μετὰ γὰρ τοὺς θηρευτὰς καὶ τοὺς ποιμένας τέταρτόν φησιν εἶναι μέρος τοὺς ἐργαζομένους τὰς τέχνας καὶ τοὺς καπηλικοὺς καὶ οἷς ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ἡ ἐργασία· ὧν οἱ μὲν φόρον τελοῦσι καὶ λειτουργίας παρέχονται τακτάς, τοῖς δʼ ὁπλοποιοῖς καὶ ναυπηγοῖς μισθοὶ καὶ τροφαὶ παρὰ βασιλέως ἔκκεινται· μόνῳ γὰρ ἐργάζονται· παρέχει δὲ τὰ μὲν ὅπλα τοῖς στρατιώταις ὁ στρατοφύλαξ, τὰς δὲ ναῦς μισθοῦ τοῖς πλέουσιν ὁ ναύαρχος καὶ τοῖς ἐμπόροις.
After the hunters and the shepherds, follows the fourth caste, which consists, he says, of those who work at trades, retail wares, and who are employed in bodily labour. Some of these pay taxes, and perform certain stated services. But the armour-makers and ship-builders receive wages and provisions from the king, for whom only they work. The general-in-chief furnishes the soldiers with arms, and the admiral lets out ships for hire to those who undertake voyages and traffic as merchants.
πέμπτον ἐστὶ τὸ τῶν πολεμιστῶν, οἷς τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἐν σχολῇ καὶ πότοις ὁ βίος ἐστὶν ἐκ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ διαιτωμένοις, ὥστε τὰς ἐξόδους ὅταν ᾖ χρεία ταχέως ποιεῖσθαι, πλὴν τῶν σωμάτων μηδὲν ἄλλο κομίζοντας παρʼ ἑαυτῶν.
The fifth caste consists of fighting men, who pass the time not employed in the field in idleness and drinking, and are maintained at the charge of the king. They are ready whenever they are wanted to march on an expedition, for they bring nothing of their own with them, except their bodies.
̔́εκτοι δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ ἔφοροι· τούτοις δʼ ἐποπτεύειν δέδοται τὰ πραττόμενα καὶ ἀναγγέλλειν λάθρᾳ τῷ βασιλεῖ συνεργοὺς ποιουμένοις τὰς ἑταίρας, τοῖς μὲν ἐν τῇ πόλει τὰς ἐν τῇ πόλει τοῖς δὲ ἐν στρατοπέδῳ τὰς αὐτόθι· καθίστανται δʼ οἱ ἄριστοι καὶ πιστότατοι.
The sixth caste is that of the Ephori, or inspectors. They are intrusted with the superintendence of all that is going on, and it is their duty to report privately to the king. The city inspectors employ as their coadjutors the city courtesans; and the inspectors of the camp, the women who follow it. The best and the most faithful persons are appointed to the office of inspector.
̔́εβδομοι δʼ οἱ σύμβουλοι καὶ σύνεδροι τοῦ βασιλέως, ἐξ ὧν τὰ ἀρχεῖα καὶ δικαστήρια καὶ ἡ διοίκησις τῶν ὅλων. οὐκ ἔστι δʼ οὔτε γαμεῖν ἐξ ἄλλου γένους οὔτʼ ἐπιτήδευμα οὔτʼ ἐργασίαν μεταλαμβάνειν ἄλλην ἐξ ἄλλης, οὐδὲ πλείους μεταχειρίζεσθαι τὸν αὐτὸν πλὴν εἰ τῶν φιλοσόφων τις εἴη· ἐᾶσθαι γὰρ τοῦτον διʼ ἀρετήν.
The seventh caste consists of counsellors and assessors of the king. To these persons belong the offices of state, tribunals of justice, and the whole administration of affairs.
It is not permitted to contract marriage with a person of another caste, nor to change from one profession or trade to another, nor for the same person to undertake several, except he is of the caste of philosophers, when permission is given, on account of his superior qualifications.
