̔η μὲν οὖν μέχρι τοῦ Ὑδάσπου ὁδὸς τὸ πλέον ἦν ἐπὶ μεσημβρίαν, ἡ δʼ ἐνθένδε πρὸς ἕω μᾶλλον μέχρι τοῦ Ὑπάνιος, ἅπασα δὲ τῆς ὑπωρείας μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πεδίων ἐχομένη. ὁ δʼ οὖν Ἀλέξανδρος ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑπάνιος ἀναστρέψας ἐπὶ τὸν Ὑδάσπην καὶ τὸν ναύσταθμον ἠρτικρότει τὸν στόλον, εἶτʼ ἔπλει τῷ Ὑδάσπῃ. πάντες δʼ οἱ λεχθέντες ποταμοὶ συμβάλλουσιν εἰς ἕνα τὸν Ἰνδόν, ὕστατος δʼ ὁ Ὕπανις· πεντεκαίδεκα δὲ τοὺς σύμπαντας συρρεῖν φασι τούς γε ἀξιολόγους· πληρωθεὶς δʼ ἐκ πάντων ὥστε καὶ ἐφʼ ἑκατὸν σταδίους, ὡς οἱ μὴ μετριάζοντές φασιν, εὐρύνεσθαι κατά τινας τόπους, ὡς δʼ οἱ μετριώτεροι, πεντήκοντα τὸ πλεῖστον ἐλάχιστον δὲ ἑπτά, ἔπειτα δυσὶ στόμασιν εἰς τὴν νοτίαν ἐκδίδωσι θάλατταν καὶ τὴν Παταληνὴν προσαγορευομένην ποιεῖ νῆσον. ταύτην δʼ ἔσχε τὴν διάνοιαν Ἀλέξανδρος, ἀφεὶς τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη πρῶτον μὲν διὰ τὸ κωλυθῆναι διαβῆναι τὸν Ὕπανιν, ἔπειτα καὶ ψευδῆ καταμαθὼν τῇ πείρᾳ τὸν προκατέχοντα λόγον ὡς ἔκπυρα εἴη καὶ θηρίοις μᾶλλον οἰκήσιμα τὰ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις ἢ ἀνθρωπείῳ γένει· διόπερ ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ ταῦτα ἀφεὶς ἐκεῖνα, ὥστε καὶ ἐγνώσθη ταῦτα ἀντʼ ἐκείνων ἐπὶ πλέον.
The direction of the march, as far as the Hydaspes, was for the most part towards the south. After that, to the Hypanis, it was more towards the east. The whole of it, however, was much nearer to the country lying at the foot of the mountains than to the plains. Alexander therefore, when he returned from the Hypanis to the Hydaspes and the station of his vessels, prepared his fleet, and set sail on the Hydaspes.
All the rivers which have been mentioned (the last of which is the Hypanis) unite in one, the Indus. It is said that there are altogether fifteen considerable rivers which flow into the Indus. After the Indus has been filled by all these rivers, so as to be enlarged in some places to the extent of a hundred stadia, according to writers who exaggerate, or, according to a more moderate estimate, to fifty stadia at the utmost, and at the least to seven, [and who speak of many nations and cities about this river,] it discharges itself by two mouths into the southern sea, and forms the island called Patalene.
Alexander’s intention was to relinquish the march towards the parts situated to the east, first, because he was prevented from crossing the Hypanis; next, because he learnt by experience the falsehood of the reports previously received, to the effect that the plains were burnt up with fire, and more fit for the haunts of wild beasts than for the habitation of man. He therefore set out in this direction, relinquishing the other track; so that these parts became better known than the other.
