διαρρεῖται δʼ ὑπὸ πλειόνων μὲν ποταμῶν ἡ χώρα, μεγίστων δὲ τοῦ τε Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος· μετὰ γὰρ τοὺς Ἰνδικοὺς οὗτοι λέγονται δευτερεύειν κατὰ τὰ νότια μέρη τῆς Ἀσίας οἱ ποταμοί· ἔχουσι δʼ ἀνάπλους ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν Ὦπιν καὶ τὴν νῦν Σελεύκειαν (ἡ δὲ Ὦπις κώμη ἐμπόριον τῶν κύκλῳ τόπων) ὁ δʼ ἐπὶ Βαβυλῶνα πλειόνων ἢ τρισχιλίων σταδίων. οἱ μὲν οὖν Πέρσαι τοὺς ἀνάπλους ἐπίτηδες κωλύειν θέλοντες φόβῳ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐφόδων καταράκτας χειροποιήτους κατεσκευάκεισαν· ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐπιὼν ὅσους οἷός τε ἦν ἀνεσκεύασε, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν Ὦπιν. ἐπεμελήθη δὲ καὶ τῶν διωρύγων· πλημμυρεῖ γὰρ ὁ Εὐφράτης κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ θέρους ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔαρος ἀρξάμενος, ἡνίκα τήκονται αἱ χιόνες αἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας, ὥστʼ ἀνάγκη λιμνάζειν καὶ κατακλύζεσθαι τὰς ἀρούρας, εἰ μὴ διοχετεύει τις ταφρείαις καὶ διώρυξι τὸ ἐκπῖπτον τοῦ ῥοῦ καὶ ἐπιπολάζον ὕδωρ, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τὸ τοῦ Νείλου· ἐντεῦθεν μὲν οὖν αἱ διώρυγες γεγένηνται. χρεία δέ ἐστιν ὑπουργίας μεγάλας· βαθεῖα γὰρ ἡ γῆ καὶ μαλακὴ καὶ εὐένδοτος ὥστε καὶ ἐκσύρεται ῥᾳδίως ὑπὸ τῶν ῥευμάτων καὶ γυμνοῖ τὰ πεδία, πληροῖ δὲ τὰς διώρυγας καὶ τὰ στόματα αὐτῶν ἐμφράττει ῥᾳδίως ἡ χοῦς· οὕτω δὲ συμβαίνει πάλιν τὴν ὑπέρχυσιν τῶν ὑδάτων εἰς τὰ πρὸς τῇ θαλάττῃ πεδία ἐκπίπτουσαν λίμνας ἀποτελεῖν καὶ ἕλη καὶ καλαμῶνας, ἐξ ὧν καλάμινα πλέκεται παντοῖα σκεύη, τὰ μὲν ὑγροῦ δεκτικὰ τῇ ἀσφάλτῳ περιαλειφόντων, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλοις ψιλῶς χρωμένων· καὶ ἱστία δὲ ποιοῦνται καλάμινα ψιάθοις ἢ ῥιψὶ παραπλήσια.
The country is intersected by many rivers, the largest of which are the Euphrates and the Tigris: next to the Indian rivers, the rivers in the southern parts of Asia are said to hold the second place. The Tigris is navigable upwards from its mouth to Opis, and to the present Seleuceia. Opis is a village and a mart for the surrounding places. The Euphrates also is navigable up to Babylon, a distance of more than 3000 stadia. The Persians, through fear of incursions from without, and for the purpose of preventing vessels from ascending these rivers, constructed artificial cataracts. Alexander, on arriving there, destroyed as many of them as he could, those particularly [on the Tigris from the sea] to Opis. But he bestowed great care upon the canals; for the Euphrates, at the commencement of summer, overflows; It begins to fill in the spring, when the snow in Armenia melts: the ploughed land, therefore, would be covered with water and be submerged, unless the overflow of the superabundant water were diverted by trenches and canals, as in Egypt the water of the Nile is diverted. Hence the origin of canals. Great labour is requisite for their maintenance, for the soil is deep, soft, and yielding, so that it would easily be swept away by the stream; the fields would be laid bare, the canals filled, and the accumulation of mud would soon obstruct their mouths. Then, again, the excess of water discharging itself into the plains near the sea forms lakes, and marshes, and reed-grounds, supplying the reeds with which all kinds of platted vessels are woven; some of these vessels are capable of holding water, when covered over with asphaltus; others are used with the material in its natural state. Sails are also made of reeds; these resemble mats or hurdles.
