δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα περὶ τῶν ποταμῶν εἰπεῖν ὅσα πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν χρήσιμα καὶ ὅσων ἱστορίαν παρειλήφαμεν. ἄλλως τε γὰρ οἱ ποταμοὶ φυσικοί τινες ὅροι καὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ σχημάτων τῆς χώρας ὄντες ἐπιτηδειότητα πολλὴν παρέχουσι πρὸς ὅλην τὴν νῦν ὑπόθεσιν. ὁ δὲ Νεῖλος καὶ οἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν πλεονέκτημά τι ἔχουσι παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους διὰ τὸ τὴν χώραν ἀοίκητον εἶναι χωρὶς αὐτῶν, πλωτὴν ἅμα καὶ γεωργήσιμον οὖσαν, καὶ μήτʼ ἐφοδεύεσθαι δυναμένην ἄλλως μήτʼ οἰκεῖσθαι τὸ παράπαν. τοὺς μὲν οὖν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν καταφερομένους ἱστοροῦμεν τοὺς ἀξίους μνήμης καὶ τὰς χώρας, διʼ ὧν ἡ φορά, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ἐστὶν ἄγνοια πλείων ἢ γνῶσις. Ἀλέξανδρος γὰρ ὁ μάλιστα ταῦτʼ ἀνακαλύψας κατʼ ἀρχὰς μέν, ἡνίκα οἱ Δαρεῖον δολοφονήσαντες ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς Βακτριανῆς ἀπόστασιν, ἔγνω προυργιαίτατον ὂν διώκειν καὶ καταλύειν ἐκείνους. ἧκε μὲν οὖν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πλησίον διʼ Ἀριανῶν, ἀφεὶς δʼ αὐτὴν ἐν δεξιᾷ ὑπερέβη τὸν Παροπάμισον εἰς τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη καὶ τὴν Βακτριανήν· καταστρεψάμενος δὲ τἀκεῖ πάντα ὅσα ἦν ὑπὸ Πέρσαις καὶ ἔτι πλείω, τότʼ ἤδη καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ὠρέχθη, λεγόντων μὲν περὶ αὐτῆς πολλῶν οὐ σαφῶς δέ. ἀνέστρεψε δʼ οὖν ὑπερθεὶς τὰ αὐτὰ ὄρη κατʼ ἄλλας ὁδοὺς ἐπιτομωτέρας ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἔχων τὴν Ἰνδικήν, εἶτʼ ἐπέστρεψεν εὐθὺς ἐπʼ αὐτὴν καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς ἑσπερίους αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν Κώφην ποταμὸν καὶ τὸν Χοάσπην, ὃς εἰς τὸν Κώφην ἐμβάλλει ποταμὸν κατὰ Πλημύριον πόλιν, ῥυεὶς παρὰ * Γώρυδι ἄλλην πόλιν, καὶ διεξιὼν τήν τε Βανδοβηνὴν καὶ τὴν Γανδαρῖτιν. ἐπυνθάνετο δʼ οἰκήσιμον εἶναι μάλιστα καὶ εὔκαρπον τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ προσάρκτιον· τὴν δὲ νότιον τὴν μὲν ἄνυδρον τὴν δὲ ποταμόκλυστον καὶ τελέως ἔκπυρον, θηρίοις τε μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις σύμμετρον. ὥρμησεν οὖν τὴν ἐπαινουμένην κατακτᾶσθαι πρότερον, ἅμα καὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς εὐπερατοτέρους νομίσας τῶν πηγῶν πλησίον, οὓς ἀναγκαῖον ἦν διαβαίνειν, ἐπικαρσίους ὄντας καὶ τέμνοντας ἣν ἐπῄει γῆν. ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἤκουσεν εἰς ἓν πλείους συνιόντας ῥεῖν, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον συμβαῖνον ὅσῳ πλεῖον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν προΐοιεν, ὥστʼ εἶναι δυσπερατοτέραν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν πλοίων ἀπορίᾳ. δεδιὼς οὖν τοῦτο διέβη τὸν Κώφην, καὶ κατεστρέφετο τὴν ὀρεινὴν ὅση ἐτέτραπτο πρὸς ἕω.
