μεσοποταμία δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ὠνόμασται· εἴρηται δʼ ὅτι κεῖται τοῦ Εὐφράτου μεταξὺ καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος καὶ διότι ὁ μὲν Τίγρις τὸ ἑωθινὸν αὐτῆς μόνον κλύζει πλευρόν, τὸ δʼ ἑσπέριον καὶ νότιον ὁ Εὐφράτης· πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ ὁ Ταῦρος ὁ τοὺς Ἀρμενίους διορίζων ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας. τὸ μὲν οὖν μέγιστον ὃ ἀφίστανται διάστημα ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων τὸ πρὸς τοῖς ὄρεσίν ἐστι· τοῦτο δʼ ἂν εἴη τὸ αὐτὸ ὅπερ εἴρηκεν Ἐρατοσθένης, τὸ ἀπὸ Θαψάκου, καθʼ ὃ ἦν τὸ ζεῦγμα τοῦ Εὐφράτου τὸ παλαιόν, ἐπὶ τὴν τοῦ Τίγριος διάβασιν, καθʼ ἣν διέβη Ἀλέξανδρος αὐτόν, δισχιλίων τετρακοσίων· τὸ δʼ ἐλάχιστον μικρῷ πλέον τῶν διακοσίων κατὰ Σελεύκειάν που καὶ Βαβυλῶνα. διαρρεῖ δʼ ὁ Τίγρις τὴν Θωπῖτιν καλουμένην λίμνην κατὰ πλάτος μέσην· περαιωθεὶς δʼ ἐπὶ θάτερον χεῖλος κατὰ γῆς δύεται μετὰ πολλοῦ ψόφου καὶ ἀναφυσημάτων, ἐπὶ πολὺ δʼ ἐνεχθεὶς ἀφανὴς ἀνίσχει πάλιν οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τῆς Γορδυαίας· οὕτω δὲ σφοδρῶς διεκβάλλει τὴν λίμνην, ὥς φησιν Ἐρατοσθένης, ὥστε ἁλμυρὰν αὐτὴν οὖσαν καὶ ἄνιχθυν γλυκεῖαν κατὰ τοῦτʼ εἶναι τὸ μέρος καὶ ῥοώδη καὶ ἰχθύων πλήρη.
Mesopotamia has its name from an accidental circumstance. We have said that it is situated between the Euphrates and the Tigris, that the Tigris washes its eastern side only, and the Euphrates its western and southern sides. To the north is the Taurus, which separates Armenia from Mesopotamia. The greatest distance by which they are separated from each other is that towards the mountains. This distance may be the same which Eratosthenes mentions, and is reckoned from Thapsacus, where there was the (Zeugma) old bridge of the Euphrates, to the (Zeugma) passage over the Tigris, where Alexander crossed it, a distance, that is, of 2400 stadia. The least distance between them is somewhere about Seleuceia and Babylon, and is a little more than 200 stadia.
The Tigris flows through the middle of the lake called Thopitis in the direction of its breadth, and after traversing it to the opposite bank, sinks under ground with a loud noise and rushing of air. Its course is for a long space invisible, but it rises again to the surface not far from Gordyaea. According to Eratosthenes, it traverses the lake with such rapidity, that although the lake is saline and without fish, yet in this part it is fresh, has a current, and abounds with fish.
Ἐπὶ μῆκος δὲ συχνὸν προπέπτωκεν ἡ συναγωγὴ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας καὶ πλοίῳ πως ἔοικε· ποιεῖ δὲ τὸ πλεῖστον τῆς περιφερείας ὁ Εὐφράτης· καὶ ἔστι τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Θαψάκου μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος, ὡς εἴρηκεν Ἐρατοσθένης, τετρακισχίλιοι καὶ ὀκτακόσιοι στάδιοι· τὸ δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ Κομμαγηνὴν ζεύγματος, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ τῆς Μεσοποταμίας, οὐκ ἔλαττον τῶν δισχιλίων σταδίων ἕως ἐπὶ Θάψακον.
The contracted shape of Mesopotamia extends far in length, and somewhat resembles a ship. The Euphrates forms the larger part of its boundary. The distance from Thapsacus to Babylon, according to Eratosthenes, is 4800 stadia, and from the (Zeugma bridge in Commagene, where Mesopotamia begins, to Thapsacus, is not less than 2000 stadia.
ἔστι δʼ ἡ μὲν παρόρειος εὐδαίμων ἱκανῶς· ἔχουσι δʼ αὐτῆς τὰ μὲν πρὸς τῷ Εὐφράτῃ καὶ τῷ ζεύγματι, τῷ τε νῦν τῷ κατὰ τὴν Κομμαγηνὴν καὶ τῷ πάλαι τῷ κατὰ τὴν Θάψακον, οἱ Μυγδόνες κατονομασθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Μακεδόνων· ἐν οἷς ἐστιν ἡ Νίσιβις, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν Ἀντιόχειαν τὴν ἐν τῇ Μυγδονίᾳ προσηγόρευσαν, ὑπὸ τῷ Μασίῳ ὄρει κειμένην, καὶ Τιγρανόκερτα καὶ τὰ περὶ Κάρρας καὶ Νικηφόριον χωρία καὶ Χορδίραζα καὶ Σίννακα, ἐν ᾗ Κράσσος διεφθάρη, δόλῳ ληφθεὶς ὑπὸ Σουρήνα τοῦ τῶν Παρθυαίων στρατηγοῦ.
