τοῖς δὲ Βιθυνοῖς ὁμοροῦσι πρὸς νότον, ὡς ἔφην, οἱ περὶ τὸν Ὄλυμπον τὸν Μύσιον προσαγορευόμενον Μυσοί τε καὶ Φρύγες· ἑκάτερον δὲ τὸ ἔθνος διττόν ἐστι. Φρυγία τε γὰρ ἡ μὲν καλεῖται μεγάλη, ἧς ὁ Μίδας ἐβασίλευσε καὶ ἧς μέρος οἱ Γαλάται κατέσχον, ἡ δὲ μικρὰ ἡ ἐφʼ Ἑλλησπόντῳ καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἡ καὶ Ἐπίκτητος λεγομένη. Μυσία τε ὁμοίως ἥ τε Ὀλυμπηνὴ συνεχὴς οὖσα τῇ Βιθυνίᾳ καὶ τῇ Ἐπικτήτῳ, ἣν ἔφη Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἀπὸ τῶν πέραν Ἴστρου Μυσῶν ἀπῳκίσθαι, καὶ ἡ περὶ τὸν Κάικον καὶ τὴν Περγαμηνὴν μέχρι Τευθρανίας καὶ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ ποταμοῦ.
THE people called Mysians, and Phrygians, who live around the so-called Mysian Olympus, border upon the Bithynians to the south. Each of these nations is divided into two parts. One is called the Greater Phrygia, of which Midas was king. A part of it was occupied by the Galatians. The other is the Lesser, or Phrygia on the Hellespont, or Phrygia around Olympus, and is also called Epictetus.
Mysia is also divided into two parts; Olympic Mysia, which is continuous with Bithynia, and with the Epictetus, (which, Artemidorus says, was inhabited by the Mysians beyond the Danube,) and the part around the Caïcus, and the Pergamene as far as Teuthrania, and the mouths of the river.
οὕτω δʼ ἐνήλλακται ταῦτα ἐν ἀλλήλοις, ὡς πολλάκις λέγομεν, ὥστε καὶ τὴν περὶ Σίπυλον Φρυγίαν οἱ παλαιοὶ καλοῦσιν, ἄδηλον εἴτε τῆς μεγάλης εἴτε τῆς μικρᾶς μέρος οὖσαν, ᾗ καὶ τὸν Τάνταλον Φρύγα καὶ τὸν Πέλοπα καὶ τὴν Νιόβην· ὁποτέρως δʼ ἂν ἔχῃ, ἥ γε ἐπάλλαξις φανερά. ἡ γὰρ Περγαμηνὴ καὶ ἡ Ἐλαῗτις, καθʼ ἣν ὁ Κάικος ἐκπίπτει, καὶ ἡ μεταξὺ τούτων Τευθρανία, ἐν ᾗ Τεύθρας καὶ ἡ τοῦ Τηλέφου ἐκτροφή, ἀνὰ μέσον ἐστὶ τοῦ τε Ἑλλησπόντου καὶ τῆς περὶ Σίπυλον καὶ Μαγνησίαν τὴν ὑπʼ αὐτῷ χώρας· ὥσθʼ ὅπερ ἔφην ἔργον διορίσαι / χωρὶς τὰ Μυσῶν καὶ Φρυγῶν ὁρίσματα /
This country, however, as we have frequently observed, has undergone so many changes, that it is uncertain whether the district around Sipylus, which the ancients called Phrygia, were a part of the Greater or the Lesser Phrygia, from whence Tantalus, Pelops, and Niobe were called Phrygians. Whatever the explanation may be, the change is certain. For Pergamene and Elaitis, through which country the Caïcus passes, and empties itself into the sea, and Teuthrania, situated between these two districts, where Teuthras lived, and Telephus was brought up, lies between the Hellespont, and the country about Sipylus, and Magnesia, which is at the foot of the mountain, so that, as I have said, it is difficult To assign the confines of the Mysians and Phryges.— /