τὸ μὲν οὖν παντάπασι κωλύειν τὴν τοιαύτην πλήμμυραν οὐχ οἷόν τε ἴσως, τὸ δὲ τὴν δυνατὴν προσφέρειν βοήθειαν ἡγεμόνων ἀγαθῶν ἐστιν. ἡ δὲ βοήθεια αὕτη, τὴν μὲν πολλὴν παρέκχυσιν ἐμφράξει κωλύειν, τὴν δὲ πλήρωσιν ἣν ἡ χοῦς ἐργάζεται, τοὐναντίον ἀνακαθάρσει τῶν διωρύγων καὶ ἐξανοίξει τῶν στομάτων. ἡ μὲν οὖν ἀνακάθαρσις ῥᾳδία ἡ δὲ ἔμφραξις πολυχειρίας δεῖται· εὐένδοτος γὰρ οὖσα ἡ γῆ καὶ μαλακὴ τὴν ἐπιφορηθεῖσαν οὐχ ὑπομένει χοῦν, ἀλλʼ εἴκουσα συνεφέλκεται κἀκείνην καὶ ποιεῖ δυσέγχωστον τὸ στόμα. καὶ γὰρ καὶ τάχους δεῖ πρὸς τὸ ταχέως κλεισθῆναι τὰς διώρυγας καὶ μὴ πᾶν ἐκπεσεῖν ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸ ὕδωρ. ξηρανθεῖσαι γὰρ τοῦ θέρους ξηραίνουσι καὶ τὸν ποταμόν· ταπεινωθεὶς δὲ τὰς ἐποχετείας οὐ δύναται παρέχεσθαι κατὰ καιρὸν ὧν δεῖται πλεῖστον τοῦ θέρους ἔμπυρος οὖσα ἡ χώρα καὶ καυματηρά· διαφέρει δʼ οὐδὲν ἢ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ὑδάτων κατακλύζεσθαι τοὺς καρπούς, ἢ τῇ λειψυδρίᾳ τῷ δίψει διαφθείρεσθαι· ἅμα δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἀνάπλους, πολὺ τὸ χρήσιμον ἔχοντας ἀεὶ λυμαινομένους ὑπʼ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν λεχθέντων παθῶν, οὐχ οἷόν τε ἐπανορθοῦν, εἰ μὴ ταχὺ μὲν ἐξανοίγοιτο τὰ στόμια τῶν διωρύγων, ταχὺ δὲ κλείοιτο, καὶ αἱ διώρυγες ἀεὶ μετριάζοιεν ὥστε μήτε πλεονάζειν ἐν αὐταῖς τὸ ὕδωρ μήτʼ ἐλλείπειν.
It is not, perhaps, possible to prevent inundations of this kind altogether, but it is the duty of good princes to afford all possible assistance. The assistance required is to prevent excessive overflow by the construction of dams, and to obviate the filling of rivers, produced by the accumulation of mud, by cleansing the canals, and removing stoppages at their mouths. The cleansing of the canals is easily performed, but the construction of dams requires the labour of numerous workmen. For the earth being soft and yielding, does not support the superincumbent mass, which sinks, and is itself carried away, and thus a difficulty arises in making dams at the mouth. Expedition is necessary in closing the canals to prevent all the water flowing out. When the canals dry up in the summer time, they cause the river to dry up also; and if the river is low (before the canals are closed), it cannot supply the canals in time with water, of which the country, burnt up and scorched, requires a very large quantity; for there is no difference, whether the crops are flooded by an excess or perish by drought and a failure of water. The navigation up the rivers (a source of many advantages) is continually obstructed by both the above-mentioned causes, and it is not possible to remedy this unless the mouths of the canals were quickly opened and quickly closed, and the canals were made to contain and preserve a mean between excess and deficiency of water.