̔η μὲν οὖν μεταξὺ τοῦ Ὑπάνιος καὶ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου λέγεται ἐννέα ἔχειν ἔθνη, πόλεις δὲ εἰς πεντακισχιλίας οὐκ ἐλάττους Κῶ τῆς Μεροπίδος· δοκεῖ δὲ πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν εἰρῆσθαι τὸ πλῆθος· ἡ δὲ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου εἴρηται σχεδόν τι ὑφʼ ὧν οἰκεῖται τῶν ἀξίων μνήμης. κάτω δʼ ἑξῆς εἰσιν οἵ τε Σίβαι λεγόμενοι, περὶ ὧν καὶ πρότερον ἐμνήσθημεν, καὶ Μαλλοὶ καὶ Συδράκαι μεγάλα ἔθνη· καὶ Μαλλοὶ μὲν παρʼ οἷς ἀποθανεῖν ἐκινδύνευσεν Ἀλέξανδρος τρωθεὶς ἐν ἁλώσει πολίχνης τινός, Συδράκαι δὲ οὓς τοῦ Διονύσου συγγενεῖς ἔφαμεν μεμυθεῦσθαι. πρὸς αὐτῇ δʼ ἤδη τῇ Παταληνῇ τήν τε τοῦ Μουσικανοῦ λέγουσι καὶ τὴν Σάβου, τὰ Σινδόμανα, καὶ ἔτι τὴν Πορτικανοῦ καὶ ἄλλων ὧν ἐκράτησεν ἁπάντων Ἀλέξανδρος, τὴν τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ παροικούντων ποταμίαν, ὑστάτης δὲ τῆς Παταληνῆς ἣν ὁ Ἰνδὸς ποιεῖ σχισθεὶς εἰς δύο προχοάς. Ἀριστόβουλος μὲν οὖν εἰς χιλίους σταδίους διέχειν ἀλλήλων φησὶν αὐτάς, Νέαρχος δʼ ὀκτακοσίους προστίθησιν, Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ τὴν πλευρὰν ἑκάστην τῆς ἀπολαμβανομένης νήσου τριγώνου τὸ σχῆμα δισχιλίων, τοῦ δὲ ποταμοῦ τὸ πλάτος καθʼ ὃ σχίζεται εἰς τὰ στόματα ὅσον διακοσίων· καλεῖ δὲ τὴν νῆσον Δέλτα καί φησιν ἴσην εἶναι τοῦ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον Δέλτα, οὐκ ἀληθὲς τοῦτο λέγων. τὸ γὰρ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον Δέλτα χιλίων καὶ τριακοσίων λέγεται σταδίων ἔχειν τὴν βάσιν, τὰς δὲ πλευρὰς ἑκατέραν ἐλάττω τῆς βάσεως. ἐν δὲ τῇ Παταληνῇ πόλις ἐστὶν ἀξιόλογος τὰ Πάταλα, ἀφʼ ἧς καὶ ἡ νῆσος καλεῖται.
The territory lying between the Hypanis and the Hydaspes is said to contain nine nations and five thousand cities, not less in size than Cos Meropis; but the number seems to be exaggerated. We have already mentioned nearly all the nations deserving of notice, which inhabit the country situated between the Indus and the Hydaspes.
Below, and next in order, are the people called Sibae, whom we formerly mentioned, and the great nations, the Malli and Sydracae (Oxydracae). It was among the Malli that Alexander was in danger of losing his life, from a wound he received at the capture of a small city. The Sydracae, we have said, are fabled to be allied to Bacchus.
Near Patalene is placed the country of Musicanus, that of Sabus, whose capital is Sindomana, that of Porticanus, and of other princes who inhabited the country on the banks of the Indus. They were all conquered by Alexander; last of all he made himself master of Patalene, which is formed by the two branches of the Indus. Aristobulus says that these two branches are distant 1000 stadia from each other. Nearchus adds 800 stadia more to this number. Onesicritus reckons each side of the included island, which is of a triangular shape, at 2000 stadia; and the breadth of the river, where it is separated into two mouths, at about 200 stadia. He calls the island Delta, and says that it is as large as the Delta of Egypt; but this is a mistake. For the Egyptian Delta is said to have a base of 1300 stadia, and each of the sides to be less than the base. In Patalene is Patala, a considerable city, from which the island has its name.
