̔υπερεκπίπτων δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μυθῶδες πεντασπιθάμους ἀνθρώπους λέγει καὶ τρισπιθάμους, ὧν τινὰς ἀμύκτηρας, ἀναπνοὰς ἔχοντας μόνον δύο ὑπὲρ τοῦ στόματος· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς τρισπιθάμους πόλεμον εἶναι ταῖς γεράνοις (ὃν καὶ Ὅμηρον δηλοῦν) καὶ τοῖς πέρδιξιν, οὓς χηνομεγέθεις εἶναι· τούτους δʼ ἐκλέγειν αὐτῶν τὰ ᾠὰ καὶ φθείρειν· ἐκεῖ γὰρ ᾠοτοκεῖν τὰς γεράνους· διόπερ μηδαμοῦ μήτʼ ᾠὰ εὑρίσκεσθαι γεράνων, μήτʼ οὖν νεόττια· πλειστάκις δʼ ἐκπίπτειν γέρανον χαλκῆν ἔχουσαν ἀκίδα ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκεῖθεν πληγμάτων. ὅμοια δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν ἐνωτοκοιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἄλλων τερατωδῶν. τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἀγρίους μὴ κομισθῆναι παρὰ Σανδρόκοττον· ἀποκαρτερεῖν γάρ· ἔχειν δὲ τὰς μὲν πτέρνας πρόσθεν, τοὺς δὲ ταρσοὺς ὄπισθεν καὶ τοὺς δακτύλους. ἀστόμους δέ τινας ἀχθῆναι ἡμέρους ἀνθρώπους· οἰκεῖν δὲ περὶ τὰς πηγὰς τοῦ Γάγγου, τρέφεσθαι δʼ ἀτμοῖς ὀπτῶν κρεῶν καὶ καρπῶν καὶ ἀνθέων ὀσμαῖς, ἀντὶ τῶν στομάτων ἔχοντας ἀναπνοάς, χαλεπαίνειν δὲ τοῖς δυσώδεσι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο περιγίνεσθαι μόλις καὶ μάλιστα ἐν στρατοπέδῳ. περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων διηγεῖσθαι τοὺς φιλοσόφους, ὠκύποδάς τε ἱστοροῦντας ἵππων μᾶλλον ἀπιόντας, ἐνωτοκοίτας τε ποδήρη τὰ ὦτα ἔχοντας ὡς ἐγκαθεύδειν, ἰσχυροὺς δʼ ὥστʼ ἀνασπᾶν δένδρα καὶ ῥήττειν νευράν, μονομμάτους τε ἄλλους ὦτα μὲν ἔχοντας κυνὸς ἐν μέσῳ δὲ τῷ μετώπῳ τὸν ὀφθαλμόν, ὀρθοχαίτας, λασίους τὰ στήθη· τοὺς δὲ ἀμύκτηρας εἶναι παμφάγους ὠμοφάγους ὀλιγοχρονίους πρὸ γήρως θνήσκοντας· τοῦ δὲ στόματος τὸ ἄνω προχειλότερον εἶναι πολύ. περὶ δὲ τῶν χιλιετῶν Ὑπερβορέων τὰ αὐτὰ λέγει Σιμωνίδῃ καὶ Πινδάρῳ καὶ ἄλλοις μυθολόγοις. μῦθος δὲ καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ Τιμαγένους λεχθὲν ὅτι χαλκὸς ὕοιτο σταλαγμοῖς χαλκοῖς καὶ σύροιτο. ἐγγυτέρω δὲ πίστεώς φησιν ὁ Μεγασθένης ὅτι οἱ ποταμοὶ καταφέροιεν ψῆγμα χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ φόρος ἀπάγοιτο τῷ βασιλεῖ· τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ συμβαίνει.