We must describe these rivers in detail, with the particulars, which are useful for the purposes of geography, and which have been handed down to us by historians.
Besides this, rivers, being a kind of physical boundaries of the size and figures of countries, are of the greatest use in every part of the present work. But the Nile and the rivers in India have a superiority above the rest, because the country could not be inhabited without them. By means of the rivers it is open to navigation and capable of cultivation, when otherwise it would not be accessible, nor could it be occupied by inhabitants.
We shall speak of the rivers deserving notice, which flow into the Indus, and of the countries which they traverse; with regard to the rest we know some particulars, but are ignorant of more. Alexander, who discovered the greatest portion of this country, first of all resolved it to be more expedient to pursue and destroy those who had treacherously killed Darius, and were meditating the revolt of Bactriana. He approached India therefore through Ariana, which he left on the right hand, and crossed the Paropamisus to the northern parts, and to Bactriana. Having conquered all the country subject to the Persians, and many other places besides, he then entertained the desire of possessing India, of which he had received many, although indistinct, accounts.
He therefore returned, crossing over the same mountains by other and shorter roads, having India on the left hand; he then immediately turned towards it, and towards its western boundaries and the rivers Cophes and Choaspes. The latter river empties itself into the Cophes, near Plemyrium, after passing by another city Gorys, in its course through Bandobene and Gandaritis.
He was informed that the mountainous and northern parts were the most habitable and fertile, but that the southern part was either without water, or liable to be overflowed by rivers at one time, or entirely burnt up at another, more fit to be the haunts of wild beasts than the dwellings of men. He resolved therefore to get possession of that part of India first which had been well spoken of, considering at the same time that the rivers which it was necessary to pass, and which flowed transversely through the country which he intended to attack, would be crossed with more facility near their sources. He heard also that many of the rivers united and formed one stream, and that this more frequently occurred the farther they advanced into the country, so that from want of boats it would be more difficult to traverse. Being apprehensive of this obstruction, he crossed the Cophes, and conquered the whole of the mountainous country situated towards the east.
ἦν δὲ μετὰ τὸν Κώφην ὁ Ἰνδός, εἶθʼ ὁ Ὑδάσπης, εἶθʼ ὁ Ἀκεσίνης καὶ ὁ Ὑάρωτις, ὕστατος δʼ ὁ Ὕπανις. περαιτέρω γὰρ προελθεῖν ἐκωλύθη, τοῦτο μὲν μαντείοις τισὶ προσέχων τοῦτο δʼ ὑπὸ τῆς στρατιᾶς ἀπηγορευκυίας ἤδη πρὸς τοὺς πόνους ἀναγκασθείς· μάλιστα δʼ ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων ἔκαμνον συνεχῶς ὑόμενοι. ταῦτʼ οὖν ἐγένετο γνώριμα ἡμῖν τῶν ἑωθινῶν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μερῶν, ὅσα ἐντὸς τοῦ Ὑπάνιος, καὶ εἴ τινα προσιστόρησαν οἱ μετʼ ἐκεῖνον περαιτέρω τοῦ Ὑπάνιος προελθόντες μέχρι τοῦ Γάγγου καὶ Παλιβόθρων. μετὰ μὲν οὖν τὸν Κώφην ὁ Ἰνδὸς ῥεῖ· τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ τούτων τῶν δυεῖν ποταμῶν ἔχουσιν Ἀστακηνοί τε καὶ Μασιανοὶ καὶ Νυσαῖοι καὶ Ὑπάσιοι· εἶθʼ ἡ Ἀσσακανοῦ, ὅπου Μασόγα πόλις, τὸ βασίλειον τῆς χώρας. ἤδη δὲ πρὸς τῷ Ἰνδῷ πάλιν ἄλλη πόλις Πευκολαῖτις, πρὸς ᾗ ζεῦγμα γενηθὲν ἐπεραίωσε τὴν στρατιάν.
