythians, or Sauromatae, or Sarmatae, if, indeed, they had these names among the Greeks (at that time). Nor in mentioning the Thracians and Mysians, who live near the Danube, would he have passed over in silence the Danube itself, one of the largest rivers, particularly as, in other instances, he is inclined to mark the boundaries of places by rivers; nor in speaking of the Cimmerians would he have omitted the Bosporus, or the Maeotis.
ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν μὴ οὕτω σημειωδῶν ἢ μὴ τότε ἢ μὴ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τί ἄν τις μέμφοιτο; οἷον τὸν Τάναϊν διʼ οὐδὲν ἄλλο γνωριζόμενον ἢ διότι τῆς Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὅριόν ἐστιν· ἀλλʼ οὔτε τὴν Ἀσίαν οὔτε τὴν Εὐρώπην ὠνόμαζόν πω οἱ τότε, οὐδὲ διῄρητο οὕτως εἰς τρεῖς ἠπείρους ἡ οἰκουμένη· ὠνόμασε γὰρ ἄν που διὰ τὸ λίαν σημειῶδες, ὡς καὶ τὴν Λιβύην καὶ τὸν λίβα τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων τῆς Λιβύης πνέοντα· τῶν δʼ ἠπείρων μήπω διωρισμένων οὐδὲ τοῦ Τανάιδος ἔδει καὶ τῆς μνήμης αὐτοῦ. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἀξιομνημόνευτα μέν, οὐχ ὑπέδραμε δέ· πολὺ γὰρ δὴ καὶ τὸ ἐπελευστικὸν εἶδος ἔν τε τοῖς λόγοις καὶ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσίν ἐστιν. ἐκ πάντων δὲ τῶν τοιούτων δῆλόν ἐστιν ὅτι μοχθηρῷ σημείῳ χρῆται πᾶς ὁ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ λέγεσθαί τι ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τὸ ἀγνοεῖσθαι ἐκεῖνο ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ τεκμαιρόμενος. καὶ δεῖ διὰ πλειόνων παραδειγμάτων ἐξελέγχειν αὐτὸ μοχθηρὸν ὄν· πολλῷ γὰρ αὐτῷ κέχρηνται πολλοί. ἀνακρουστέον οὖν αὐτοὺς προφέροντας τὰ τοιαῦτα, εἰ καὶ ταυτολογήσομεν· οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν ποταμῶν εἴ τις λέγοι τῷ μὴ ὠνομάσθαι ἀγνοεῖσθαι εὐήθη φήσομεν τὸν λόγον· ὅπου γε οὐδὲ Μέλητα τὸν παρὰ τὴν Σμύρναν ῥέοντα ὠνόμακε ποταμόν, τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν πλείστων λεγομένην αὐτοῦ πατρίδα, Ἕρμον ποταμὸν καὶ Ὕλλον ὀνομάζων, οὐδὲ Πακτωλὸν τὸν εἰς ταὐτὸ τούτοις ῥεῖθρον ἐμβάλλοντα, τὴν δʼ ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τμώλου ἔχοντα οὗ μέμνηται· οὐδʼ αὐτὴν Σμύρναν λέγει, οὐδὲ τὰς ἄλλας τῶν Ἰώνων πόλεις καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων τὰς πλείστας, Μίλητον λέγων καὶ Λέσβον καὶ Τένεδον, οὐδὲ Ληθαῖον τὸν παρὰ Μαγνησίαν ῥέοντα οὐδὲ δὴ Μαρσύαν τοὺς εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον ἐκδιδόντας, ἐκεῖνον ὀνομάζων καὶ πρὸς τούτοις Ῥῆσόν θʼ Ἑπτάπορόν τε Κάρησόν τε Ῥοδίον τε, / καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους, ὧν οἱ πλείους ὀχετῶν οὔκ εἰσι μείζους. πολλάς τε χώρας ὀνομάζων καὶ πόλεις τοτὲ μὲν καὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ ὄρη συγκαταλέγει τοτὲ δʼ οὔ· τοὺς γοῦν κατὰ τὴν Αἰτωλίαν καὶ τὴν Ἀττικὴν οὐ λέγει οὐδʼ ἄλλους πλείους· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν πόρρω μεμνημένος τῶν ἐγγὺς σφόδρα οὐ μέμνηται, οὐ δήπου ἀγνοῶν αὐτοὺς γνωρίμους τοῖς ἄλλοις ὄντας· οὐδὲ δὴ τοὺς ἐγγὺς ἐπίσης, ὧν τοὺς μὲν ὀνομάζει τοὺς δὲ οὔ, οἷον Λυκίους μὲν καὶ Σολύμους, Μιλύας δʼ οὔ, οὐδὲ Παμφύλους οὐδὲ Πισίδας· καὶ Παφλαγόνας μὲν καὶ Φρύγας καὶ Μυσούς, Μαριανδυνοὺς δʼ οὔ, οὐδὲ Θυνοὺς οὐδὲ Βιθυνοὺς οὐδὲ Βέβρυκας· Ἀμαζόνων τε μέμνηται, Λευκοσύρων δʼ οὔ, οὐδὲ Σύρων οὐδὲ Καππαδόκων οὐδὲ Λυκαόνων, Φοίνικας καὶ Αἰγυπτίους καὶ Αἰθίοπας θρυλῶν· καὶ Ἀλήιον μὲν πεδίον λέγει καὶ Ἀρίμους, τὸ δὲ ἔθνος ἐν ᾧ ταῦτα σιγᾷ. ὁ μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτος ἔλεγχος ψευδής ἐστιν, ὁ δʼ ἀληθής, ὅταν δείκνυται ψεῦδος λεγόμενόν τι. ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἐν τῷ τοιούτῳ κατορθῶν ἐδείχθη, ὅτε γε ἐθάρρησε πλάσματα λέγειν τοὺς ἀγαυοὺς ἱππημολγοὺς γαλακτοφάγους. τοσαῦτα καὶ πρὸς Ἀπολλόδωρον· ἐπάνειμι δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑξῆς περιήγησιν.