He then deviates into fables, and says that there are men of five, and even three spans in height, some of whom are without nostrils, with only two breathing orifices above the mouth. Those of three spans in height wage war with the cranes (described by Homer) and with the partridges, which are as large as geese; these people collect and destroy the eggs of the cranes which lay their eggs there; and nowhere else are the eggs or the young cranes to be found; frequently a crane escapes from this country with a brazen point of a weapon in its body, wounded by these people.
Similar to this is the account of the Enotocoitae, of the wild men, and of other monsters. The wild men could not be brought to Sandrocottus, for they died by abstaining from food. Their heels are in front, the instep and toes are turned backwards. Some have been taken, which had no mouths, and were tame. They live near the sources of the Ganges, and are supported by the smell of dressed meat and the fragrance of fruits and flowers, having instead of mouths orifices through which they breathe. They are distressed by strong-smelling substances, and therefore their lives are sustained with difficulty, particularly in a camp.
With respect to the other singular animals, the philosophers informed him of a people called Ocypodae, so swift of foot that they leave horses behind them; of Enotocoitae, or persons having ears hanging down to their feet, so that they lie and sleep upon them, and so strong as to be able to pluck up trees and to break the sinew string of a bow; of others (Monommati) who have only one eye, and the ears of a dog, the eye placed in the middle of the forehead, the hair standing erect, and the breasts shaggy; of others (Amycteres) without nostrils, devouring everything, eaters of raw meat, short-lived, and dying before they arrive at old age; the upper part of their mouths projects far beyond the lower lip.
With respect to the Hyperboreans, who live to the age of a thousand years, his description is the same as that of Simonides, Pindar, and other mythological writers.
The story told by Timagenes of a shower of drops of brass, which were raked together, is a fable. The account of Megasthenes is more probable, namely, that the rivers bring down gold-dust, a part of which is paid as a tax to the king; and this is the case in Iberia (of Armenia).
περὶ δὲ τῶν φιλοσόφων λέγων τοὺς μὲν ὀρεινοὺς αὐτῶν φησὶν ὑμνητὰς εἶναι τοῦ Διονύσου, δεικνύντας τεκμήρια τὴν ἀγρίαν ἄμπελον παρὰ μόνοις φυομένην καὶ κιττὸν καὶ δάφνην καὶ μυρρίνην καὶ πύξον καὶ ἄλλα τῶν ἀειθαλῶν, ὧν μηδὲν εἶναι πέραν Εὐφράτου πλὴν ἐν παραδείσοις σπάνια καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς ἐπιμελείας σωζόμενα. Διονυσιακὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ σινδονοφορεῖν καὶ τὸ μιτροῦσθαι καὶ μυροῦσθαι καὶ βάπτεσθαι ἄνθινα καὶ τοὺς βασιλέας κωδωνοφορεῖσθαι καὶ τυμπανίζεσθαι κατὰ τὰς ἐξόδους. τοὺς δὲ πεδιασίους τὸν Ἡρακλέα τιμᾶν. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν μυθώδη καὶ ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἐλεγχόμενα, καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τῆς ἀμπέλου καὶ τοῦ οἴνου· πέραν γὰρ τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐστὶ πολλὴ καὶ ἡ Μεσοποταμία ὅλη καὶ ἡ Μηδία ἑξῆς μέχρι καὶ Περσίδος καὶ Καρμανίας· τούτων δὲ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἑκάστου πολὺ μέρος εὐάμπελον καὶ εὔοινον λέγεται.
Speaking of the philosophers, he says, that those who inhabit the mountains are worshippers of Bacchus, and show as a proof (of the god having come among them) the wild vine, which grows in their country only; the ivy, the laurel, the myrtle, the box-tree, and other evergreens, none of which are found beyond the Euphrates, except a few in parks, which are only preserved with great care. To wear robes and turbans, to use perfumes, and to be dressed in dyed and flowered garments, for their kings to be preceded when they leave their palaces, and appear abroad, by gongs and drums, are Bacchanalian customs. But the philosophers who live in the plains worship Hercules.