φησὶ δʼ Ὀνησίκριτος τὴν πλείστην παραλίαν τὴν ταύτῃ πολὺ τὸ τεναγῶδες ἔχειν καὶ μάλιστα κατὰ τὰ στόματα τῶν ποταμῶν διά τε τὴν χοῦν καὶ τὰς πλημμυρίδας καὶ τὸ μὴ πνεῖν ἀπογαίους ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τῶν πελαγίων ἀνέμων κατέχεσθαι τούτους τοὺς τόπους τὸ πλέον. λέγει δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς Μουσικανοῦ χώρας ἐπὶ πλέον ἐγκωμιάζων αὐτήν, ὧν τινα κοινὰ καὶ ἄλλοις Ἰνδοῖς ἱστόρηται, ὡς τὸ μακρόβιον ὥστε καὶ τριάκοντα ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑκατὸν προσλαμβάνειν (καὶ γὰρ τοὺς Σῆρας ἔτι τούτων μακροβιωτέρους τινές φασι) καὶ τὸ λιτόβιον καὶ τὸ ὑγιεινόν, καίπερ τῆς χώρας ἀφθονίαν ἁπάντων ἐχούσης. ἴδιον δὲ τὸ συσσίτιά τινα Λακωνικὰ αὐτοῖς εἶναι δημοσίᾳ σιτουμένων ὄψα δʼ ἐκ θήρας ἐχόντων, καὶ τὸ χρυσῷ μὴ χρῆσθαι μηδʼ ἀργύρῳ μετάλλων ὄντων, καὶ τὸ ἀντὶ δούλων τοῖς ἐν ἀκμῇ χρῆσθαι νέοις, ὡς Κρῆτες μὲν τοῖς Ἀφαμιώταις Λάκωνες δὲ τοῖς Εἴλωσι· μὴ ἀκριβοῦν δὲ τὰς ἐπιστήμας πλὴν ἰατρικῆς· ἐπί τινων γὰρ κακουργίαν εἶναι τὴν ἐπὶ πλέον ἄσκησιν, οἷον ἐπὶ τῆς πολεμικῆς καὶ τῶν ὁμοίων· δίκην δὲ μὴ εἶναι πλὴν φόνου καὶ ὕβρεως· οὐκ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ γὰρ τὸ μὴ παθεῖν ταῦτα, τὰ δʼ ἐν τοῖς συμβολαίοις ἐπʼ αὐτῷ ἑκάστῳ, ὥστε ἀνέχεσθαι δεῖ ἐάν τις παραβῇ τὴν πίστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσέχειν ὅτῳ πιστευτέον, καὶ μὴ δικῶν πληροῦν τὴν πόλιν.
Onesicritus says, that the greatest part of the coast in this quarter abounds with swamps, particularly at the mouths of the river, which is owing to the mud, the tides, and the want of land breezes; for these parts are chiefly under the influence of winds blowing from the sea.
He expatiates also in praise of the country of Musicanus, and relates of the inhabitants what is common to other Indian tribes, that they are long-lived, and that life is protracted even to the age of 130 years, (the Seres, however, are said by some writers to be still longer lived,) that they are temperate in their habits and healthy; although the country produces everything in abundance.
The following are their peculiarities : to have a kind of Lacedaemonian common meal, where they eat in public. Their food consists of what is taken in the chase. They make no use of gold nor silver, although they have mines of these metals. Instead of slaves, they employed youths in the flower of their age, as the Cretans employ the Aphamiotae, and the Lacedaemonians the Helots. They study no science with attention but that of medicine; for they consider the excessive pursuit of some arts, as that of war, and the like, to be committing evil. There is no process at law but against murder and outrage, for it is not in a person’s own power to escape either one or the other; but as contracts are in the power of each individual, he must endure the wrong, if good faith is violated by another; for a man should be cautious whom he trusts, and not disturb the city with constant disputes in courts of justice.
Such are the accounts of the persons who accompanied Alexander in his expedition.
ταῦτα μὲν οἱ μετʼ Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατεύσαντες λέγουσιν. ἐκδέδοται δέ τις καὶ Κρατεροῦ πρὸς τὴν μητέρα Ἀριστοπάτραν ἐπιστολὴ πολλά τε ἄλλα παράδοξα φράζουσα καὶ οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσα οὐδενὶ καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ μέχρι τοῦ Γάγγου προελθεῖν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον· αὐτός τέ φησιν ἰδεῖν τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ * κήτη τὰ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ καὶ μέγεθος καὶ πλάτους καὶ βάθους πόρρω πίστεως μᾶλλον ἢ ἐγγύς. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ μέγιστος τῶν μνημονευομένων κατὰ τὰς τρεῖς ἠπείρους καὶ μετʼ αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰνδός, τρίτος δὲ καὶ τέταρτος ὁ Ἴστρος καὶ ὁ Νεῖλος, ἱκανῶς συμφωνεῖται· τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα δʼ ἄλλοι ἄλλως περὶ αὐτοῦ λέγουσιν, οἱ μὲν τριάκοντα σταδίων τοὐλάχιστον πλάτος οἱ δὲ καὶ τριῶν, Μεγασθένης δέ, ὅταν ᾖ μέτριος, καὶ εἰς ἑκατὸν εὐρύνεσθαι, βάθος δὲ εἴκοσιν ὀργυιῶν τοὐλάχιστον.
