μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἰνδικήν ἐστιν ἡ Ἀριανή, μερὶς πρώτη τῆς ὑπὸ Πέρσαις τῆς μετὰ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ποταμὸν καὶ τῶν ἄνω σατραπειῶν τῶν ἐκτὸς τοῦ Ταύρου, τὰ μὲν νότια καὶ τὰ ἀρκτικὰ μέρη τῇ αὐτῇ θαλάττῃ καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὄρεσιν ἀφοριζομένη οἷσπερ καὶ ἡ Ἰνδική, καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ ποταμῷ τῷ Ἰνδῷ, μέσον ἔχουσα αὐτὸν ἑαυτῆς τε καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν ἐκτεινομένη μέχρι τῆς ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν εἰς Καρμανίαν γραφομένης γραμμῆς, ὥστε εἶναι τετράπλευρον τὸ σχῆμα. τὸ μὲν οὖν νότιον πλευρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν ἄρχεται τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ καὶ τῆς Παταληνῆς, τελευτᾷ δὲ πρὸς Καρμανίαν καὶ τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου τὸ στόμα, ἄκραν ἔχον ἐκκειμένην ἱκανῶς πρὸς νότον· εἶτα εἰς τὸν κόλπον λαμβάνει καμπὴν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Περσίδα. οἰκοῦσι δὲ Ἄρβιες πρῶτον, ὁμώνυμοι τῷ ποταμῷ Ἄρβει τῷ ὁρίζοντι αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ἑξῆς Ὠριτῶν, ὅσον χιλίων σταδίων ἔχοντες παραλίαν, ὥς φησι Νέαρχος· Ἰνδῶν δʼ ἐστὶ μερὶς καὶ αὕτη· εἶτʼ Ὠρῖται ἔθνος αὐτόνομον· τούτων δʼ ὁ παράπλους χιλίων ὀκτακοσίων, ὁ δὲ τῶν ἑξῆς Ἰχθυοφάγων ἑπτακισχίλιοι τετρακόσιοι, ὁ δὲ τῶν Καρμανίων τρισχίλιοι ἑπτακόσιοι μέχρι Περσίδος· ὥσθʼ οἱ σύμπαντες μύριοι τρισχίλιοι ἐννακόσιοι.
NEXT to India is Ariana, the first portion of the country subject to the Persians, lying beyond the Indus, and the first of the higher satrapies without the Taurus. On the north it is bounded by the same mountains as India, on the south by the same sea, and by the same river Indus, which separates it from India. It stretches thence towards the west as far as the line drawn from the Caspian Gates to Carmania, whence its figure is quadrilateral.
The southern side begins from the mouths of the Indus, and from Patalene, and terminates at Carmania and the mouth of the Persian Gulf, by a promontory projecting a considerable distance to the south. It then makes a bend towards the gulf in the direction of Persia.
The Arbies, who have the same name as the river Arbis, are the first inhabitants we meet with in this country. They are separated by the Arbis from the next tribe, the Oritae, and according to Nearchus, occupy a tract of sea-coast of about 1000 stadia in length; this country also is a part of India. Next are the Oritae, a people governed by their own laws. The voyage along the coast belonging to this people extends 1800 stadia, that along the country of the Ichthyophagi, who follow next, extends 7400 stadia; that along the country of the Carmani as far as Persia, 3700 stadia. The whole number of stadia is 13,900.