The country lying at the foot of the mountains is very fertile. The people, called by the Macedonians Mygdones, occupy the parts towards the Euphrates, and both Zeugmata, that is, the Zeugma in Commagene, and the ancient Zeugma at Thapsacus. In their territory is Nisibis, which they called also Antioch in Mygdonia, situated below Mount Masius, and Tigranocerta, and the places about Carrhae, Nicephorium, Chordiraza, and Sinnaca, where Crassus was taken prisoner by stratagem, and put to death by Surena, the Parthian general.
πρὸς δὲ τῷ Τίγρει τὰ τῶν Γορδυαίων χωρία οὓς οἱ πάλαι Καρδούχους ἔλεγον, καὶ αἱ πόλεις ῶν Σάρεισά τε καὶ Σάταλκα καὶ Πίνακα, κράτιστον ἔρυμα, τρεῖς ἄκρας ἔχουσα, ἑκάστην ἰδίῳ τείχει τετειχισμένην, ὥστε οἷον τρίπολιν εἶναι. ἀλλʼ ὅμως καὶ ὁ Ἀρμένιος εἶχεν ὑπήκοον καὶ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι βίᾳ παρέλαβον, καίπερ ἔδοξαν οἱ Γορδυαῖοι διαφερόντως ἀρχιτεκτονικοί τινες εἶναι καὶ πολιορκητικῶν ὀργάνων ἔμπειροι· διόπερ αὐτοῖς εἰς ταῦτα ὁ Τιγράνης ἐχρῆτο. ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ ἡ λοιπὴ Μεσοποταμία ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις, Πομπήιος δʼ αὐτῆς τὰ πολλὰ τῷ Τιγράνῃ προσένειμεν ὅσα ἦν ἀξιόλογα· ἔστι γὰρ εὔβοτος ἡ χώρα καὶ εὐερνὴς ὥστε καὶ τὰ ἀειθαλῆ τρέφειν καὶ ἄρωμα τὸ ἄμωμον· καὶ λεοντοβότος ἐστί· φέρει δὲ καὶ τὸν νάφθαν καὶ τὴν γαγγῆτιν λίθον, ἣν φεύγει τὰ ἑρπετά.
Near the Tigris are the places belonging to the Gordyaei, whom the ancients called Carduchi; their cities are Sareisa, Satalca, and Pinaca, a very strong fortress with three citadels, each enclosed by its own wall, so that it is as it were a triple city. It was, however, subject to the king of Armenia; the Romans also took it by storm, although the Gordyaei had the reputation of excelling in the art of building, and to be skilful in the construction of siege engines. It was for this reason Tigranes took them into his service. The rest of Mesopotamia (Gordyaea?) was subject to the Romans. Pompey assigned to Tigranes the largest and best portion of the country; for it has fine pastures, is rich in plants, and produces ever-greens and an aromatic, the amomum. It breeds lions also. It furnishes naphtha, and the stone called Gangitis, which drives away reptiles.
λέγεται δὲ Γόρδυς ὁ Τριπτολέμου τὴν Γορδυηνὴν οἰκῆσαι, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ Ἐρετριεῖς οἱ ἀναρπασθέντες ὑπὸ Περσῶν. περὶ μὲν οὖν Τριπτολέμου δηλώσομεν ἐν τοῖς Συριακοῖς αὐτίκα.
Gordys, the son of Triptolemus, is related to have colonized Gordyene. The Eretrians afterwards, who were carried away by force by the Persians, settled here. We shall soon speak of Triptolemus in our description of Syria.
τὰ δὲ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν κεκλιμένα τῆς Μεσοποταμίας καὶ ἀπωτέρω τῶν ὀρῶν ἄνυδρα καὶ λυπρὰ ὄντα ἔχουσιν οἱ σκηνῖται Ἄραβες, λῃστρικοί τινες καὶ ποιμενικοί, μεθιστάμενοι ῥᾳδίως εἰς ἄλλους τόπους, ὅταν ἐπιλείπωσιν αἱ νομαὶ καὶ αἱ λεηλασίαι. τοῖς οὖν παρορείοις ὑπό τε τούτων κακοῦσθαι συμβαίνει καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀρμενίων· ὑπέρκεινται δὲ καὶ καταδυναστεύουσι διὰ τὴν ἰσχύν· τέλος δʼ ὑπʼ ἐκείνοις εἰσὶ τὸ πλέον ἢ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις· ἐν πλευραῖς γάρ εἰσι κἀκεῖνοι τήν τε Μηδίαν ἔχοντες καὶ τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν.
The parts of Mesopotamia inclining to the south, and at a distance from the mountains, are an arid and barren district, occupied by the Arabian Scenitae, a tribe of robbers and shepherds, who readily move from place to place, whenever pasture or booty begin to be exhausted. The country lying at the foot of the mountains is harassed both by these people and by the Armenians. They are situated above, and keep them in subjection by force. It is at last subject for the most part to these people, or to the Parthians, who are situated at their side, and possess both Media and Babylonia.
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