These are fabulous stories, contradicted by many writers, particularly what is said of the vine and wine, for a great part of Armenia, the whole of Mesopotamia and Media, as far as Persia and Carmania, is beyond the Euphrates, the greater part of which countries is said to have excellent vines, and to produce good wine.
ἄλλην δὲ διαίρεσιν ποιεῖται * περὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων, δύο γένη φάσκων, ὧν τοὺς μὲν Βραχμᾶνας καλεῖ τοὺς δὲ Γαρμᾶνας. τοὺς μὲν οὖν Βραχμᾶνας εὐδοκιμεῖν · μᾶλλον γὰρ καὶ ὁμολογεῖν ἐν τοῖς δόγμασιν· ἤδη δʼ εὐθὺς καὶ κυομένους ἔχειν ἐπιμελητὰς λογίους ἄνδρας, οὓς προσιόντας λόγῳ μὲν ἐπᾴδειν δοκεῖν καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ τὸν κυόμενον εἰς εὐτεκνίαν, τὸ δʼ ἀληθὲς σωφρονικάς τινας παραινέσεις καὶ ὑποθήκας διδόναι· τὰς δʼ ἥδιστα ἀκροωμένας μάλιστα εὐτέκνους εἶναι νομίζεσθαι. μετὰ δὲ τὴν γένεσιν ἄλλους καὶ ἄλλους διαδέχεσθαι τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν, ἀεὶ τῆς μείζονος ἡλικίας χαριεστέρων τυγχανούσης διδασκάλων. διατρίβειν δὲ τοὺς φιλοσόφους ἐν ἄλσει πρὸ τῆς πόλεως ὑπὸ περιβόλῳ συμμέτρῳ, λιτῶς ζῶντας ἐν στιβάσι καὶ δοραῖς, ἀπεχομένους ἐμψύχων καὶ ἀφροδισίων, ἀκροωμένους λόγων σπουδαίων, μεταδιδόντας καὶ τοῖς ἐθέλουσι· τὸν δʼ ἀκροώμενον οὔτε λαλῆσαι θέμις οὔτε χρέμψασθαι ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ πτύσαι, ἢ ἐκβάλλεσθαι τῆς συνουσίας τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην ὡς ἀκολασταίνοντα. ἔτη δʼ ἑπτὰ καὶ τριάκοντα οὕτως ζήσαντα ἀναχωρεῖν εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κτῆσιν ἕκαστον καὶ ζῆν ἀδεῶς καὶ ἀνειμένως μᾶλλον, σινδονοφοροῦντα καὶ χρυσοφοροῦντα μετρίως ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶ καὶ ταῖς χερσί, προσφερόμενον σάρκας τῶν μὴ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν συνεργῶν ζῴων, δριμέων καὶ ἀρτυτῶν ἀπεχόμενον· γαμεῖν δʼ ὅτι πλείστας εἰς πολυτεκνίαν· ἐκ πολλῶν γὰρ καὶ τὰ σπουδαῖα πλείω γίνεσθαι ἄν, ἀδουλοῦσί τε τὴν ἐκ τέκνων ὑπηρεσίαν ἐγγυτάτω οὖσαν πλείω δεῖν παρασκευάζεσθαι. ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶ ταῖς γαμεταῖς μὴ συμφιλοσοφεῖν τοὺς Βραχμᾶνας, εἰ μὲν μοχθηραὶ γένοιντο, ἵνα μή τι τῶν οὐ θεμιτῶν ἐκφέροιεν εἰς τοὺς βεβήλους εἰ δὲ σπουδαῖαι, μὴ καταλείποιεν αὐτούς. οὐδένα γὰρ ἡδονῆς καὶ πόνου καταφρονοῦντα, ὡς δʼ αὕτως ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου, ἐθέλειν ὑφʼ ἑτέρῳ εἶναι· τοιοῦτον δʼ εἶναι τὸν σπουδαῖον καὶ τὴν σπουδαίαν. πλείστους δʼ αὐτοῖς εἶναι λόγους περὶ τοῦ θανάτου· νομίζειν γὰρ δὴ τὸν μὲν ἐνθάδε βίον ὡς ἂν ἀκμὴν κυομένων εἶναι, τὸν δὲ θάνατον γένεσιν εἰς τὸν ὄντως βίον καὶ τὸν εὐδαίμονα τοῖς φιλοσοφήσασι· διὸ τῇ ἀσκήσει πλείστῃ χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἑτοιμοθάνατον· ἀγαθὸν δὲ ἢ κακὸν μηδὲν εἶναι τῶν συμβαινόντων ἀνθρώποις· οὐ γὰρ ἂν τοῖς αὐτοῖς τοὺς μὲν ἄχθεσθαι τοὺς δὲ χαίρειν ἐνυπνιώδεις ὑπολήψεις ἔχοντας, καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τοῖς αὐτοῖς τοτὲ μὲν ἄχθεσθαι τοτὲ δʼ αὖ χαίρειν μεταβαλλομένους. τὰ δὲ περὶ φύσιν τὰ μὲν εὐήθειαν ἐμφαίνειν φησίν· ἐν ἔργοις γὰρ αὐτοὺς κρείττους ἢ λόγοις εἶναι, διὰ μύθων τὰ πολλὰ πιστουμένους· περὶ πολλῶν δὲ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὁμοδοξεῖν· ὅτι γὰρ γενητὸς ὁ κόσμος καὶ φθαρτὸς λέγειν κἀκείνους, καὶ ὅτι σφαιροειδὴς ὅ τε διοικῶν αὐτὸν καὶ ποιῶν θεὸς διʼ ὅλου διαπεφοίτηκεν αὐτοῦ· ἀρχαὶ δὲ τῶν μὲν συμπάντων ἕτεραι, τῆς δὲ κοσμοποιίας τὸ ὕδωρ· πρὸς δὲ τοῖς τέτταρσι στοιχείοις πέμπτη τις ἐστὶ φύσις, ἐξ ἧς ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ τὰ ἄστρα· γῆ δʼ ἐν μέσῳ ἵδρυται τοῦ παντός· καὶ περὶ σπέρματος δὲ καὶ ψυχῆς ὅμοια λέγεται καὶ ἄλλα πλείω· παραπλέκουσι δὲ καὶ μύθους, ὥσπερ καὶ Πλάτων περί τε ἀφθαρσίας ψυχῆς καὶ τῶν καθʼ ᾄδου κρίσεων καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα. περὶ μὲν τῶν Βραχμάνων ταῦτα λέγει.
Megasthenes divides the philosophers again into two kinds, the Brachmanes and the Garmanes. The Brachmanes are held in greater repute, for they agree more exactly in their opinions. Even from the time of their conception in the womb they are under the care and guardianship of learned men, who go to the mother, and seem to perform some incantation for the happiness and welfare of the mother and the unborn child, but in reality they suggest prudent advice, and the mothers who listen to them most willingly are thought to be the most fortunate in their offspring. After the birth of the children, there is a succession of persons who have the care of them, and as they advance in years, masters more able and accomplished succeed.
The philosophers live in a grove in front of the city within a moderate-sized enclosure. Their diet is frugal, and they lie upon straw pallets and on skins. They abstain from animal food, and from sexual intercourse with women; their time is occupied in grave discourse, and they communicate with those who are inclined to listen to them; but the hearer is not permitted to speak or cough, or even to spit on the ground; otherwise, he is expelled that very day from their society, on the ground of having no control over himself. After living thirty-seven years in this manner, each individual retires to his own possessions, and lives with less restraint, wearing robes of fine linen, and rings of gold, but without profuseness, upon the hands and in the ears. They eat the flesh of animals, of those particularly which do not assist man in his labour, and abstain from hot and seasoned food. They have as many wives as they please with a view to numerous offspring, for from many wives greater advantages are derived.