̔αλιτενὴς δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων καὶ ἄδενδρος ἡ πλείστη φοινίκων καὶ ἀκάνθης τινὸς καὶ μυρίκης· καὶ ὑδάτων δὲ καὶ τροφῆς ἡμέρου σπάνις· τοῖς δʼ ἰχθύσι χρῶνται καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ θρέμματα καὶ τοῖς ὀμβρίοις ὕδασι καὶ ὀρυκτοῖς· καὶ τὰ κρέα δὲ τῶν θρεμμάτων ἰχθύων προσβάλλει· οἰκήσεις δὲ ποιοῦνται τοῖς ὀστέοις τῶν κητῶν χρώμενοι καὶ κόγχοις ὀστρέων τὸ πλέον, δοκοῖς μὲν ταῖς πλευραῖς καὶ ὑπερείσμασι, θυρώμασι δὲ ταῖς σιαγόσιν· οἱ σπόνδυλοι δʼ αὐτοῖς εἰσιν ὅλμοι, ἐν οἷς πτίττουσι τοὺς ἰχθύας ἐν ἡλίῳ κατοπτήσαντες, εἶτʼ ἀρτοποιοῦνται σίτου μικρὰ καταμίξαντες· καὶ γὰρ μύλοι αὐτοῖς εἰσι, σιδήρου μὴ ὄντος. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἧττον θαυμαστόν· καὶ γὰρ ἄλλοθεν ἐνέγκασθαι δυνατόν· ἀλλὰ πῶς ἐπικόπτουσιν ἀποτριβέντα; λίθοις μέντοι φασίν, οἷς καὶ τὰ βέλη καὶ τὰ ἀκοντίσματα πεπυρακτωμένα ἀποξύνουσι. τοὺς δʼ ἰχθύας τοὺς μὲν ἐν κλιβάνοις κατοπτῶσι, τοὺς δὲ πλείστους ὠμοφαγοῦσι· περιβάλλονται δὲ δικτύοις φλοιοῦ φοινικίνου.
The greater part of the country inhabited by the Ichthyophagi is on a level with the sea. No trees, except palms and a kind of thorn, and the tamarisk, grow there. There is also a scarcity of water, and of food produced by cultivation. Both they and their cattle subsist upon fish, and are supplied by rain water and wells. The flesh of the animals has the smell of fish. Their dwellings are built with the bones of large whales and shells, the ribs furnishing beams and supports, and the jaw-bones, door-ways. The vertebral bones serve as mortars in which fish, which have been previously dried in the sun, are pounded. Of this, with the addition of flour, cakes are made; for they have grinding mills (for corn), although they have no iron. This however is not so surprising, because it is possible for them to import it from other parts. But how do they hollow out the mills again, when worn away? with the same stones, they say, with which their arrows and javelins, which are hardened in the fire, are sharpened. Some fish are dressed in ovens, but the greater part is eaten raw. The fish are taken in nets made of the bark of the palm.
̔υπέρκειται δὲ τούτων ἡ Γεδρωσία, τῆς μὲν Ἰνδικῆς ἧττον ἔμπυρος τῆς δʼ ἄλλης Ἀσίας μᾶλλον, καὶ τοῖς καρποῖς καὶ τοῖς ὕδασιν ἐνδεὴς πλὴν θέρους, οὐ πολὺ ἀμείνων τῆς τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων· ἀρωματοφόρος δὲ νάρδου μάλιστα καὶ σμύρνης, ὥστε τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατιὰν ὁδεύουσαν ἀντὶ ὀρόφου καὶ στρωμάτων τούτοις χρῆσθαι, εὐωδιαζομένην ἅμα καὶ ὑγιεινότερον τὸν ἀέρα ἔχουσαν παρὰ τοῦτο· γενέσθαι δʼ αὐτοῖς θέρους τὴν ἐκ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἄφοδον ἐπίτηδες συνέβη· τότε γὰρ ὄμβρους ἔχειν τὴν Γεδρωσίαν καὶ ποὺς ποταμοὺς πληροῦσθαι καὶ τὰ ὑδρεῖα, χειμῶνος δʼ ἐπιλείπειν· πίπτειν δὲ τοὺς ὄμβρους ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι τοῖς προσαρκτίοις καὶ ἐγγὺς τῶν ὀρῶν· πληρουμένων δὲ τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τὰ πεδία τὰ πλησιάζοντα τῇ θαλάττῃ ποτίζεσθαι καὶ ὑδρείων εὐπορεῖν. προέπεμψε δʼ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον μεταλλευτὰς τῶν ὑδρείων ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ τοὺς ναύσταθμα αὐτῷ καὶ τῷ στόλῳ κατασκευάσοντας.
Above the Ichthyophagi is situated Gedrosia, a country less exposed to the heat of the sun than India, but more so than the rest of Asia. As it is without fruits and water, except in summer, it is not much better than the country of the Ichthyophagi. But it produces aromatics, particularly nard and myrrh, in such quantity, that the army of Alexander used them on the march for tent coverings and beds; they thus breathed an air full of odours, and at the same time more salubrious.