With respect then to places not so remarkable, or not famous at that time, or not illustrating the subject of his poem, who can blame the poet for omitting them? As, for example, omitting to mention the Don, famed only as it is for being the boundary of Asia and Europe. The persons however of that time were not accustomed to use the name either of Asia or Europe, nor was the habitable earth divided into three continents; otherwise he would have mentioned them by name on account of their strong characteristic marks, as he mentioned by name Libya (Africa), and the Libs (the south-west wind), blowing from the western parts of Africa. But as the continents were not yet distinguished, it was not necessary that he should mention the Don. There were many things worthy of record, which did not occur to him. For both in actions and in discourse much is done and said without any cause or motive, by merely spontaneously presenting itself to the mind.
It is evident from all these circumstances that every person who concludes that because a certain thing is not mentioned by the poet he was therefore ignorant of it, uses a bad argument; and we must prove by several examples that it is bad, for many persons employ this kind of evidence to a great extent. We must refute them therefore by producing such instances as these which follow, although we shall repeat what has been already said.
If any one should maintain that the poet was not acquainted with a river which he has not mentioned, we should say that his argument is absurd, for he has not mentioned by name even the river Meles, which runs by Smyrna, his birth-place according to many writers, while he has mentioned the rivers Hermus and Hyllus by name, but yet not the Pactolus, which discharges itself into the same channel as these rivers, and rises in the mountain Tmolus. He does not mention either Smyrna itself, or the other cities of the Ionians, or most of those of the Aeolians, although he specifies Miletus, Samos, Lesbos, and Tenedos. He does not mention the Lethaeus, which flows beside Magnesia, nor the Marsyas, which rivers empty themselves into the Maeander, which he mentions by name, as well as the Rhesus, Heptapous, Caresus, and Rhodius, / and others, many of which are not more than small streams. While he specifies by name many countries and cities, sometimes he makes an enumeration of rivers and mountains, sometimes he does not do so. He does not mention the rivers in Aetolia and Attica, nor many others. And if, in mentioning people that live afar off, he does not mention those who are very near, it is certainly not through ignorance of them, for they were well known to other writers. With respect to people who were all equally near, he does not observe one rule, for some he mentions, and not others, as for instance he mentions the Lycii, and Solymi, but not the Milye, nor Pamphylians, nor Pisidians; the Paphlagonians, Phrygians, and Mysians, but not the Mariandyni, nor Thyni, nor Bithynians, nor Bebryces; the Amazons, but not the Leuco-Syrians, nor Syrians, nor Cappadocians, nor Lycaonians, while he frequently speaks of the Phoenicians, Aegyptians, and Aethiopians. He mentions the Aleian plain, and the Arimi mountains, but not the nation among which these are situated.
The argument drawn from this is false; the true argument would have been to show that the poet has asserted what is not true. Apollodorus has not succeeded in this attempt, and he has more particularly failed when he ventures to call by the name of fiction the renowned Hippemolgi and Galactophagi. So much then in reply to Apollodorus. I now return to the part of my description which follows next in order.
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