καὶ οἱ Λυδοὶ καὶ οἱ Μαίονες, οὓς Ὅμηρος καλεῖ Μῄονας, ἐν συγχύσει πώς εἰσι καὶ πρὸς τούτους καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ὅτι οἱ μὲν τοὺς αὐτοὺς οἱ δʼ ἑτέρους φασί· πρὸς δὲ τούτους, ὅτι τοὺς Μυσοὺς οἱ μὲν Θρᾷκας οἱ δὲ Λυδοὺς εἰρήκασι, κατʼ αἰτίαν παλαιὰν ἱστοροῦντες, ἣν Ξάνθος ὁ Λυδὸς γράφει καὶ Μενεκράτης ὁ Ἐλαΐτης, ἐτυμολογοῦντες καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ τῶν Μυσῶν ὅτι τὴν ὀξύην οὕτως ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Λυδοί· πολλὴ δʼ ἡ ὀξύη κατὰ τὸν Ὄλυμπον, ὅπου ἐκτεθῆναί φασι τοὺς δεκατευθέντας, ἐκείνων δὲ ἀπογόνους εἶναι τοὺς ὕστερον Μυσούς, ἀπὸ τῆς ὀξύης οὕτω προσαγορευθέντας· μαρτυρεῖν δὲ καὶ τὴν διάλεκτον· μιξολύδιον γάρ πως εἶναι καὶ μιξοφρύγιον· τέως μὲν γὰρ οἰκεῖν αὐτοὺς περὶ τὸν Ὄλυμπον, τῶν δὲ Φρυγῶν ἐκ τῆς Θρᾴκης περαιωθέντων ελόντων τε τῆς Τροίας ἄρχοντα καὶ τῆς πλησίον γῆς, ἐκείνους μὲν ἐνταῦθα οἰκῆσαι τοὺς δὲ Μυσοὺς ὑπὲρ τὰς τοῦ Καΐκου πηγὰς πλησίον Λυδῶν.
The Lydians also, and the Maeones, whom Homer calls Meones, are in some way confounded with these people and with one another; some authors say that they are the same, others that they are different, nations. Add to this that some writers regard the Mysians as Thracians, others as Lydians, according to an ancient tradition, which has been preserved by Xanthus the Lydian, and by Menecrates of Elaea, who assign as the origin of the name Mysians, that the Lydians call the beech-tree (Oxya) Mysos, which grows in great abundance near Olympus, where it is said decimated persons were exposed, whose descendants are the later Mysians, and received their appellation from the Mysos, or beech-tree growing in that country. The language also is an evidence of this. It is a mixture of Lydian and Phrygian words, for they lived some time in the neighbourhood of Olympus. But when the Phrygians passed over from Thrace, and put to death the chief of Troy and of the country near it, they settled here, but the Mysians established themselves above the sources of the Caïcus near Lydia.