The summer was purposely chosen for leaving India, for at that season it rains in Gedrosia, and the rivers and wells are filled, but in winter they fail. The rain falls in the higher parts to the north, and near the mountains: when the rivers swell, the plains near the sea are watered, and the wells are also filled. Alexander sent persons before him into the desert country to dig wells and to prepare stations for himself and his fleet.
τριχῇ γὰρ διελὼν τὰς δυνάμεις, τῇ μὲν αὐτὸς ὥρμησε διὰ τῆς Γεδρωσίας, ἀφιστάμενος τῆς θαλάττης τὸ πλεῖστον πεντακοσίους σταδίους, ἵνʼ ἅμα καὶ τῷ ναυτικῷ τὴν παραλίαν ἐπιτηδείαν παρασκευάζοι, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ συνάπτων τῇ θαλάττῃ καίπερ ἀπόρους καὶ τραχείας ἐχούσῃ τὰς ἀκτάς· τὴν δὲ προέπεμψε μετὰ Κρατεροῦ διὰ τῆς μεσογαίας, ἅμα χειρουμένου τε τὴν Ἀριανὴν καὶ προϊόντος ἐπὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους ἐφʼ οὓς Ἀλέξανδρος τὴν πορείαν εἶχε· τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν Νεάρχῳ καὶ Ὀνησικρίτῳ τῷ ἀρχικυβερνήτῃ παραδοὺς ἐκέλευσεν οἰκείας στάσεως ἐπιλαμβανομένους ἐπακολουθεῖν καὶ ἀντιπαραπλεῖν αὐτοῦ τῇ πορείᾳ.
Having separated his forces into three divisions, he set out with one division through Gedrosia, keeping at the utmost from the sea not more than 500 stadia, in order to secure the coast for his fleet; but he frequently approached the sea-side, although the beach was impracticable and rugged. The second division he sent forward under the command of Craterus through the interior, with a view of reducing Ariana, and of proceeding to the same places to which he himself was directing his march. (The third division), the fleet he intrusted to Nearchus and Onesicritus, his master pilot, giving them orders to take up convenient positions in following him, and to sail along the coast parallel to his line of march.
καὶ δὴ καί φησιν ὁ Νέαρχος, ἤδη τοῦ βασιλέως τελοῦντος τὴν ὁδόν, αὐτὸς μετοπώρου κατὰ πλειάδος ἐπιτολὴν ἑσπερίαν ἄρξασθαι τοῦ πλοῦ, μήπω μὲν τῶν πνευμάτων οἰκείων ὄντων, τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπιχειρούντων αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐξελαυνόντων· καταθαρρῆσαι γὰρ ἀπελθόντος τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐλευθεριάσαι. κρατερὸς δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου ἀρξάμενος διʼ Ἀραχωτῶν ᾔει καὶ Δραγγῶν εἰς Καρμανίαν. πολλὰ δʼ ἐταλαιπώρει ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος καθʼ ὅλην τὴν ὁδὸν διὰ λυπρᾶς ἰών· πόρρωθεν δʼ ὁμοίως ἐπεχορηγεῖτο μικρὰ καὶ σπάνια ὥστε λιμώττειν τὸ στράτευμα· καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια ἐπέλιπε, καὶ τὰ σκεύη κατελείπετο ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς καὶ τοῖς στρατοπέδοις· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν φοινίκων ἦν ἡ σωτηρία τοῦ τε καρποῦ καὶ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου. φασὶ δὲ φιλονεικῆσαι τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καίπερ εἰδότα τὰς ἀπορίας πρὸς τὴν κατέχουσαν δόξαν, ὡς Σεμίραμις μὲν ἐξ Ἰνδῶν φεύγουσα σωθείη μετὰ ἀνδρῶν ὡς εἴκοσι, Κῦρος δὲ ἑπτά, εἰ δύναιτο αὐτὸς τοσοῦτο στράτευμα διασῶσαι διὰ τῆς αὐτῆς χώρας, νικῶν καὶ ταῦτα.
Nearchus says, that while Alexander was on his march, he himself commenced his voyage, in the autumn, about the achronical rising of the Pleiades, the wind not being before favourable. The Barbarians however, taking courage at the departure of the king, became daring, and attempted to throw off their subjection, attacked them, and endeavoured to drive them out of the country. But Craterus set out from the Hydaspes, and proceeded through the country of the Arachoti and of the Drangae into Carmania.