As they have no slaves, they require more the services, which are at hand, of their children.
The Brachmanes do not communicate their philosophy to their wives, for fear they should divulge to the profane, if they became depraved, anything which ought to be concealed or lest they should abandon their husbands in case they became good (philosophers) themselves. For no one who despises alike pleasure and pain, life and death, is willing to be subject to the authority of another; and such is the character of a virtuous man and a virtuous woman.
They discourse much on death, for it is their opinion that the present life is the state of one conceived in the womb, and that death to philosophers is birth to a real and a happy life. They therefore discipline themselves much to prepare for death, and maintain that nothing which happens to man is bad or good, for otherwise the same things would not be the occasion of sorrow to some and of joy to others, opinions being merely dreams, nor that the same persons could be affected with sorrow and joy by the same things, on different occasions.
With regard to opinions on physical phenomena, they display, says Megasthenes, great simplicity, their actions being better than their reasoning, for their belief is chiefly founded on fables. On many subjects their sentiments are the same as those of the Greeks. According to the Brachmanes, the world was created, and is liable to corruption; it is of a spheroïdal figure; the god who made and governs it pervades the whole of it; the principles of all things are different, but the principle of the world’s formation was water; in addition to the four elements there is a fifth nature, of which the heavens and the stars are composed; the earth is situated in the centre of the universe. Many other peculiar things they say of the principle of generation and of the soul. They invent fables also, after the manner of Plato, on the immortality of the soul, and on the punishments in Hades, and other things of this kind. This is the account which Megasthenes gives of the Brachmanes.
τοὺς δὲ Γαρμᾶνας τοὺς μὲν ἐντιμοτάτους ὑλοβίους φησὶν ὀνομάζεσθαι, ζῶντας ἐν ταῖς ὕλαις ἀπὸ φύλλων καὶ καρπῶν ἀγρίων, * ἐσθῆτος φλοιῶν δενδρείων, ἀφροδισίων χωρὶς καὶ οἴνου· τοῖς δὲ βασιλεῦσι συνεῖναι, διʼ ἀγγέλων πυνθανομένοις περὶ τῶν αἰτίων καὶ διʼ ἐκείνων θεραπεύουσι καὶ λιτανεύουσι τὸ θεῖον. μετὰ δὲ τοὺς ὑλοβίους δευτερεύειν κατὰ τιμὴν τοὺς ἰατρικοὺς καὶ ὡς περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον φιλοσόφους, λιτοὺς μὲν μὴ ἀγραύλους δέ, ὀρύζῃ καὶ ἀλφίτοις τρεφομένους, ἃ παρέχειν αὐτοῖς πάντα τὸν αἰτηθέντα καὶ ὑποδεξάμενον ξενίᾳ· δύνασθαι δὲ καὶ πολυγόνους ποιεῖν καὶ ἀρρενογόνους καὶ θηλυγόνους διὰ φαρμακευτικῆς· τὴν δὲ ἰατρείαν διὰ σιτίων τὸ πλέον, οὐ διὰ φαρμάκων ἐπιτελεῖσθαι· τῶν φαρμάκων δὲ μάλιστα εὐδοκιμεῖν τὰ ἐπίχριστα καὶ τὰ καταπλάσματα, τἆλλα δὲ κακουργίας πολὺ μετέχειν. ἀσκεῖν δὲ καὶ τούτους κἀκείνους καρτερίαν τήν τε ἐν πόνοις καὶ τὴν ἐν ταῖς ἐπιμοναῖς, ὥστʼ ἐφʼ ἑνὸς σχήματος ἀκίνητον διατελέσαι τὴν ἡμέραν ὅλην. ἄλλους δʼ εἶναι τοὺς μὲν μαντικοὺς καὶ ἐπῳδοὺς καὶ τῶν περὶ τοὺς κατοιχομένους λόγων καὶ νομίμων ἐμπείρους, ἐπαιτοῦντας κατὰ κώμας καὶ πόλεις, τοὺς δὲ χαριεστέρους μὲν τούτων καὶ ἀστειοτέρους, οὐδʼ αὐτοὺς δὲ ἀπεχομένους τῶν καθʼ ᾄδην θρυλουμένων ὅσα δοκεῖ πρὸς εὐσέβειαν καὶ ὁσιότητα· συμφιλοσοφεῖν δʼ ἐνίοις καὶ γυναῖκας ἀπεχομένας καὶ αὐτὰς ἀφροδισίων.