συνεργεῖ δὲ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας μυθοποιίας ἥ τε σύγχυσις τῶν ἐνταῦθα ἐθνῶν καὶ ἡ εὐδαιμονία τῆς χώρας τῆς ἐντὸς Ἅλυος, μάλιστα δὲ τῆς παραλίας, διʼ ἣν ἐπιθέσεις ἐγένοντο αὐτῇ πολλαχόθεν καὶ διὰ παντὸς ἐκ τῆς περαίας, ἢ καὶ ἐπʼ ἀλλήλους ἰόντων τῶν ἐγγύς. μάλιστα μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὰ Τρωικὰ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὰς ἐφόδους γενέσθαι καὶ τὰς μεταναστάσεις συνέβη, τῶν τε βαρβάρων ἅμα καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὁρμῇ τινι χρησαμένων πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἀλλοτρίας κατάκτησιν· ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἦν ταῦτα. τό τε γὰρ τῶν Πελασγῶν ἦν φῦλον καὶ τὸ τῶν Καυκώνων καὶ Λελέγων· εἴρηται δʼ ὅτι πολλαχοῦ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὸ παλαιὸν ἐτύγχανε πλανώμενα, ἅπερ ποιεῖ τοῖς Τρωσὶ συμμαχοῦντα ὁ ποιητής, οὐκ ἐκ τῆς περαίας. τά τε περὶ τῶν Φρυγῶν καὶ τῶν Μυσῶν λεγόμενα πρεσβύτερα τῶν Τρωικῶν ἐστιν· οἱ δὲ διττοὶ Λύκιοι τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους ὑπόνοιαν παρέχουσιν, ἢ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἢ τῶν πρὸς Καρίᾳ τοὺς ἑτέρους ἀποικισάντων. τάχα δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Κιλίκων τὸ αὐτὸ συνέβη· διττοὶ γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι· οὐ μὴν ἔχομέν γε τοιαύτην λαβεῖν μαρτυρίαν ὅτι καὶ πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἦσαν ἤδη οἱ νῦν Κίλικες· ὅ τε Τήλεφος ἐκ τῆς Ἀρκαδίας ἀφῖχθαι νομίζοιτʼ ἂν μετὰ τῆς μητρός, γάμῳ δὲ τῷ ταύτης ἐξοικειωσάμενος τὸν ὑποδεξάμενον αὐτὸν Τεύθραντα ἐνομίσθη τε ἐκείνου καὶ παρέλαβε τὴν Μυσῶν ἀρχήν.
The confusion which has existed among the nations in this district, and even the fertility of the country within the Halys, particularly near the sea, have contributed to the invention of fables of this sort. The richness of the country provoked attacks, from various quarters, and at all times, of tribes who came from the opposite coast, or neighbouring people contended with one another for the possession of it. Inroads and migrations took place chiefly about the period of the Trojan war, and subsequently to that time, Barbarians as well as Greeks showing an eagerness to get possession of the territory of other nations. This disposition, however, showed itself before the time of the Trojan war; for there existed then tribes of Pelasgi, Caucones, and Leleges, who are said to have wandered, anciently, over various parts of Europe. The poet represents them as assisting the Trojans, but not as coming from the opposite coast. The accounts respecting the Phrygians and the Mysians are more ancient than the Trojan times.
Two tribes bearing the name of Lycians, lead us to suppose that they are the same race; either the Trojan Lycians sent colonies to the Carians, or the Carian Lycians to the Trojans. Perhaps the same may be the case with the Cilicians, for they also are divided into two tribes; but we have not the same evidence that the present Cilicians existed before the Trojan times. Telephus may be supposed to have come with his mother from Arcadia; by her marriage with Teuthras, (who had received them as his guests,) Telephus was admitted into the family of Teuthras, was reputed to be his son, and succeeded to the kingdom of the Mysians.
καὶ οἱ Κᾶρες δὲ νησιῶται πρότερον ὄντες καὶ Λέλεγες, ὥς φασιν, ἠπειρῶται γεγόνασι, προσλαβόντων Κρητῶν, οἳ καὶ τὴν Μίλητον ἔκτισαν ἐκ τῆς Κρητικῆς Μιλήτου Σαρπηδόνα λαβόντες κτίστην· καὶ τοὺς Τερμίλας κατῴκισαν ἐν τῇ νῦν Λυκίᾳ· τούτους δʼ ἀγαγεῖν ἐκ Κρήτης ἀποίκους Σαρπηδόνα, Μίνω καὶ Ῥαδαμάνθυος ἀδελφὸν ὄντα, καὶ ὀνομάσαι Τερμίλας τοὺς πρότερον Μιλύας, ὥς φησιν Ἡρόδοτος, ἔτι δὲ πρότερον Σολύμους, ἐπελθόντα δὲ τὸν Πανδίονος Λύκον ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ προσαγορεῦσαι τοὺς αὐτοὺς Λυκίους. οὗτος μὲν οὖν ὁ λόγος ἀποφαίνει τοὺς αὐτοὺς Σολύμους τε καὶ Λυκίους, ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς χωρίζει· Βελλεροφόντης γοῦν ὡρμημένος ἐκ τῆς Λυκίας Σολύμοισι μαχέσσατο κυδαλίμοισι. / Πείσανδρόν τε ὡσαύτως υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Ἄρης ὥς φησι μαρνάμενον Σολύμοισι κατέκτανε. / καὶ τὸν Σαρπηδόνα δὲ ἐπιχώριόν τινα λέγει.