Alexander was greatly distressed throughout the whole march, as his road lay through a barren country. The supplies of provisions which he obtained came from a distance, and were scanty and unfrequent, so much so that the army suffered greatly from hunger, the beasts of burden dropped down, and the baggage was abandoned, both on the march and in the camp. The army was saved by eating dates and the marrow of the palm-tree.
Alexander however (says Nearchus), although acquainted with the hardships of the enterprise, was ambitious of conducting this large army in safety, as a conqueror, through the same country where, according to the prevailing report, Semiramis escaped by flight from India with about twenty, and Cyrus with about seven men.
πρὸς δὲ τῇ ἀπορίᾳ χαλεπὸν ἦν καὶ τὸ καῦμα καὶ τὸ βάθος τῆς ψάμμου καὶ ἡ θερμότης, ἔστι δʼ ὅπου καὶ θῖνες ὑψηλοὶ ὥστε πρὸς τῷ δυσχερῶς ἀναφέρειν τὰ σκέλη καθάπερ ἐκ βυθοῦ καὶ ἀναβάσεις εἶναι καὶ καταβάσεις· ἀνάγκη δʼ ἦν καὶ σταθμοὺς ποιεῖσθαι μακροὺς διὰ τὰ ὑδρεῖα διακοσίων καὶ τετρακοσίων σταδίων, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ ἑξακοσίων, νυκτοποροῦντας τὸ πλέον. πόρρω δὲ τῶν ὑδρείων ἐστρατοπεδεύοντο ἐν τριάκοντα σταδίοις πολλάκις τοῦ μὴ ἐμφορεῖσθαι κατὰ δίψος· πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐμπίπτοντες σὺν ὅπλοις ἔπινον ὡς ἂν ὑποβρύχιοι, φυσώμενοι δʼ ἐπέπλεον ἐκπεπνευκότες καὶ τὰ ὑδρεῖα βραχέα ὄντα διέφθειρον· οἱ δʼ ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ κατὰ μέσην τὴν ὁδὸν ἀπηγορευκότες ἔκειντο ὑπὸ δίψους· ἔπειτα τρομώδεις μετὰ παλμοῦ χειρῶν καὶ σκελῶν ἔθνησκον παραπλησίως ὡς ἂν ῥίγους καὶ φρίκης ἐχόμενοι. συνέβαινε δέ τισι καὶ ἐκτραπομένοις τὴν ὁδὸν καταδαρθεῖν κρατουμένοις ὑπὸ ὕπνου καὶ κόπου, ὑστερήσαντες δʼ οἱ μὲν ἀπώλοντο πλάνῃ τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ ὑπὸ ἀπορίας ἁπάντων καὶ καύματος, οἱ δʼ ἐσώθησαν πολλὰ ταλαιπωρήσαντες· πολλὰ δὲ κατέκλυσε καὶ τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τῶν χρηστηρίων ἐπιπεσὼν χειμάρρους νύκτωρ· καὶ τῆς βασιλικῆς δὲ κατασκευῆς ἐξηλείφθη πολλή· καὶ τῶν καθοδηγῶν δὲ κατʼ ἄγνοιαν πολὺ εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἐκτραπομένων ὥστε μηκέτι ὁρᾶν τὴν θάλατταν, συνεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐξαυτῆς ὥρμησε ζητήσων τὴν ᾐόνα, καὶ ἐπειδὴ εὗρε καὶ ὀρύξας εἶδεν ὕδωρ πότιμον, μεταπέμπεται τὸ στρατόπεδον, καὶ λοιπὸν μέχρι ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ πλησίον ᾔει τῆς ᾐόνος εὐπορῶν ὑδρείας· ἔπειτʼ αὖθις εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἀνεχώρησεν.
Besides the want of provisions, the scorching heat was distressing, as also the deep and burning sand. In some places there were sand-hills, so that in addition to the difficulty of lifting the legs, as out of a pit, there were ascents and descents. It was necessary also, on account of the watering places, to make long marches of two, four, and sometimes even of six hundred stadia, for the most part during the night. Frequently the encampment was at a distance of 30 stadia from the watering places, in order that the soldiers might not be induced by thirst to drink to excess. For many of them plunged into the water in their armour, and continued drinking until they were drowned; when swollen after death they floated, and corrupted the shallow water of the cisterns. Others, exhausted by thirst, lay exposed to the sun, in the middle of the road. They then became tremulous, their hands and their feet shook, and they died like persons seized with cold and shivering. Some turned out of the road to indulge in sleep, overcome with drowsiness and fatigue; some were left behind, and perished, being ignorant of the road, destitute of everything, and overpowered by heat. Others escaped after great sufferings. A torrent of water, which fell in the night time, overwhelmed and destroyed many persons, and much baggage; a great part even of the royal equipage was swept away.