Next to the Cophes was the Indus, then the Hydaspes, the Acesines, the Hyarotis, and last, the Hypanis. He was prevented from proceeding farther, partly from regard to some oracles, and partly compelled by his army, which was exhausted by toil and fatigue, but whose principal distress arose from their constant exposure to rain. Hence we became acquainted with the eastern parts of India on this side the Hypanis, and whatever parts besides which have been described by those who, after Alexander, advanced beyond the Hypanis to the Ganges and Palibothra.
After the river Cophes, follows the Indus. The country lying between these two rivers is occupied by Astaceni, Masiani, Nysaei, and Hypasii. Next is the territory of Assacanus, where is the city Masoga (Massaga?), the royal residence of the country. Near the Indus is another city, Peucolaïtis. At this place a bridge which was constructed afforded a passage for the army.
μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου Τάξιλα ἔστι πόλις μεγάλη καὶ εὐνομωτάτη, καὶ ἡ περικειμένη χώρα συχνὴ καὶ σφόδρα εὐδαίμων, ἤδη συνάπτουσα καὶ τοῖς πεδίοις. ἐδέξαντό τε δὴ φιλανθρώπως τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς αὐτῶν Ταξίλης· ἔτυχόν τε πλειόνων ἢ αὐτοὶ παρέσχον, ὥστε φθονεῖν τοὺς Μακεδόνας καὶ λέγειν ὡς οὐκ εἶχεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, Ἀλέξανδρος οὓς εὐεργετήσει πρὶν ἢ διέβη τὸν Ἰνδόν. φασὶ δʼ εἶναί τινες τὴν χώραν ταύτην Αἰγύπτου μείζονα. ὑπὲρ δὲ ταύτης ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἡ τοῦ Ἀβισάρου χώρα, παρʼ ᾧ δύο δράκοντας ἀπήγγελλον οἱ παρʼ αὐτοῦ πρέσβεις τρέφεσθαι, τὸν μὲν ὀγδοήκοντα πηχῶν τὸν δὲ τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν, ὡς εἴρηκεν Ὀνησίκριτος, ὃν οὐκ Ἀλεξάνδρου μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν παραδόξων ἀρχικυβερνήτην προσείποι τις ἄν. πάντες μὲν γὰρ οἱ περὶ Ἀλέξανδρον τὸ θαυμαστὸν ἀντὶ τἀληθοῦς ἀπεδέχοντο μᾶλλον, ὑπερβάλλεσθαι δὲ δοκεῖ τοὺς τοσούτους ἐκεῖνος τῇ τερατολογίᾳ· λέγει δʼ οὖν τινα καὶ πιθανὰ καὶ μνήμης ἄξια ὥστε καὶ ἀπιστοῦντα μὴ παρελθεῖν αὐτά. περὶ δʼ οὖν τῶν δρακόντων καὶ ἄλλοι λέγουσιν ὅτι ἐν τοῖς Ἠμωδοῖς ὄρεσι θηρεύουσι καὶ τρέφουσιν ἐν σπηλαίοις.
Between the Indus and the Hydaspes is Taxila, a large city, and governed by good laws. The neighbouring country is crowded with inhabitants and very fertile, and here unites with the plains. The people and their king Taxiles received Alexander with kindness, and obtained in return more presents than they had offered to Alexander; so that the Macedonians became jealous, and observed, that it seemed as if Alexander had found none on whom he could confer favours before he passed the Indus. Some writers say that this country is larger than Egypt.
Above this country among the mountains is the territory of Abisarus, who, as the ambassadors that came from him reported, kept two serpents, one of 80, and the other, according to Onesicritus, of 140 cubits in length. This writer may as well be called the master fabulist as the master pilot of Alexander. For all those who accompanied Alexander preferred the marvellous to the true, but this writer seems to have surpassed all in his description of prodigies. Some things, however, he relates which are probable and worthy of record, and will not be passed over in silence even by one who does not believe their correctness.
Other writers also mention the hunting of serpents in the Emodi mountains, and the keeping and feeding of them in caves.
μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου καὶ τοῦ Ἀκεσίνου ἥ τε τοῦ Πώρου ἐστί, πολλὴ καὶ ἀγαθή, σχεδόν τι καὶ τριακοσίων πόλεων, καὶ ἡ πρὸς τοῖς Ἠμωδοῖς ὄρεσιν ὕλη, ἐξ ἧς Ἀλέξανδρος κατήγαγε τῷ Ὑδάσπῃ κόψας ἐλάτην τε πολλὴν καὶ πεύκην καὶ κέδρον καὶ ἄλλα παντοῖα στελέχη ναυπηγήσιμα, ἐξ ὧν στόλον κατεσκευάσατο ἐπὶ τῷ Ὑδάσπῃ πρὸς ταῖς ἐκτισμέναις ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ πόλεσιν ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ὅπου τὸν Πῶρον ἐνίκα διαβάς· ὧν τὴν μὲν Βουκεφαλίαν ὠνόμασεν ἀπὸ τοῦ πεσόντος ἵππου κατὰ τὴν μάχην τὴν πρὸς τὸν Πῶρον (ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Βουκεφάλας ἀπὸ τοῦ πλάτους τοῦ μετώπου· πολεμιστὴς δʼ ἦν ἀγαθός, καὶ ἀεὶ τούτῳ ἐκέχρητο κατὰ τοὺς ἀγῶνας), τὴν δὲ Νίκαιαν ἀπὸ τῆς νίκης ἐκάλεσεν. ἐν δὲ τῇ λεχθείσῃ ὕλῃ καὶ τὸ τῶν κερκοπιθήκων διηγοῦνται πλῆθος ὑπερβάλλον καὶ τὸ μέγεθος ὁμοίως· ὥστε τοὺς Μακεδόνας ποτὲ ἰδόντας ἔν τισιν ἀκρολοφίαις ψιλαῖς ἑστῶτας ἐν τάξει κατὰ μέτωπον πολλοὺς (καὶ γὰρ ἀνθρωπονούστατον εἶναι τὸ ζῷον, οὐχ ἧττον τῶν ἐλεφάντων) στρατοπέδου λαβεῖν φαντασίαν καὶ ὁρμῆσαι μὲν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ὡς πολεμίους, μαθόντας δὲ παρὰ Ταξίλου συνόντος τότε τῷ βασιλεῖ τὴν ἀλήθειαν παύσασθαι. ἡ δὲ θήρα τοῦ ζῴου διττή· μιμητικὸν δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ δένδρα ἀναφευκτικόν· οἱ οὖν θηρεύοντες, ἐπὰν ἴδωσιν ἐπὶ δένδρων ἱδρυμένον, ἐν ὄψει θέντες τρύβλιον ὕδωρ ἔχον τοὺς ἑαυτῶν ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐναλείφουσιν ἐξ αὐτοῦ· εἶτʼ ἀντὶ τοῦ ὕδατος ἰξοῦ τρύβλιον θέντες ἀπίασι καὶ λοχῶσι πόρρωθεν· ἐπὰν δὲ καταπηδῆσαν τὸ θηρίον ἐγχρίσηται τοῦ ἰξοῦ, * καταμύσαντος δʼ ἀποληφθῇ τὰ βλέφαρα, ἐπιόντες ζωγροῦσιν. εἷς μὲν οὖν τρόπος οὗτος, ἄλλος δέ· ὑποδυσάμενοι θυλάκους ὡς ἀναξυρίδας ἀπίασιν, ἄλλους καταλιπόντες δασεῖς τὰ ἐντὸς κεχρισμένους ἰξῷ· ἐνδύντας δὲ εἰς αὐτοὺς ῥᾳδίως αἱροῦσι.
Between the Hydaspes and Acesines is the country of Porus, an extensive and fertile district, containing nearly three hundred cities. Here also is the forest in the neighbourhood of the Emodi mountains in which Alexander cut down a large quantity of fir, pine, cedar, and a variety of other trees fit for ship-building, and brought the timber down the Hydaspes. With this he constructed a fleet on the Hydaspes, near the cities, which he built on each side of the river where he had crossed it and conquered Porus. One of these cities he called Bucephalia, from the horse Bucephalus, which was killed in the battle with Porus. The name Bucephalus was given to it from the breadth of its forehead. He was an excellent war-horse, and Alexander constantly rode him in battle.