A letter of Craterus to his mother Aristopatra is circulated, which contains many other singular circumstances, and differs from every other writer, particularly in saying that Alexander advanced as far as the Ganges. Craterus says, that he himself saw the river, and the whales which it produces, and [his account] of its magnitude, breadth, and depth, far exceeds, rather than approximates, probability. For that the Ganges is the largest of known rivers in the three continents, it is generally agreed; next to this is the Indus; and, thirdly, the Danube; and, fourthly, the Nile. But different authors differ in their account of it, some assigning 30, others 3 stadia, as the least breadth. But Megasthenes says that its ordinary width is 100 stadia, and its least depth twenty orguiae.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ συμβολῇ τούτου τε καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου ποταμοῦ τὰ Παλίβοθρα ἱδρῦσθαι σταδίων ὀγδοήκοντα τὸ μῆκος πλάτος δὲ πεντεκαίδεκα ἐν παραλληλογράμμῳ σχήματι, ξύλινον περίβολον ἔχουσαν κατατετρημένον ὥστε διὰ τῶν ὀπῶν τοξεύειν· προκεῖσθαι δὲ καὶ τάφρον φυλακῆς τε χάριν καὶ ὑποδοχῆς τῶν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀπορροιῶν. τὸ δʼ ἔθνος ἐν ᾧ ἡ πόλις αὕτη καλεῖσθαι Πρασίους, διαφορώτατον τῶν πάντων· τὸν δὲ βασιλεύοντα ἐπώνυμον δεῖν τῆς πόλεως εἶναι, Παλίβοθρον καλούμενον πρὸς τῷ ἰδίῳ τῷ ἐκ γενετῆς ὀνόματι, καθάπερ τὸν Σανδρόκοττον, πρὸς ὃν ἧκεν ὁ Μεγασθένης πεμφθείς. τοιοῦτο δὲ καὶ τὸ παρὰ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις· Ἀρσάκαι γὰρ καλοῦνται πάντες, ἰδίᾳ δὲ ὁ μὲν Ὀρώδης ὁ δὲ Φραάτης ὁ δʼ ἄλλο τι.
At the confluence of the Ganges and of another river (the Erannoboas) is situated (the city) Palibothra, in length 80, and in breadth 15 stadia. It is in the shape of a parallelogram, surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with openings through which arrows may be discharged. In front is a ditch, which serves the purpose of defence and of a sewer for the city. The people in whose country the city is situated are the most distinguished of all the tribes, and are called Prasii. The king, besides his family name, has the surname of Palibothrus, as the king to whom Megasthenes was sent on an embassy had the name of Sandrocottus.
Such also is the custom among the Parthians; for all have the name Arsacae, although each has his peculiar name of Orodes, Phraates, or some other appellation.
Ἀρίστη δʼ ὁμολογεῖται πᾶσα ἡ τοῦ Ὑπάνιος πέραν· οὐκ ἀκριβοῦνται δέ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν καὶ τὸν ἐκτοπισμὸν λέγεται πάντʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον ἢ τὸ τερατωδέστερον· οἷα τὰ τῶν χρυσωρύχων μυρμήκων καὶ ἄλλων θηρίων τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἰδιομόρφων καὶ δυνάμεσί τισιν ἐξηλλαγμένων, ὡς τοὺς Σῆρας μακροβίους φασὶ πέρα καὶ διακοσίων ἐτῶν παρατείνοντας. λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἀριστοκρατικήν τινα σύνταξιν πολιτείας αὐτόθι ἐκ πεντακισχιλίων βουλευτῶν συνεστῶσαν, ὧν ἕκαστον παρέχεσθαι τῷ κοινῷ ἐλέφαντα. καὶ τίγρεις δʼ ἐν τοῖς Πρασίοις φησὶν ὁ Μεγασθένης μεγίστους γίνεσθαι, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ διπλασίους λεόντων, δυνατοὺς δὲ ὥστε τῶν ἡμέρων τινὰ ἀγόμενον ὑπὸ τεττάρων τῷ ὀπισθίῳ σκέλει δραξάμενον ἡμιόνου βιάσασθαι καὶ ἑλκύσαι πρὸς ἑαυτόν. κερκοπιθήκους δὲ μείζους τῶν μεγίστων κυνῶν, λευκοὺς πλὴν τοῦ προσώπου, τοῦτο δʼ εἶναι μέλαν, παρʼ ἄλλοις δʼ ἀνάπαλιν· τὰς δὲ κέρκους μείζους δυεῖν πηχέων· ἡμερωτάτους δὲ καὶ οὐ κακοήθεις περὶ ἐπιθέσεις καὶ κλοπάς. λίθους δʼ ὀρύττεσθαι λιβανόχρους γλυκυτέρους σύκων ἢ μέλιτος. ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ διπήχεις ὄφεις ὑμενοπτέρους ὥσπερ αἱ νυκτερίδες· καὶ τούτους δὲ νύκτωρ πέτεσθαι, σταλαγμοὺς ἀφιέντας οὔρων, τοὺς δὲ ἱδρώτων, διασήποντας τὸν χρῶτα τοῦ μὴ φυλαξαμένου· καὶ σκορπίους εἶναι πτηνούς, ὑπερβάλλοντας μεγέθεσι· φύεσθαι δὲ καὶ ἔβενον· εἶναι δὲ καὶ κύνας ἀλκίμους, οὐ πρότερον μεθιέντας τὸ δηχθὲν πρὶν εἰς τοὺς ῥώθωνας ὕδωρ καταχυθῆναι· ἐνίους δʼ ὑπὸ προθυμίας ἐν τῷ δήγματι διαστρέφεσθαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐκπίπτειν, κατασχεθῆναι δὲ καὶ λέοντα ὑπὸ κυνὸς καὶ ταῦρον, τὸν δὲ ταῦρον καὶ ἀποθανεῖν κρατούμενον τοῦ ῥύγχους πρότερον ἢ ἀφεθῆναι.
All the country on the other side of the Hypanis is allowed to be very fertile, but we have no accurate knowledge of it. Either through ignorance or from its remote situation, everything relative to it is exaggerated or partakes of the wonderful. As, for example, the stories of myrmeces (or ants), which dig up gold; of animals and men with peculiar shapes, and possessing extraordinary faculties; of the longevity of the Seres, whose lives exceed the age of two hundred years. They speak also of an aristocratical form of government, consisting of five hundred counsellors, each of whom furnishes the state with an elephant.
According to Megasthenes, the largest tigers are found among the Prasii, almost twice the size of lions, and of such strength that a tame one led by four persons seized a mule by its hinder leg, overpowered it, and dragged it to him. The monkeys are larger than the largest dogs; they are of a white colour, except the face, which is black. The contrary is observed in other places. Their tails are more than two cubits in length. They are very tame, and not of a mischievous disposition. They neither attack people, nor steal.
Stones are found there of the colour of frankincense, and sweeter than figs or honey.
In some places there are serpents of two cubits in length, with membraneous wings like bats. They fly at night, and let fall drops of urine or sweat, which occasions the skin of persons who are not on their guard to putrefy. There are also winged scorpions of great size.
Ebony grows there. There are also dogs of great courage, which do not loose their hold till water is poured into their nostrils: some of them destroy their sight, and the eyes of others even fall out, by the eagerness of their bite. Both a lion and a bull were held fast by one of these dogs. The bull was caught by the muzzle, and died before the dog could be loosened.
Ἐν δὲ τῇ ὀρεινῇ Σίλαν ποταμὸν εἶναι ᾧ μηδὲν ἐπιπλεῖ· Δημόκριτον μὲν οὖν ἀπιστεῖν ἅτε πολλὴν τῆς Ἀσίας πεπλανημένον· καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ ἀπιστεῖ, καίπερ ἀέρων ὄντων λεπτῶν οἷς οὐδὲν ἐποχεῖται πτηνόν· ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἀναφερομένων ἀτμῶν ἐπισπαστικοί τινές εἰσι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ οἷον ῥοφητικοὶ τοῦ ὑπερπετοῦς, ὡς τὸ ἤλεκτρον τοῦ ἀχύρου καὶ ἡ σιδηρῖτις τοῦ σιδήρου· τάχα δὲ καὶ καθʼ ὕδατος τοιαῦταί τινες εἶεν ἂν δυνάμεις. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν φυσιολογίας ἔχεταί τινος καὶ τῆς περὶ τῶν ὀχουμένων πραγματείας, ὥστε ἐν ἐκείνοις ἐπισκεπτέον· νυνὶ δʼ ἔτι καὶ ταῦτα προσληπτέον καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τῆς γεωγραφίας ἐγγυτέρω.
In the mountainous country is a river, the Silas, on the surface of which nothing will float. Democritus, who had travelled over a large part of Asia, disbelieves this, and Aristotle does not credit it, although atmospheres exist so rare, that no bird can sustain its flight in them. Vapours also, which ascend (from some substances), attract and absorb, as it were, whatever is flying over them; as amber attracts straw, and the magnet iron, and perhaps there may be in water a similar power.
As these matters belong to physics and to the question of floating bodies, these must be referred to them. At present we must proceed to what follows, and to the subjects more nearly relating to geography.
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