φησὶ δʼ Ἀριστόβουλος τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον αὐτὸν ἀναπλέοντα καὶ κυβερνῶντα τὸ σκάφος ἐπισκοπεῖν καὶ ἀνακαθαίρειν τὰς διώρυγας μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν συνακολουθησάντων· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰ στόμια ἐμφράττειν, τὰ δʼ ἀνοίγειν· κατανοήσαντα δὲ μίαν τὴν μάλιστα τείνουσαν ἐπὶ τὰ ἕλη καὶ τὰς λίμνας τὰς πρὸ τῆς Ἀραβίας, δυσμεταχείριστον ἔχουσαν τὸ στόμα καὶ μὴ ῥᾳδίως ἐμφράττεσθαι δυναμένην διὰ τὸ εὐένδοτον καὶ μαλακόγειον, ἄλλο ἀνοῖξαι καινὸν στόμα, ἀπὸ σταδίων τριάκοντα ὑπόπετρον λαβόντα χωρίον, κἀκεῖ μεταγαγεῖν τὸ ῥεῖθρον· ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖν προνοοῦντα ἅμα καὶ τοῦ μὴ τὴν Ἀραβίαν δυσείσβολον τελέως ὑπὸ τῶν λιμνῶν ἢ καὶ τῶν ἑλῶν ἀποτελεσθῆναι, νησίζουσαν ἤδη διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ ὕδατος· διανοεῖσθαι γὰρ δὴ κατακτᾶσθαι τὴν χώραν ταύτην καὶ στόλους καὶ ὁρμητήρια ἤδη κατεσκευάσθαι, τὰ πλοῖα τὰ μὲν ἐν Φοινίκῃ τε καὶ Κύπρῳ ναυπηγησάμενον διάλυτά τε καὶ γομφωτά, ἃ κομισθέντα εἰς Θάψακον σταθμοῖς ἑπτὰ εἶτα τῷ ποταμῷ κατακομισθῆναι μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος, τὰ δʼ ἐν τῇ Βαβυλωνίᾳ συμπηξάμενον τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἄλσεσι καὶ τοῖς παραδείσοις κυπαρίττων· σπάνις γὰρ ὕλης ἐνταῦθα, ἐν δὲ Κοσσαίοις καὶ ἄλλοις τισὶ μετρία τίς ἐστιν εὐπορία. σκήψασθαι μὲν οὖν αἰτίαν τοῦ πολέμου φησίν, ἐπειδὴ μόνοι τῶν ἁπάντων οὐ πρεσβεύσαιντο οἱ Ἄραβες ὡς αὐτόν, τὸ δʼ ἀληθὲς ὀρεγόμενον πάντων εἶναι κύριον· καὶ ἐπεὶ δύο θεοὺς ἐπυνθάνετο τιμᾶσθαι μόνους ὑπʼ αὐτῶν, τόν τε Δία καὶ τὸν Διόνυσον, τοὺς τὰ κυριώτατα πρὸς τὸ ζῆν παρέχοντας, τρίτον ὑπολαβεῖν ἑαυτὸν τιμήσεσθαι, κρατήσαντα καὶ ἐπιτρέψαντα τὴν πάτριον αὐτονομίαν ἔχειν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον. ταῦτά τε δὴ πραγματεύεσθαι περὶ τὰς διώρυγας τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, καὶ τοὺς τάφους σκευωρεῖσθαι τοὺς τῶν βασιλέων καὶ δυναστῶν· τοὺς γὰρ πλείστους ἐν ταῖς λίμναις εἶναι.