Of the Garmanes, the most honourable, he says, are the Hylobii, who live in the forests, and subsist on leaves and wild fruits: they are clothed with garments made of the bark of trees, and abstain from commerce with women and from wine. The kings hold communication with them by messengers, concerning the causes of things, and through them worship and supplicate the Divinity.
Second in honour to the Hylobii, are the physicians, for they apply philosophy to the study of the nature of man. They are of frugal habits, but do not live in the fields, and subsist upon rice and meal, which every one gives when asked, and receive them hospitably. They are able to cause persons to have a numerous offspring, and to have either male or female children, by means of charms. They cure diseases by diet, rather than by medicinal remedies. Among the latter, the most in repute are unguents and cataplasms. All others they suppose partake greatly of a noxious nature.
Both this and the other class of persons practise fortitude, as well in supporting active toil as in enduring suffering, so that they will continue a whole day in the same posture, without motion.
There are enchanters and diviners, versed in the rites and customs relative to the dead, who go about villages and towns begging. There are others who are more civilized and better informed than these, who inculcate the vulgar opinions concerning Hades, which, according to their ideas, tend to piety and sanctity. Women study philosophy with some of them, but abstain from sexual intercourse.
Ἀριστόβουλος δὲ τῶν ἐν Ταξίλοις σοφιστῶν ἰδεῖν δύο φησί, Βραχμᾶνας ἀμφοτέρους, τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον ἐξυρημένον τὸν δὲ νεώτερον κομήτην, ἀμφοτέροις δʼ ἀκολουθεῖν μαθητάς· τὸν μὲν οὖν ἄλλον χρόνον κατʼ ἀγορὰν διατρίβειν, τιμωμένους ἀντὶ συμβούλων, ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντας ὅ τι βούλονται τῶν ὠνίων φέρεσθαι δωρεάν· ὅτῳ δʼ ἂν προσίωσι, καταχεῖν αὐτῶν τοῦ σησαμίνου λίπους ὥστε καὶ κατὰ τῶν ὀμμάτων ῥεῖν· τοῦ τε μέλιτος πολλοῦ προκειμένου καὶ τοῦ σησάμου μάζας ποιουμένους τρέφεσθαι δωρεάν· παρερχομένους δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τράπεζαν, παραστάντας δειπνεῖν καρτερίαν διδάσκειν, παραχωροῦντας εἴς τινα τόπον πλησίον, ὅπου τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον πεσόντα ὕπτιον ἀνέχεσθαι τῶν ἡλίων καὶ τῶν ὄμβρων (ἤδη γὰρ ὕειν ἀρχομένου τοῦ ἔαρος), τὸν δʼ ἑστάναι μονοσκελῆ ξύλον ἐπηρμένον ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς χερσὶν ὅσον τρίπηχυ, κάμνοντος δὲ τοῦ σκέλους ἐπὶ θάτερον μεταφέρειν τὴν βάσιν καὶ διατελεῖν οὕτως τὴν ἡμέραν ὅλην· φανῆναι δʼ ἐγκρατέστερον μακρῷ τὸν νεώτερον· συνακολουθήσαντα γὰρ μικρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ ταχὺ ἀναστρέψαι πάλιν ἐπʼ οἴκου, μετιόντος τε αὐτὸν κελεῦσαι ἥκειν εἴτου βούλεται τυγχάνειν· τὸν δὲ συναπᾶραι μέχρι τέλους καὶ μεταμφιάσασθαι καὶ μεταθέσθαι τὴν δίαιταν συνόντα τῷ βασιλεῖ· ἐπιτιμώμενον δʼ ὑπό τινων λέγειν ὡς ἐκπληρώσειε τὰ τετταράκοντα ἔτη τῆς ἀσκήσεως, ἃ ὑπέσχετο, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ δοῦναι δωρεάν.