τῶν δʼ ἀρχόντων οἱ μέν εἰσιν ἀγορανόμοι οἱ δʼ ἀστυνόμοι οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν· ὧν οἱ μὲν ποταμοὺς ἐξεργάζονται καὶ ἀναμετροῦσι τὴν γῆν ὡς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, καὶ τὰς κλειστὰς διώρυγας, ἀφʼ ὧν εἰς τὰς ὀχετείας ταμιεύεται τὸ ὕδωρ, ἐπισκοποῦσιν ὅπως ἐξ ἴσης πᾶσιν ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων παρείη χρῆσις. οἱ δʼ αὐτοὶ καὶ τῶν θηρευτῶν ἐπιμελοῦνται καὶ τιμῆς καὶ κολάσεώς εἰσι κύριοι τοῖς ἐπαξίοις· καὶ φορολογοῦσι δὲ καὶ τὰς τέχνας τὰς περὶ τὴν γῆν ἐπιβλέπουσιν ὑλοτόμων τεκτόνων χαλκέων μεταλλευτῶν· ὁδοποιοῦσι δὲ καὶ κατὰ δέκα στάδια στήλην τιθέασι τὰς ἐκτροπὰς καὶ τὰ διαστήματα δηλοῦσαν.
Of the magistrates, some have the charge of the market, others of the city, others of the soldiery. Some have the care of the rivers, measure the land, as in Egypt, and inspect the closed reservoirs, from which water is distributed by canals, so that all may have an equal use of it. These persons have charge also of the hunters, and have the power of rewarding or punishing those who merit either. They collect the taxes, and superintend the occupations connected with land, as woodcutters, carpenters, workers in brass, and miners. They superintend the public roads, and place a pillar at every ten stadia, to indicate the by-ways and distances.
οἱ δʼ ἀστυνόμοι εἰς ἓξ πεντάδας διῄρηνται· καὶ οἱ μὲν τὰ δημιουργικὰ σκοποῦσιν οἱ δὲ ξενοδοχοῦσιν· καὶ γὰρ καταγωγὰς νέμουσι καὶ τοῖς βίοις παρακολουθοῦσι παρέδρους δόντες, καὶ προπέμπουσιν ἢ αὐτοὺς ἢ τὰ χρήματα τῶν ἀποθανόντων, νοσούντων τε ἐπιμελοῦνται καὶ ἀποθανόντας θάπτουσι. τρίτοι δʼ εἰσὶν οἳ τὰς γενέσεις καὶ θανάτους ἐξετάζουσι πότε καὶ πῶς, τῶν τε φόρων χάριν καὶ ὅπως μὴ ἀφανεῖς εἶεν αἱ κρείττους καὶ χείρους γοναὶ καὶ θάνατοι. τέταρτοι οἱ περὶ τὰς καπηλείας καὶ μεταβολάς, οἷς μέτρων μέλει καὶ τῶν ὡραίων, ὅπως ἀπὸ συσσήμου πωλοῖτο. οὐκ ἔστι δὲ πλείω τὸν αὐτὸν μεταβάλλεσθαι πλὴν εἰ διττοὺς ὑποτελοίη φόρους. πέμπτοι δʼ οἱ προεστῶτες τῶν δημιουργουμένων καὶ πωλοῦντες ταῦτʼ ἀπὸ συσσήμου, χωρὶς μὲν τὰ καινὰ χωρὶς δὲ τὰ παλαιά· τῷ μιγνύντι δὲ ζημία. ἕκτοι δὲ καὶ ὕστατοι οἱ τὰς δεκάτας ἐκλέγοντες τῶν πωλουμένων· θάνατος δὲ τῷ κλέψαντι τὸ τέλος. ἰδίᾳ μὲν ἕκαστοι ταῦτα, κοινῇ δʼ ἐπιμελοῦνται τῶν τε ἰδίων καὶ τῶν πολιτικῶν καὶ τῆς τῶν δημοσίων ἐπισκευῆς, τειχῶν τε καὶ ἀγορᾶς καὶ λιμένων καὶ ἱερῶν.
Those who have charge of the city are divided into six bodies of five each. The first has the inspection of everything relating to the mechanical arts; the second entertain strangers, assign lodgings, observe their mode of life, by means of attendants whom they attach to them, escort them out of the country on their departure; if they die, take charge of their property, have the care of them when sick, and when they die, bury them.
The third class consists of those who inquire at what time and in what manner births and deaths take place, which is done with a view to tax (on these occasions), and in order that the deaths and births of persons both of good and bad character should not be concealed.
