τὸ μὲν δὴ νότιον τῆς Ἀριανῆς πλευρὸν τοιαύτην τινὰ ἔχει τὴν τῆς παραλίας διάθεσιν καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης πλησίον γῆς τῆς τῶν Γεδρωσίων καὶ Ὠριτῶν. πολλὴ δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἀνέχουσα καὶ ἡ Γεδρωσία μέχρι τοῦ συνάψαι Δράγγαις τε καὶ Ἀραχωτοῖς καὶ Παροπαμισάδαις, περὶ ὧν Ἐρατοσθένης οὕτως εἴρηκεν· οὐ γὰρ ἔχομέν τι λέγειν βέλτιον περὶ αὐτῶν. ὁρίζεσθαι μὲν γάρ φησι τὴν Ἀριανὴν ἐκ μὲν τῶν πρὸς ἕω τῷ Ἰνδῷ, πρὸς νότον δὲ τῇ μεγάλῃ θαλάττῃ, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ τῷ Παροπαμισῷ καὶ τοῖς ἑξῆς ὄρεσι μέχρι Κασπίων πυλῶν, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὅροις οἷς ἡ μὲν Παρθυηνὴ πρὸς Μηδίαν ἡ δὲ Καρμανία πρὸς τὴν Παραιτακηνὴν καὶ Περσίδα διώρισται· πλάτος δὲ τῆς χώρας τὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ μῆκος τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παροπαμισοῦ μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν μύριοι καὶ δισχίλιοι στάδιοι (οἱ δὲ τρισχιλίους φασί)· μῆκος δὲ ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Ἀσιατικοῖς σταθμοῖς ἀναγέγραπται, διττόν. μέχρι μὲν Ἀλεξανδρείας τῆς ἐν Ἀρίοις ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν διὰ τῆς Παρθυαίας μία καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ ὁδός· εἶθʼ ἡ μὲν ἐπʼ εὐθείας διὰ τῆς Βακτριανῆς καὶ τῆς ὑπερβάσεως τοῦ ὄρους εἰς Ὀρτόσπανα ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκ Βάκτρων τρίοδον ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις· ἡ δʼ ἐκτρέπεται μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρίας πρὸς νότον εἰς Προφθασίαν τῆς Δραγγιανῆς· εἶτα πάλιν ἡ λοιπὴ μέχρι τῶν ὅρων τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ· ὥστε μακροτέρα ἐστὶν αὕτη ἡ διὰ τῶν Δραγγῶν καὶ Ἀραχωτῶν, σταδίων μυρίων πεντακισχιλίων τριακοσίων ἡ πᾶσα. εἰ δή τις ἀφέλοι τοὺς χιλίους τριακοσίους, ἔχοι ἂν τὸ λοιπὸν τὸ ἐπʼ εὐθείας μῆκος τῆς χώρας, μυρίων καὶ τετρακισχιλίων· οὐ πολὺ γὰρ ἔλαττον τῆς παραλίας, κἂν παραύξωσί τινες αὐτὸ πρὸς τοῖς μυρίοις τὴν Καρμανίαν ἑξακισχιλίων τιθέντες· ἢ γὰρ σὺν τοῖς κόλποις φανοῦνται τιθέντες ἢ σὺν τῇ ἐντὸς τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου παραλίᾳ τῇ Καρμανικῇ. ἐπεκτείνεται δὲ τοὔνομα τῆς Ἀριανῆς μέχρι μέρους τινὸς καὶ Περσῶν καὶ Μήδων καὶ ἔτι τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον Βακτρίων καὶ Σογδιανῶν· εἰσὶ γάρ πως καὶ ὁμόγλωττοι παρὰ μικρόν.
The position of the southern side of Ariana is thus situated, with reference to the sea-coast, the country of the Gedrosii and the Oritae lying near and above it. A great part of Gedrosia extends into the interior until it touches upon the Drangae, Arachoti, and Paropamisadae, of whom Eratosthenes speaks in the following manner: we cannot give a better description. Ariana, he says, “is bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by the Great Sea, on the north by the Paropamisus and the succeeding chain of mountains as far as the Caspian Gates, on the west by the same limits by which the territory of the Parthians is separated from Media, and Carmania from Paraetacene and Persia.