Aristobulus says, that he saw at Taxila two sophists (wise men), both Brachmanes, the elder had his head shaved, but the younger wore his hair; both were attended by disciples. When not otherwise engaged, they spent their time in the market-place. They are honoured as public counsellors, and have the liberty of taking away, without payment, whatever article they like which is exposed for sale; when any one accosts them, he pours over them oil of jessamine, in such profusion that it runs down from their eyes. Of honey and sesamum, which is exposed for sale in large quantity, they take enough to make cakes, and are fed without expense.
They came up to Alexander’s table and took their meal standing, and they gave an example of their fortitude by retiring to a neighbouring spot, where the elder, falling on the ground supine, endured the sun and the rain, which had now set in, it being the commencement of spring. The other stood on one leg, with a piece of wood three cubits in length raised in both hands; when one leg was fatigued he changed the support to the other, and thus continued the whole day. The younger appeared to possess much more self-command; for, after following the king a short distance, he soon returned to his home. The king sent after him, but he bade the king to come to him, if he wanted anything of him. The other accompanied the king to the last: during his stay he changed his dress, and altered his mode of life, and when reproached for his conduct, answered, that he had completed the forty years of discipline which he had promised to observe: Alexander made presents to his children.
τῶν δʼ ἐν Ταξίλοις νομίμων καινὰ καὶ ἀήθη λέγει τό τε τοὺς μὴ δυναμένους ἐκδιδόναι τὰς παῖδας ὑπὸ πενίας προάγειν εἰς ἀγορὰν ἐν ἀκμῇ τῆς ὥρας, κόχλῳ τε καὶ τυμπάνοις οἷσπερ καὶ τὸ πολεμικὸν σημαίνουσιν ὄχλου προσκληθέντος, τῷ δὲ προσελθόντι τὰ ὀπίσθια πρῶτον ἀνασύρεσθαι μέχρι τῶν ὤμων εἶτα τὰ πρόσθεν, ἀρέσασαν δὲ καὶ συμπεισθεῖσαν ἐφʼ οἷς ἂν δοκῇ συνοικεῖν· καὶ τὸ γυψὶ ῥίπτεσθαι τὸν τετελευτηκότα. τὸ δὲ πλείους ἔχειν γυναῖκας κοινὸν καὶ ἄλλων. παρά τισι δʼ ἀκούειν φησὶ καὶ συγκατακαιομένας τὰς γυναῖκας τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἀσμένας, τὰς δὲ μὴ ὑπομενούσας ἀδοξεῖν. εἴρηται καὶ ἄλλοις ταῦτα.
Aristobulus relates also some strange and unusual customs of the people of Taxila. Those, who through poverty are unable to marry their daughters, expose them for sale in the market-place, in the flower of their age, to the sound of shell trumpets and drums, with which the war-note is given. A crowd is thus assembled. First her back, as far as the shoulders, is uncovered, then the parts in front, for the examination of any man who comes for this purpose. If she pleases him, he marries her on such conditions as may be determined upon.
The dead are thrown out to be devoured by vultures. To have many wives is a custom common to these and to other nations. He says, that he had heard, from some persons, of wives burning themselves voluntarily with their deceased husbands; and that those women who refused to submit to this custom were disgraced. The same things have been told by other writers.
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