Aristobulus relates that Alexander himself, when he was sailing up the river, and directing the course of the boat, inspected the canals, and ordered them to be cleared by his multitude of followers; he likewise stopped up some of the mouths, and opened others. He observed that one of these canals, which took a direction more immediately to the marshes, and to the lakes in front of Arabia, had a mouth very difficult to be dealt with, and which could not be easily closed on account of the soft and yielding nature of the soil; he (therefore) opened a new mouth at the distance of 30 stadia, selecting a place with a rocky bottom, and to this the current was diverted. But in doing this he was taking precautions that Arabia should not become entirely inaccessible in consequence of the lakes and marshes, as it was already almost an island from the quantity of water (which surrounded it). For he contemplated making himself master of this country; and he had already provided a fleet and places of rendezvous; and had built vessels in Phoenicia and at Cyprus, some of which were in separate pieces, others were in parts, fastened together by bolts. These, after being conveyed to Thapsacus in seven distances of a day’s march, were then to be transported down the river to Babylon. He constructed other boats in Babylonia, from cypress trees in the groves and parks, for there is a scarcity of timber in Babylonia. Among the Cossaei, and some other tribes, the supply of timber is not great,
The pretext for the war, says Aristobulus, was that the Arabians were the only people who did not send their ambassadors to Alexander; but the true reason was his ambition to be lord of all.
When he was informed that they worshipped two deities only, Jupiter and Bacchus, who supply what is most requisite for the subsistence of mankind, he supposed that, after his conquests, they would worship him as a third, if he permitted them to enjoy their former national independence. Thus was Alexander employed in clearing the canals, and in examining minutely the sepulchres of the kings, most of which are situated among the lakes.
Ἐρατοσθένης δὲ τῶν λιμνῶν μνησθεὶς τῶν πρὸς τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ, φησὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπορούμενον διεξόδων ἀνοῖξαι πόρους ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ διʼ ἐκείνων ὑποφέρεσθαι μέχρι Κοιλοσύρων· ἀναθλίβεσθαι δὲ εἰς τοὺς περὶ Ῥινοκόρουρα καὶ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος τόπους καὶ ποιεῖν τὰς ἐκεῖ λίμνας καὶ τὰ βάραθρα· οὐκ οἶδα δʼ εἰ πιθανῶς εἴρηκεν. αἱ γὰρ τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρεκχύσεις αἱ ποιοῦσαι τὰς πρὸς τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ λίμνας καὶ τὰ ἕλη πλησίον εἰσὶ τῆς κατὰ Πέρσας θαλάττης, ὁ δὲ διείργων ἰσθμὸς οὔτε πολύς ἐστιν οὔτε πετρώδης, ὥστε ταύτῃ μᾶλλον εἰκὸς ἦν βιάσασθαι τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, εἴτʼ ὑπὸ γῆς εἰτʼ ἐπιπολῆς, ἢ πλείους τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων σταδίων διανύειν, ἄνυδρον καὶ ξηρὰν οὕτω, καὶ ταῦτα ὀρῶν ἐν μέσῳ κειμένων, τοῦ τε Λιβάνου καὶ τοῦ Ἀντιλιβάνου καὶ τοῦ Κασίου· οἱ μὲν δὴ τοιαῦτα λέγουσι.
Eratosthenes, when he is speaking of the lakes near Arabia, says, that the water, when it cannot find an outlet, opens passages underground, and is conveyed through these as far as the Coele-Syrians, it is also compressed and forced into the parts near Rhinocolura and Mount Casius, and there forms lakes and deep pits. But I know not whether this is probable. For the overflowings of the water of the Euphrates, which form the lakes and marshes near Arabia, are near the Persian Sea. But the isthmus which separates them is neither large nor rocky, so that it was more probable that the water forced its way in this direction into the sea, either under the ground, or across the surface, than that it traversed so dry and parched a soil for more than 6000 stadia; particularly, when we observe, situated mid-way in this course, Libanus, Antilibanus, and Mount Casius.
Such, then, are the accounts of Eratosthenes and Aristobulus.