The Carians, who were formerly islanders, and Leleges, it is said, settled on the continent with the assistance of the Cretans. They built Miletus, of which the founder was Sarpedon from Miletus in Crete. They settled the colony of Termilmae in the present Lycia, but, according to Herodotus, these people were a colony from Crete under the conduct of Sarpedon, brother of Minos and Rhadamanthus, who gave the name of Termilae to the people formerly called Milyae, and still more anciently Solymi; when, however, Lycus the son of Pandion arrived, he called them Lycii after his own name. This account shows that the Solymi and Lycians were the same people, but the poet distinguishes them. He represents Bellerophon setting out from Lycia, and fighting with the renowned Solymi. / He says Peisander (Isander?), his son, Mars slew when fighting with the Solymi, / and speaks of Sarpedon as a native of Lycia.
ἀλλὰ τό γε ἆθλον προκεῖσθαι κοινὸν τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς χώρας ἧς λέγω τοῖς ἰσχύουσιν ἐκ πολλῶν βεβαιοῦται καὶ μετὰ τὰ Τρωικά· ὅπου καὶ Ἀμαζόνες κατεθάρρησαν αὐτῆς, ἐφʼ ἃς ὅ τε Πρίαμος στρατεῦσαι λέγεται καὶ ὁ Βελλεροφόντης· πόλεις τε παλαιαὶ ὁμολογοῦνται ἐπώνυμοι αὐτῶν· ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰλιακῷ πεδίῳ κολώνη τις ἔστιν ἣν ἤτοι ἄνδρες Βατίειαν κικλήσκουσιν, / ἀθάνατοι δέ τε σῆμα πολυσκάρθμοιο Μυρίνης, / ἣν ἱστοροῦσι μίαν εἶναι τῶν Ἀμαζόνων ἐκ τοῦ ἐπιθέτου τεκμαιρόμενοι· εὐσκάρθμους γὰρ ἵππους λέγεσθαι διὰ τὸ τάχος· κἀκείνην οὖν πολύσκαρθμον διὰ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ἡνιοχείας τάχος· καὶ ἡ Μύρινα οὖν ἐπώνυμος ταύτης λέγεται. καὶ αἱ ἐγγὺς δὲ νῆσοι ταῦτʼ ἔπαθον διὰ τὴν ἀρετήν, ὧν Ῥόδος καὶ Κῶς ὅτι πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἤδη ὑφʼ Ἑλλήνων ᾠκοῦντο καὶ ὑφʼ Ὁμήρου σαφῶς ἐκμαρτυρεῖται.
That the common prize, proposed to be obtained by the conquerors, was the fertile country which I am describing, is confirmed by many circumstances which happened both before and after the Trojan times. When even the Amazons ventured to invade it, Priam and Bellerophon are said to have undertaken an expedition against these women. Anciently there were cities which bore the names of the Amazons. In the Ilian plain there is a hill which men call Batieia, but the immortals, the tomb of the bounding (πολυσκάεθμοιο) Myrina, who, according to historians, was one of the Amazons, and they found this conjecture on the epithet, for horses are said to be εὺσκάρθμοι on account of their speed; and she was called πολὺσκαρμος from the rapidity with which she drove the chariot. Myrina therefore, the place, was named after the Amazon. In the same manner the neighbouring islands were invaded on account of their fertility; among which were Rhodes and Cos. That they were inhabited before the Trojan times clearly appears from the testimony of Homer.