The fourth division consists of those who are occupied in sales and exchanges; they have the charge of measures, and of the sale of the products in season, by a signal. The same person is not allowed to exchange various kinds of articles, except he pays a double tax.
The fifth division presides over works of artisans, and disposes of articles by public notice. The new are sold apart from the old, and there is a fine imposed for mixing them together. The sixth and last comprises those who collect the tenth of the price of the articles sold. Death is the punishment for committing a fraud with regard to the tax.
These are the peculiar duties performed by each class, but in their collective capacity they have the charge both of their own peculiar province and of civil affairs, the repairs of public works, prices of articles, of markets, harbours, and temples.
μετὰ δὲ τοὺς ἀστυνόμους τρίτη ἐστὶ συναρχία ἡ περὶ τὰ στρατιωτικά, καὶ αὕτη ταῖς πεντάσιν ἑξαχῇ διωρισμένη· ὧν τὴν μὲν μετὰ τοῦ ναυάρχου τάττουσι τὴν δὲ μετὰ τοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν βοϊκῶν ζευγῶν, διʼ ὧν ὄργανα κομίζεται καὶ τροφὴ αὐτοῖς τε καὶ κτήνεσι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ χρήσιμα τῇ στρατιᾷ. οὗτοι δὲ καὶ τοὺς διακόνους παρέχουσι, τυμπανιστάς, κωδωνοφόρους, ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἱπποκόμους καὶ μηχανοποιοὺς καὶ τοὺς τούτων ὑπηρέτας· ἐκπέμπουσί τε πρὸς κώδωνα τοὺς χορτολόγους, τιμῇ καὶ κολάσει τὸ τάχος κατασκευαζόμενοι καὶ τὴν ἀσφάλειαν. τρίτοι δέ εἰσιν οἱ τῶν πεζῶν ἐπιμελούμενοι· τέταρτοι δʼ οἱ τῶν ἵππων· πέμπτοι δʼ ἁρμάτων· ἕκτοι δὲ ἐλεφάντων· βασιλικοί τε σταθμοὶ καὶ ἵπποις καὶ θηρίοις, βασιλικὸν δὲ καὶ ὁπλοφυλάκιον· παραδίδωσι γὰρ ὁ στρατιώτης τήν τε σκευὴν εἰς τὸ ὁπλοφυλάκιον καὶ τὸν ἵππον εἰς τὸν ἱππῶνα καὶ τὸ θηρίον ὁμοίως· χρῶνται δʼ ἀχαλινώτοις· τὰ δʼ ἅρματα ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς βόες ἕλκουσιν, οἱ δὲ ἵπποι ἀπὸ φορβειᾶς ἄγονται τοῦ μὴ παρεμπίπρασθαι τὰ σκέλη, μηδὲ τὸ πρόθυμον αὐτῶν τὸ ὑπὸ τοῖς ἅρμασιν ἀμβλύνεσθαι. δύο δʼ εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῷ ἅρματι παραβάται πρὸς τῷ ἡνιόχῳ· ὁ δὲ τοῦ ἐλέφαντος ἡνίοχος τέταρτος, τρεῖς δʼ οἱ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ τοξεύοντες.
Next to the magistrates of the city is a third body of governors, who have the care of military affairs. This class also consists of six divisions, each composed of five persons. One division is associated with the chief naval superintendent, another with the person who has the charge of the bullock-teams, by which military engines are transported, of provisions both for the men and beasts, and other requisites for the army. They furnish attendants, who beat a drum, and carry gongs; and besides these, grooms, mechanists, and their assistants. They despatch by the sound of the gong the foragers for grass, and insure expedition and security by rewards and punishments. The third division has the care of the infantry; the fourth, of the horses; the fifth, of the chariots; the sixth, of the elephants. There are royal stables for the horses and elephants. There is also a royal magazine of arms; for the soldier returns his arms to the armoury, and the horse and elephant to the stables. They use the elephants without bridles. The chariots are drawn on the march by oxen. The horses are led by a halter, in order that their legs may not be chafed and inflamed, nor their spirit damped, by drawing chariots. Besides the charioteer, there are two persons who fight by his side in the chariot. With the elephant are four persons, the driver and three bowmen, who discharge arrows from his back.