πολύκλειτος δέ φησι μὴ πλημμυρεῖν τὸν Εὐφράτην· διὰ γὰρ πεδίων φέρεσθαι μεγάλων, τὰ δʼ ὄρη τὰ μὲν δισχιλίους ἀφεστάναι σταδίους τὰ δὲ Κοσσαῖα μόλις χιλίους, οὐ πάνυ ὑψηλὰ οὐδὲ νιφόμενα σφοδρῶς οὐδʼ ἀθρόαν ἐπιφέροντα τῇ χιόνι τὴν τῆξιν· εἶναι γὰρ καὶ τὰ ὕψη τῶν ὀρῶν ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ Ἐκβατάνων μέρεσι τοῖς προσβορείοις· ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρὸς νότον σχιζόμενα καὶ πλατυνόμενα πολὺ ταπεινοῦσθαι, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸ πολὺ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐκδέχεσθαι τὸν Τίγριν καὶ οὕτως πλημμυρεῖν. τὸ μὲν οὖν ὕστατον ῥηθὲν φανερῶς ἄτοπον· εἰς γὰρ τὰ αὐτὰ κατέρχεται πεδία· τὰ δὲ λεχθέντα ὕψη τῶν ὀρῶν ἀνωμαλίαν ἔχει, πῆ μὲν ἐξηρμένα μᾶλλον τὰ βόρεια, πῆ δὲ πλατυνόμενα τὰ μεσημβρινά· ἡ δὲ χιὼν οὐ τοῖς ὕψεσι κρίνεται μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς κλίμασι· τό τε αὐτὸ ὄρος τὰ βόρεια μέρη νίφεται μᾶλλον ἢ τὰ νότια, καὶ τὴν χιόνα συμμένουσαν ἔχει μᾶλλον ἐκεῖνα ἢ ταῦτα. ὁ μὲν οὖν Τίγρις ἐκ τῶν νοτιωτάτων μερῶν τῆς Ἀρμενίας, ἃ πλησίον ἐστὶ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας, δεχόμενος τὸ ἐκ τῶν χιόνων ὕδωρ οὐ πολὺ ὄν, ἅτε ἐκ τῆς νοτίου πλευρᾶς, ἧττον ἂν πλημμύροι· ὁ δὲ Εὐφράτης τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων δέχεται τῶν μερῶν, καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἑνὸς ὄρους ἀλλὰ πολλῶν, ὡς ἐδηλοῦμεν ἐν τῇ περιηγήσει τῆς Ἀρμενίας, προστιθεὶς τὸ μῆκος τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ὅσον μὲν τὸ ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ Ἀρμενίᾳ διέξεισι καὶ τῇ μικρᾷ, ὅσον δὲ τὸ ἐκ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας καὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας διὰ τοῦ Ταύρου διεκβαλὼν ἕως Θαψάκου φέρεται, τὴν κάτω Συρίαν καὶ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν ἀφορίζων, ὅσον δὲ τὸ λοιπὸν μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος καὶ τῆς ἐκβολῆς ὁμοῦ τρισμυρίων καὶ ἑξακισχιλίων σταδίων. τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὰς διώρυγας τοιαῦτα.
But Polycleitus says, that the Euphrates does not overflow its banks, because its course is through large plains; that of the mountains (from which it is supplied), some are distant 2000, and the Cossaean mountains scarcely 1000 stadia, that they are not very high, nor covered with snow to a great depth, and therefore do not occasion the snow to melt in great masses, for the most elevated mountains are in the northern parts above Ecbatana; towards the south they are divided, spread out, and are much lower; the Tigris also receives the greater part of the water [which comes down from them], and thus overflows its banks.
The last assertion is evidently absurd, because the Tigris descends into the same plains (as the Euphrates); and the above-mentioned mountains are not of the same height, the northern being more elevated, the southern extending in breadth, but are of a lower altitude. The quantity of snow is not, however, to be estimated by altitude only, but by aspect. The same mountain has more snow on the northern than on the southern side, and the snow continues longer on the former than on the latter. As the Tigris therefore receives from the most southern parts of Armenia, which are near Babylon, the water of the melted snow, of which there is no great quantity, since it comes from the southern side, it should overflow in a less degree than the Euphrates, which receives the water from both parts (northern and southern); and not from a single mountain only, but from many, as I have mentioned in the description of Armenia. To this we must add the length of the river, the large tract of country which it traverses in the Greater and in the Lesser Armenia, the large space it takes in its course in passing out of the Lesser Armenia and Cappadocia, after issuing out of the Taurus in its way to Thapsacus (forming the boundary between Syria below and Mesopotamia), and the large remaining portion of country as far as Babylon and to its mouth, a course in all of 36,000 stadia.
This, then, on the subject of the canals (of Babylonia).
Cite This Text