The other city he called Nicaea from the victory, νικη (Nice), which he had obtained.
In the forest before mentioned it is said there is a vast number of monkeys, and as large as they are numerous. On one occasion the Macedonians, seeing a body of them standing in array opposite to them, on some bare eminences, (for this animal is not less intelligent than the elephant,) and presenting the appearance of an army, prepared to attack them as real enemies, but being informed by Taxiles, who was then with the king, of the real fact, they desisted.
The chase of this animal is conducted in two different manners. It is an imitative creature, and takes refuge up among the trees. The hunters, when they perceive a monkey seated on a tree, place in sight a basin containing water, with which they wash their own eyes; then, instead of water, they put a basin of bird-lime, go away, and lie in wait at a distance. The animal leaps down, and besmears itself with the bird-lime, and when it winks, the eyelids are fastened together; the hunters then come upon it, and take it.
The other method of capturing them is as follows: the hunters dress themselves in bags like trowsers, and go away, leaving behind them others which are downy, with the inside smeared over with bird-lime. The monkeys put them on, and are easily taken.
καὶ τὴν Κάθαιαν δέ τινες τὴν Σωπείθους, τῶν νομαρχῶν τινος, κατὰ τήνδε τὴν μεσοποταμίαν τιθέασιν· ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ τοῦ Ἀκεσίνου πέραν καὶ τοῦ Ὑαρώτιδος, ὅμορον τῇ Πώρου τοῦ ἑτέρου, ὃς ἦν ἀνεψιὸς τοῦ ὑπʼ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἁλόντος· καλοῦσι δὲ Γανδαρίδα τὴν ὑπὸ τούτῳ χώραν. ἐν δὲ τῇ Καθαίᾳ καινότατον ἱστορεῖται τὸ περὶ τοῦ κάλλους ὅτι τιμᾶται διαφερόντως, ὡς ἵππων καὶ κυνῶν· βασιλέα τε γὰρ τὸν κάλλιστον αἱρεῖσθαί φησιν Ὀνησίκριτος, γενόμενόν τε παιδίον μετὰ δίμηνον κρίνεσθαι δημοσίᾳ πότερον ἔχοι τὴν ἔννομον μορφὴν καὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἀξίαν ἢ οὔ, κριθέντα δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀποδειχθέντος ἄρχοντος ζῆν ἢ θανατοῦσθαι· βάπτεσθαί τε πολλοῖς εὐανθεστάτοις χρώμασι τοὺς πώγωνας αὐτοῦ τούτου χάριν καλλωπιζομένους· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἄλλους ποιεῖν ἐπιμελῶς συχνοὺς τῶν Ἰνδῶν (καὶ γὰρ δὴ φέρειν τὴν χώραν χρόας θαυμαστάς) καὶ θριξὶ καὶ ἐσθῆσι· τοὺς δʼ ἀνθρώπους τὰ ἄλλα μὲν εὐτελεῖς εἶναι φιλοκόσμους δέ. ἴδιον δὲ τῶν Καθαίων καὶ τοῦτο ἱστορεῖται τὸ αἱρεῖσθαι νυμφίον καὶ νύμφην ἀλλήλους καὶ τὸ συγκατακαίεσθαι τεθνεῶσι τοῖς ἀνδράσι τὰς γυναῖκας κατὰ τοιαύτην αἰτίαν, ὅτι ἐρῶσαί ποτε τῶν νέων ἀφίσταιντο τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἢ φαρμακεύοιεν αὐτούς· νόμον οὖν θέσθαι τοῦτον ὡς παυσομένης τῆς φαρμακείας· οὐ πιθανῶς μὲν οὖν ὁ νόμος οὐδʼ ἡ αἰτία λέγεται. φασὶ δʼ ἐν τῇ Σωπείθους χώρᾳ ὀρυκτῶν ἁλῶν ὄρος εἶναι ἀρκεῖν δυνάμενον ὅλῃ τῇ Ἰνδικῇ· καὶ χρυσεῖα δὲ καὶ ἀργυρεῖα οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν ἐν ἄλλοις ὄρεσιν ἱστορεῖται καλά, ὡς ἐδήλωσε Γόργος ὁ μεταλλευτής. οἱ δʼ Ἰνδοὶ μεταλλείας καὶ χωνείας ἀπείρως ἔχοντες οὐδʼ ὧν εὐποροῦσιν ἴσασιν, ἀλλʼ ἁπλούστερον μεταχειρίζονται τὸ πρᾶγμα.