εὐτελεῖς δὲ κατὰ τὴν δίαιταν Ἰνδοὶ πάντες, μᾶλλον δʼ ἐν ταῖς στρατείαις· οὐδʼ ὄχλῳ περιττῷ χαίρουσι, διόπερ εὐκοσμοῦσι. πλείστη δʼ ἐκεχειρία περὶ τὰς κλοπάς· γενόμενος γοῦν ἐν τῷ Σανδροκόττου στρατοπέδῳ φησὶν ὁ Μεγασθένης, τετταράκοντα μυριάδων πλήθους ἱδρυμένου μηδεμίαν ἡμέραν ἰδεῖν ἀνηνεγμένα κλέμματα πλειόνων ἢ διακοσίων δραχμῶν ἄξια, ἀγράφοις καὶ ταῦτα νόμοις χρωμένοις. οὐδὲ γὰρ γράμματα εἰδέναι αὐτούς, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ μνήμης ἕκαστα διοικεῖσθαι· εὐπραγεῖν δʼ ὅμως διὰ τὴν ἁπλότητα καὶ τὴν εὐτέλειαν· οἶνόν τε γὰρ οὐ πίνειν ἀλλʼ ἐν θυσίαις μόνον, πίνειν δʼ ἀπʼ ὀρύζης ἀντὶ κριθίνων συντιθέντας· καὶ σιτία δὲ τὸ πλέον ὄρυζαν εἶναι ῥοφητήν. καὶ ἐν τοῖς νόμοις δὲ καὶ συμβολαίοις τὴν ἁπλότητα ἐλέγχεσθαι ἐκ τοῦ μὴ πολυδίκους εἶναι· οὔτε γὰρ ὑποθήκης οὔτε παρακαταθήκης εἶναι δίκας, οὐδὲ μαρτύρων οὐδὲ σφραγίδων αὐτοῖς δεῖν, ἀλλὰ πιστεύειν παραβαλλομένους· καὶ τὰ οἴκοι δὲ τὸ πλέον ἀφρουρεῖν. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ σωφρονικά, τἆλλα δʼ οὐκ ἄν τις ἀποδέξαιτο, τὸ μόνους διαιτᾶσθαι ἀεὶ καὶ τὸ μὴ μίαν εἶναι πᾶσιν ὥραν κοινὴν δείπνου τε καὶ ἀρίστου, ἀλλʼ ὅπως ἑκάστῳ φίλον· πρὸς γὰρ τὸν κοινωνικὸν καὶ τὸν πολιτικὸν βίον ἐκείνως κρεῖττον.
All the Indians are frugal in their mode of life, and especially in camp. They do not tolerate useless and undisciplined multitudes, and consequently observe good order. Theft is very rare among them. Megasthenes, who was in the camp of Sandrocottus, which consisted of 400,000 men, did not witness on any day thefts reported, which exceeded the sum of two hundred drachmae, and this among a people who have no written laws, who are ignorant even of writing, and regulate everything by memory. They are, however, happy on account of their simple manners and frugal way of life. They never drink wine, but at sacrifices. Their beverage is made from rice instead of barley, and their food consists for the most part of rice pottage. The simplicity of their laws and contracts appears from their not having many law-suits. They have no suits respecting pledges and deposits, nor do they require witnesses or seals, but make their deposits, and confide in one another. Their houses and property are unguarded. These things denote temperance and sobriety; others no one would approve, as their eating always alone, and their not having all of them one common hour for their meals, but each taking it as he likes. The contrary custom is more agreeable to the habits of social and civil life.