μετὰ δὲ τὰ Τρωικὰ αἵ τε τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀποικίαι καὶ αἱ Τρηρῶν καὶ αἱ Κιμμερίων ἔφοδοι καὶ Λυδῶν καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Περσῶν καὶ Μακεδόνων τό τελευταῖον Γαλατῶν ἐτάραξαν πάντα καὶ συνέχεαν. γέγονε δὲ ἡ ἀσάφεια οὐ διὰ τὰς μεταβολὰς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὰς τῶν συγγραφέων ἀνομολογίας περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐ τὰ αὐτὰ λεγόντων, τοὺς μὲν Τρῶας καλούντων Φρύγας καθάπερ οἱ τραγικοί, τοὺς δὲ Λυκίους Κᾶρας καὶ ἄλλους οὕτως. οἱ δὲ Τρῶες οὕτως ἐκ μικρῶν αὐξηθέντες ὥστε καὶ βασιλεῖς βασιλέων εἶναι, παρέσχον καὶ τῷ ποιητῇ λόγον τίνα χρὴ καλεῖν Τροίαν, καὶ τοῖς ἐξηγουμένοις ἐκεῖνον. λέγει μὲν γὰρ καὶ κοινῶς ἅπαντας Τρῶας τοὺς συμπολεμήσαντας αὐτοῖς, ὥσπερ καὶ Δαναοὺς καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς τοὺς ἐναντίους· ἀλλʼ οὐ δήπου Τροίαν καὶ τὴν Παφλαγονίαν ἐροῦμεν· νὴ Δία, οὐδὲ τὴν Καρίαν ἢ τὴν ὅμορον αὐτῇ Λυκίαν. λέγω δʼ ὅταν οὕτω φῇ Τρῶες μὲν κλαγγῇ τʼ ἐνοπῇ τʼ ἴσαν, / ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἐναντίων οἱ δʼ ἄρʼ ἴσαν σιγῇ μένεα πνείοντες Ἀχαιοί. / καὶ ἄλλως δὲ λέγει πολλαχῶς. ὅμως δὲ καίπερ τοιούτων ὄντων πειρατέον διαιτᾶν ἕκαστα εἰς δύναμιν· ὅ τι δʼ ἂν διαφύγῃ τῆς παλαιᾶς ἱστορίας, τοῦτο μὲν ἐατέον (οὐ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα τὸ τῆς γεωγραφίας ἔργον), τὰ δὲ νῦν ὄντα λεκτέον.
After the Trojan times, the migrations of Greeks and of Treres, the inroads of Cimmerians and Lydians, afterwards of Persians and Macedonians, and lastly of Galatians, threw everything into confusion. An obscurity arose not from these changes only, but from the disagreement between authors in their narration of the same events, and in their description of the same persons; for they called Trojans Phrygians, like the Tragic poets; and Lycians Carians, and similarly in other instances. The Trojans who, from a small beginning, increased so much in power that they became kings of kings, furnished a motive to the poet and his interpreters, for determining what country ought to be called Troy. For the poet calls by the common name of Trojans all their auxiliaries, as he calls their enemies Danai and Achaei. But certainly we should not give the name of Troy to Paphlagonia, or to Caria, or to Lycia, which borders upon it. I mean when the poet says, the Trojans advanced with the clashing of armour and shouts, / and where he speaks of their enemies, but the Achaei advanced silently, breathing forth warlike ardour, / and thus frequently in other passages.
We must endeavour, however, to distinguish as far as we are able one nation from another, notwithstanding this uncertainty. If anything relative to ancient history escapes my notice, it must be pardoned, for this is not the province of the geographer; my concern is with the present state of people and places.
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