Some writers place Cathaia and the country of Sopeithes, one of the nomarchs, in the tract between the rivers (Hydaspes and Acesines); some, on the other side of the Acesines and of the Hyarotis, on the confines of the territory of the other Porus, the nephew of Porus who was taken prisoner by Alexander, and call the country subject to him Gandaris.
A very singular usage is related of the high estimation in which the inhabitants of Cathaia hold the quality of beauty, which they extend to horses and dogs. According to Onesicritus, they elect the handsomest person as king. The child (selected), two months after birth, undergoes a public inspection, and is examined. They determine whether it has the amount of beauty required by law, and whether it is worthy to be permitted to live. The presiding magistrate then pronounces whether it is to be allowed to live, or whether it is to be put to death.
They dye their heads with various and the most florid colours, for the purpose of improving their appearance. This custom prevails elsewhere among many of the Indians, who pay great attention to their hair and dress; and the country produces colours of great beauty. In other respects the people are frugal, but are fond of ornament.
A peculiar custom is related of the Cathaei. The bride and the husband are respectively the choice of each other, and the wives burn themselves with their deceased husbands. The reason assigned for this practice is, that the women sometimes fell in love with young men, and deserted or poisoned their husbands. This law was therefore established in order to check the practice of administering poison; but neither the existence nor the origin of the law are probable facts.
It is said, that in the territory of Sopeithes there is a mountain composed of fossile salt, sufficient for the whole of India. Valuable mines also both of gold and silver are situated, it is said, not far off among other mountains, according to the testimony of Gorgus, the miner (of Alexander). The Indians, unacquainted with mining and smelting, are ignorant of their own wealth, and therefore traffic with greater simplicity.
Ἐν δὲ τῇ Σωπείθους καὶ τὰς τῶν κυνῶν ἀρετὰς διηγοῦνται θαυμαστάς· λαβεῖν γοῦν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον παρὰ τοῦ Σωπείθους κύνας πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν· διαπείρας δὲ χάριν λέοντι προσαφέντας δύο, κρατουμένων αὐτῶν, δύο ἄλλους ἐπαφεῖναι· τότε δʼ ἤδη καθεστώτων εἰς ἀντίπαλα τὸν μὲν Σωπείθη κελεῦσαι τῶν κυνῶν ἕνα ἀποσπᾶν τοῦ σκέλους τινὰ λαβόμενον, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ὑπακούῃ ἀποτεμεῖν· τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὐ συγχωρεῖν ἀποτεμεῖν φειδόμενον τοῦ κυνός, εἰπόντος δʼ ὅτι τέτταρας ἀντιδώσω σοι, συγχωρῆσαι καὶ τὸν κύνα περιιδεῖν ἀποτμηθέντα τὸ σκέλος βραδείᾳ τομῇ πρὶν ἀνεῖναι τὸ δῆγμα.
The dogs in the territory of Sopeithes are said to possess remarkable courage: Alexander received from Sopeithes a present of one hundred and fifty of them. To prove them, two were set at a lion; when these were mastered, two others were set on; when the battle became equal, Sopeithes ordered a man to seize one of the dogs by the leg, and to drag him away; or to cut off his leg, if he still held on. Alexander at first refused his consent to the dog’s leg being cut off, as he wished to save the dog. But on Sopeithes saying, I will give you four in the place of it, Alexander consented; and he saw the dog permit his leg to be cut off by a slow incision, rather than loose his hold.
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