γυμνασίων δὲ μάλιστα τρῖψιν δοκιμάζουσι καὶ ἄλλως καὶ διὰ σκυταλίδων ἐβενίνων λείων ἐξομαλίζονται τὰ σώματα. λιταὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ ταφαὶ καὶ μικρὰ χώματα· ὑπεναντίως δὲ τῇ ἄλλῃ λιτότητι κοσμοῦνται· χρυσοφοροῦσι γὰρ καὶ διαλίθῳ κόσμῳ χρῶνται σινδόνας τε φοροῦσιν εὐανθεῖς, καὶ σκιάδια αὐτοῖς ἕπεται· τὸ γὰρ κάλλος τιμῶντες ἀσκοῦσιν ὅσα καλλωπίζει τὴν ὄψιν· ἀλήθειάν τε ὁμοίως καὶ ἀρετὴν ἀποδέχονται, διόπερ οὐδὲ τῇ ἡλικίᾳ τῶν γερόντων προνομίαν διδόασιν ἂν μὴ καὶ τῷ φρονεῖν πλεονεκτῶσι. πολλὰς δὲ γαμοῦσιν ὠνητὰς παρὰ τῶν γονέων, λαμβάνουσί τε ἀντιδιδόντες ζεῦγος βοῶν, ὧν τὰς μὲν εὐπειθείας χάριν τὰς δʼ ἄλλας ἡδονῆς καὶ πολυτεκνίας· εἰ δὲ μὴ σωφρονεῖν ἀναγκάσαιεν, πορνεύειν ἔξεστι. θύει δὲ οὐδεὶς ἐστεφανωμένος οὐδὲ θυμιᾷ οὐδὲ σπένδει, οὐδὲ σφάττουσι τὸ ἱερεῖον ἀλλὰ πνίγουσιν, ἵνα μὴ λελωβημένον ἀλλʼ ὁλόκληρον διδῶται τῷ θεῷ· ψευδομαρτυρίας δʼ ὁ ἁλοὺς ἀκρωτηριάζεται, ὅ τε πηρώσας οὐ τὰ αὐτὰ μόνον ἀντιπάσχει ἀλλὰ καὶ χειροκοπεῖται· ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τεχνίτου χεῖρα ἢ ὀφθαλμὸν ἀφέληται, θανατοῦται. δούλοις δὲ οὗτος μέν φησι μηδένα Ἰνδῶν χρῆσθαι, Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ Μουσικανοῦ τοῦτʼ ἴδιον ἀποφαίνει καὶ ὡς κατόρθωμά γε· καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ λέγει τῆς χώρας ταύτης κατορθώματα ὡς εὐνομωτάτης.
As an exercise of the body they prefer friction in various ways, but particularly by making use of smooth sticks of ebony, which they pass over the surface of the body.
Their sepulchres are plain, and the tumuli of earth low.
In contrast to their parsimony in other things, they indulge in ornament. They wear dresses worked with gold and precious stones, and flowered (variegated) robes, and are attended by persons following them with umbrellas; for as they highly esteem beauty, everything is attended to, which can improve their looks.
They respect alike truth and virtue; therefore they do not assign any privilege to the old, unless they possess superior wisdom.
They marry many wives, who are purchased from their parents, and give in exchange for them a yoke of oxen. Some marry wives to possess obedient attendants, others with a view to pleasure and numerous offspring, and the wives prostitute themselves, unless chastity is enforced by compulsion.
No one wears a garland when sacrificing, or burning incense, or pouring out a libation. They do not stab, but strangle the victim, that nothing mutilated, but that which is entire, may be offered to the Deity.
A person convicted of bearing false testimony suffers a mutilation of his extremities. He who has maimed another not only undergoes in return the loss of the same limb, but his hand also is cut off. If he has caused a workman to lose his hand or his eye, he is put to death.
Megasthenes says, that none of the Indians employ slaves. But, according to Onesicritus, this is peculiar to the people in the territory of Musicanus. He speaks of this as an excellent rule, and mentions many others to be found in that country, as the effects of a government by good laws.