The breadth of the country is the length of the Indus, reckoned from the Paropamisus as far as the mouths of that river, and amounts to 12,000, or according to others to 13,000, stadia. The length, beginning from the Caspian Gates, as it is laid down in Asiatic Stathmi, is estimated in two different ways. From the Caspian Gates to Alexandreia among the Arii through Parthia is one and the same road. Then a road leads in a straight line through Bactriana, and over the pass of the mountain to Ortospana, to the meeting of the three roads from Bactra, which is among the Paropamisadae. The other branch turns off a little from Aria towards the south to Prophthasia in Drangiana; then the remainder leads as far as the confines of India and of the Indus; so that the road through the Drangae and the Arachoti is longer, the whole amounting to 15,300 stadia. But if we deduct 1300 stadia, we shall have the remainder as the length of the country in a straight line, namely, 14,000 stadia; for the length of the coast is not much less, although some persons increase this sum by adding to the 10,000 stadia Carmania, which is reckoned at 6000 stadia. For they seem to reckon it either together with the gulfs, or together with the Carmanian coast within the Persian Gulf. The name also of Ariana is extended so as to include some part of Persia, Media, and the north of Bactria and Sogdiana; for these nations speak nearly the same language.
̔η δὲ τάξις τῶν ἐθνῶν τοιαύτη· παρὰ μὲν τὸν Ἰνδὸν οἱ Παροπαμισάδαι, ὧν ὑπέρκειται ὁ Παροπαμισὸς ὄρος, εἶτʼ Ἀραχωτοὶ πρὸς νότον, εἶτʼ ἐφεξῆς πρὸς νότον Γεδρωσηνοὶ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τὴν παραλίαν ἔχουσιν· ἅπασι δὲ παρὰ τὰ πλάτη τῶν χωρίων παράκειται ὁ Ἰνδός. * τούτων δʼ ἐκ μέρους τῶν παρὰ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ἔχουσί τινα Ἰνδοὶ πρότερον ὄντα Περσῶν, ἃ ἀφείλετο μὲν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος τῶν Ἀριανῶν καὶ κατοικίας ἰδίας συνεστήσατο, ἔδωκε δὲ Σέλευκος ὁ Νικάτωρ Σανδροκόττῳ, συνθέμενος ἐπιγαμίαν καὶ ἀντιλαβὼν ἐλέφαντας πεντακοσίους. τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις δὲ παράκεινται πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν Ἄριοι, τοῖς δὲ Ἀραχωτοῖς Δράγγαι καὶ τοῖς Γεδρωσίοις· οἱ δʼ Ἄριοι τοῖς Δράγγαις ἅμα καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον παράκεινται καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἐγκυκλούμενοι μικρά πως· ἡ δὲ Βακτριανὴ τῇ τε Ἀρίᾳ πρὸς ἄρκτον παράκειται καὶ τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις, διʼ ὧνπερ Ἀλέξανδρος ὑπερέβαλε τὸν Καύκασον ἐλαύνων τὴν ἐπὶ Βάκτρων· πρὸς ἑσπέραν δὲ ἐφεξῆς εἰσι τοῖς Ἀρίοις Παρθυαῖοι καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Κασπίους πύλας· πρὸς νότον δὲ τούτοις ἡ ἔρημος τῆς Καρμανίας, εἶθʼ ἡ λοιπὴ Καρμανία καὶ Γεδρωσία.
The order in which these nations are disposed is as follows. Along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the mountain Paropamisus; then towards the south are the Arachoti; then next to these towards the south, the Gedroseni, together with other tribes who occupy the sea-coast; the Indus runs parallel along the breadth of these tracts. The Indians occupy [in part] some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants.
The Arii are situated on the west, by the side of the Paropamisadae, and the Drangae by the Arachoti and Gedrosii. The Arii are situated by the side of the Drangae both on the north and west, and nearly encompass them. Bactriana adjoins Aria on the north, and the Paropamisadae, through whose territory Alexander passed when he crossed the Caucasus on his way to Bactra. Towards the west, next to the Arii, are the Parthians, and the parts about the Caspian Gates. Towards the south of Parthia is the desert of Carmania; then follows the remainder of Carmania and Gedrosia.
γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις τὰ περὶ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ὀρεινὴν ἔτι μᾶλλον προσιστορήσας τὴν ὁδὸν ᾗ ἐχρήσατο διώκων τοὺς περὶ Βησσὸν ὡς ἐπὶ Βάκτρων Ἀλέξανδρος ἐκ τῆς Παρθυηνῆς· εἰς γὰρ τὴν Ἀρίαν ἧκεν, εἶτʼ εἰς Δράγγας, ὅπου Φιλώταν ἀνεῖλε τὸν Παρμενίωνος υἱὸν φωράσας ἐπιβουλήν· ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ εἰς Ἐκβάτανα τοὺς καὶ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἀνελοῦντας ὡς κοινωνὸν τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς· φασὶ δʼ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ δρομάδων καμήλων ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν τριάκοντα ἢ καὶ τετταράκοντα ἑνδεκαταίους διανύσαι καὶ τελευτῆσαι τὴν πρᾶξιν. οἱ δὲ Δράγγαι περσίζοντες τἆλλα κατὰ τὸν βίον οἴνου σπανίζουσι, γίνεται δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς καττίτερος. εἶτʼ ἐκ Δραγγῶν ἐπί τε τοὺς Εὐεργέτας ἧκεν, οὓς ὁ Κῦρος οὕτως ὠνόμασε, καὶ τοὺς Ἀραχωτούς, εἶτα διὰ τῶν Παροπαμισαδῶν ὑπὸ πλειάδος δύσιν· ἔστι δʼ ὀρεινὴ καὶ κεχιονοβόλητο τότε ὥστε χαλεπῶς ὡδεύετο· πυκναὶ μέντοι κῶμαι δεχόμεναι πάντων εὔποροι πλὴν ἐλαίου παρεμυθοῦντο τὰς δυσκολίας· εἶχόν τε ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τὰς ἀκρωρείας. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μεσημβρινὰ μὲν τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Παροπαμισοῦ Ἰνδικά τε καὶ Ἀριανά· τὰ δὲ προσάρκτια τὰ μὲν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Βάκτρια […] τοῖς Βακτρίοις βαρβάρων. διαχειμάσας δʼ αὐτόθι ὑπερδέξιον ἔχων τὴν Ἰνδικὴν καὶ πόλιν κτίσας ὑπερήκρισεν εἰς τὴν Βακτριανὴν διὰ ψιλῶν ὁδῶν πλὴν τερμίνθου θαμνώδους ὀλίγης, ἀπορούμενος καὶ τροφῆς ὥστε ταῖς τῶν κτηνῶν σαρξὶ χρῆσθαι, καὶ ταύταις ὠμαῖς διὰ τὴν ἀξυλίαν· πρὸς δὲ τὴν ὠμοσιτίαν πεπτικὸν ἦν αὐτοῖς τὸ σίλφιον πολὺ πεφυκός. πεντεκαιδεκαταῖος δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς κτισθείσης πόλεως καὶ τῶν χειμαδίων ἧκεν εἰς Ἄδραψα, πόλιν τῆς Βακτριανῆς.
We shall better understand the position of the places about the above-mentioned mountainous tract, if we further examine the route which Alexander took from the Parthian territory to Bactriana, when he was in pursuit of Bessus. He came first to Ariana, next to the Drangae, where he put to death Philotas, the son of Parmenio, having detected his traitorous intentions. He despatched persons to Ecbatana also to put the father to death as an accomplice in the conspiracy. It is said that these persons performed in eleven days, upon dromedaries, a journey of 30 or 40 days, and executed their business.
The Drangae resemble the Persians in all other respects in their mode of life, except that they have little wine. Tin is found in the country.
Alexander next went from the Drangae to the Euergetae, (to whom Cyrus gave this name,) and to the Arachoti; then through the territory of the Paropamisadae at the setting of the Pleiad. It is a mountainous country, and at that time was covered with snow, so that the march was performed with difficulty. The numerous villages, however, on their march, which were well provided with everything except oil, afforded relief in their distress. On their left hand were the summits of the mountains.
The southern parts of the Paropamisus belong to India and Ariana; the northern parts towards the west belong to Bactriana [towards the east to Sogdiana * * Bactrian barbarians]. Having wintered there, with India above to the right hand, and having founded a city, he crossed the summits of the mountains into Bactriana. The road was bare of everything except a few trees of the bushy terminthus; the army was driven from want of food to eat the flesh of the beasts or burthen, and that in a raw state for want of firewood; but silphium grew in great abundance, which promoted the digestion of this raw food. Fifteen days after founding the city and leaving winter quarters, he came to Adrapsa (Darapsa?), a city of Bactriana.
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