The guides, through ignorance, deviated so far into the interior, that the sea was no longer in sight. The king, perceiving the danger, immediately set out in search of the coast; when he had discovered it, and by sinking wells had found water fit for drinking, he sent for the army: afterwards he continued his march for seven days near the shore, with a good supply of water. He then again returned into the interior.
ἦν δέ τι ὅμοιον τῇ δάφνῃ φυτόν, οὗ τὸ γευσάμενον τῶν ὑποζυγίων ἀπέθνησκε μετὰ ἐπιληψίας καὶ ἀφροῦ· ἄκανθα δὲ τοὺς καρποὺς ἐπὶ γῆς κεχυμένη, καθάπερ οἱ σίκυοι, πλήρης ἦν ὀποῦ· τούτου δὲ ῥανίδες εἰς ὀφθαλμὸν ἐμπεσοῦσαι πᾶν ἀπετύφλουν ζῷον· οἵ τε ὠμοὶ φοίνικες ἔπνιγον πολλούς. ἦν δὲ κίνδυνος καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὄφεων· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς θισὶν ἐπεφύκει βοτάνη, ταύτῃ δʼ ὑποδεδυκότες ἐλάνθανον τοὺς δὲ πληγέντας ἀπέκτεινον. ἐν δὲ τοῖς Ὠρίταις τὰ τοξεύματα χρίεσθαι θανασίμοις φαρμάκοις ἔφασαν, ξύλινα ὄντα καὶ πεπυρακτωμένα· τρωθέντα δὲ Πτολεμαῖον κινδυνεύειν· ἐν ὕπνῳ δὲ παραστάντα τινὰ τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ δεῖξαι ῥίζαν αὐτόπρεμνον, ἣν κελεῦσαι τρίβοντα ἐπιτιθέναι τῷ τρωθέντι· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ὕπνου γενόμενον, μεμνημένον τῆς ὄψεως εὑρεῖν ζητοῦντα τὴν ῥίζαν πολλὴν πεφυκυῖαν καὶ χρήσασθαι καὶ αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους· ἰδόντας δὲ τοὺς βαρβάρους εὑρημένον τὸ ἀλέξημα ὑπηκόους γενέσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ. εἰκὸς δέ τινα μηνῦσαι τῶν εἰδότων, τὸ δὲ μυθῶδες προσετέθη κολακείας χάριν. ἐλθὼν δʼ εἰς τὸ βασίλειον τῶν Γεδρωσίων ἑξηκοσταῖος ἀπὸ Ὠρῶν, διαναπαύσας τὰ πλήθη μικρόν, ἀπῆρεν εἰς τὴν Καρμανίαν.
There was a plant resembling the laurel, which if eaten by the beasts of burden caused them to die of epilepsy, accompanied with foaming at the mouth. A thorn also, the fruit of which, like gourds, strewed the ground, and was full of a juice; if drops of it fell into the eyes of any kind of animal it became completely blind. Many persons were suffocated by eating unripe dates. Danger also was to be apprehended from serpents; for on the sand-hills there grew a plant, underneath which they crept and hid themselves. The persons wounded by them died.
The Oritae, it was said, smeared the points of their arrows, which were of wood hardened in the fire, with deadly poisons. When Ptolemy was wounded and in danger of his life a person appeared in a dream to Alexander, and showed him a root with leaves and branches, which he told him to bruise and place upon the wound. Alexander awoke from his dream, and remembering the vision, searched and found the root growing in abundance, of which both he and others made use; when the Barbarians perceived that the antidote for the poison was discovered, they surrendered to the king. It is probable, however, that some one acquainted with the plant informed the king of its virtues, and that the fabulous part of the story was invented for the purpose of flattery.
Having arrived at the palace of the Gedrosii on the sixtieth day after leaving the Ori, and allowed his army a short period of rest, he set out for Carmania.
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