τῷ βασιλεῖ δʼ ἡ μὲν τοῦ σώματος θεραπεία διὰ γυναικῶν ἐστιν, ὠνητῶν καὶ αὐτῶν παρὰ τῶν πατέρων· ἔξω δὲ τῶν θυρῶν οἱ σωματοφύλακες καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν στρατιωτικόν· μεθύοντα δὲ κτείνασα γυνὴ βασιλέα γέρας ἔχει συνεῖναι τῷ ἐκεῖνον διαδεξαμένῳ· διαδέχονται δʼ οἱ παῖδες· οὐδʼ ὑπνοῖ μεθʼ ἡμέραν ὁ βασιλεύς· καὶ νύκτωρ δὲ καθʼ ὥραν ἀναγκάζεται τὴν κοίτην ἀλλάττειν διὰ τὰς ἐπιβουλάς. τῶν τε μὴ κατὰ πόλεμον ἐξόδων μία μέν ἐστιν ἡ ἐπὶ τὰς κρίσεις, ἐν αἷς διημερεύει διακούων οὐδὲν ἧττον κἂν ὥρα γένηται τῆς τοῦ σώματος θεραπείας· αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ διὰ τῶν σκυταλίδων τρῖψις· ἅμα γὰρ καὶ διακούει καὶ τρίβεται τεττάρων περιστάντων τριβέων· ἑτέρα δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπὶ τὰς θυσίας ἔξοδος· τρίτη δʼ ἐπὶ θήραν βακχική τις κύκλῳ γυναικῶν περικεχυμένων, ἔξωθεν δὲ τῶν δορυφόρων· παρεσχοίνισται δʼ ἡ ὁδός, τῷ δὲ παρελθόντι ἐντὸς μέχρι γυναικῶν θάνατος· προηγοῦνται δὲ τυμπανισταὶ καὶ κωδωνοφόροι. κυνηγετεῖ δʼ ἐν μὲν τοῖς περιφράγμασιν ἀπὸ βήματος τοξεύων (παρεστᾶσι δʼ ἔνοπλοι δύο ἢ τρεῖς γυναῖκες), ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἀφράκτοις θήραις ἀπʼ ἐλέφαντος· αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες αἱ μὲν ἐφʼ ἁρμάτων, αἱ δʼ ἐφʼ ἵππων αἱ δὲ καὶ ἐπʼ ἐλεφάντων, ὡς καὶ συστρατεύουσιν, ἠσκημέναι παντὶ ὅπλῳ.
The care of the king’s person is committed to women, who are also purchased of their parents. The body-guard, and the rest of the military, are stationed without the gates. A woman, who puts to death a king when drunk, is rewarded by becoming the wife of his successor. The sons succeed the father. The king may not sleep during the day-time, and at night he is obliged from time to time to change his bed, from dread of treachery.
The king leaves his palace in time of war; he leaves it also when he goes to sit in his court as a judge. He remains there all day thus occupied, not suffering himself to be interrupted even though the time arrives for attending to his person. This attention to his person consists of friction with pieces of wood, and he continues to listen to the cause, while the friction is performed by four attendants who surround him.
Another occasion of leaving his palace is to offer sacrifice.
The third is a sort of Bacchanalian departure to the chace. Crowds of women surround him, and on the outside (of these) are spear-men. The road is set off with ropes; a man, or even a woman, who passes within the ropes is put to death.
The king is preceded by drums and gongs. He hunts in the enclosures, and discharges his arrows from a high seat. Near him stand two or three armed women. When hunting in the open ground, he shoots his arrows from an elephant; of the women some are in chariots, some on horses, and others on elephants; they are provided with all kinds of weapons, as if they were going on a military expedition.
ἔχει μὲν οὖν καὶ ταῦτα πολλὴν ἀήθειαν πρὸς τὰ παρʼ ἡμῖν, ἔτι μέντοι μᾶλλον τὰ τοιάδε. φησὶ γὰρ τοὺς τὸν Καύκασον οἰκοῦντας ἐν τῷ φανερῷ γυναιξὶ μίσγεσθαι καὶ σαρκοφαγεῖν τὰ τῶν συγγενῶν σώματα· πετροκυλιστὰς δʼ εἶναι κερκοπιθήκους, οἳ λίθους κατακυλίουσι κρημνοβατοῦντες ἐπὶ τοὺς διώκοντας· τά τε παρʼ ἡμῖν ἥμερα ζῷα τὰ πλεῖστα παρʼ ἐκείνοις ἄγρια εἶναι· ἵππους τε λέγει μονοκέρωτας ἐλαφοκράνους· καλάμους δέ, μῆκος μὲν τριάκοντα ὀργυιῶν τοὺς ὀρθίους, τοὺς δὲ χαμαικλινεῖς πεντήκοντα, πάχος δὲ ὥστε τὴν διάμετρον τοῖς μὲν εἶναι τρίπηχυν τοῖς δὲ διπλασίαν.
These customs when compared with ours are very strange, but the following are still more extraordinary. According to Megasthenes, the nations who inhabit the Caucasus have commerce with women in public; and eat the bodies of their relatives; the monkeys climb precipices, and roll down large stones upon their pursuers; most of the animals which are tame in our country are wild in theirs; the horses have a single horn, with heads like those of deer; reeds which grow to the height of thirty orguiae, others which grow on the ground, fifty orguiae in length, and in thickness some are three and others six cubits in diameter.
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