δύο δὲ ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν ὄρη τὰ ποιοῦντα τὴν κοίλην καλουμένην Συρίαν ὡς ἂν παράλληλα, ὅ τε Λίβανος καὶ ὁ Ἀντιλίβανος μικρὸν ὕπερθεν τῆς θαλάττης ἀρχόμενα ἄμφω, ὁ μὲν Λίβανος τῆς κατὰ Τρίπολιν, κατὰ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ μάλιστα πρόσωπον, ὁ δʼ Ἀντιλίβανος τῆς κατὰ Σιδῶνα· τελευτῶσι δʼ ἐγγύς πως τῶν Ἀραβίων ὀρῶν τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Δαμασκηνῆς καὶ τῶν τραχώνων ἐκεῖ λεγομένων εἰς ἄλλη ὄρη γεώλοφα καὶ καλλίκαρπα. ἀπολείπουσι δὲ μεταξὺ πεδίον κοῖλον πλάτος μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ διακοσίων σταδίων, μῆκος δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ὁμοῦ τι διπλάσιον. διαρρεῖται δὲ ποταμοῖς ἄρδουσι χώραν εὐδαίμονα καὶ πάμφορον, μεγίστῳ δὲ τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ. ἔχει δὲ καὶ λίμνην, ἣ φέρει τὴν ἀρωματῖτιν σχοῖνον καὶ κάλαμον, ὡς δʼ αὔτως καὶ ἕλη· καλεῖται δʼ ἡ λίμνη Γεννησαρῖτις· φέρει δὲ καὶ βάλσαμον. τῶν δὲ ποταμῶν ὁ μὲν Χρυσορρόας ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Δαμασκηνῶν πόλεως καὶ χώρας εἰς τὰς ὀχετείας ἀναλίσκεται σχεδόν τι· πολλὴν γὰρ ἐπάρδει καὶ βαθεῖαν σφόδρα· τὸν δὲ Λύκον καὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην ἀναπλέουσι φορτίοις, Ἀράδιοι δὲ μάλιστα.
There are two mountains, which form Coele-Syria, as it is called, lying nearly parallel to each other; the commencement of the ascent of both these mountains, Libanus and Antilibanus, is a little way from the sea; Libanus rises above the sea near Tripolis and Theoprosopon, and Antilibanus, above the sea near Sidon. They terminate somewhere near the Arabian mountains, which are above the district of Damascus and the Trachones as they are there called, where they form fruitful hills. A hollow plain lies between them, the breadth of which towards the sea is 200 stadia, and the length from the sea to the interior is about twice that number of stadia. Rivers flow through it, the largest of which is the Jordan, which water a country fertile and productive of all things. It contains also a lake, which produces the aromatic rush and reed. In it are also marshes. The name of the lake is Gennesaritis. It produces also balsamum.
Among the rivers is the Chrysorrhoas, which commences from the city and territory of Damascus, and is almost entirely drained by water-courses; for it supplies with water a large tract of country, with a very deep soil.
The Lycus and the Jordan are navigated upwards chiefly by the Aradii, with vessels of burden.
τῶν δὲ πεδίων τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης Μάκρας καλεῖται καὶ Μάκρα πεδίον· ἐν τούτῳ δὲ Ποσειδώνιος ἱστορεῖ τὸν δράκοντα πεπτωκότα ὁραθῆναι νεκρόν, μῆκος σχεδόν τι καὶ πλεθριαῖον, πάχος δʼ ὥσθʼ ἱππέας ἑκατέρωθεν παραστάντας ἀλλήλους μὴ καθορᾶν, χάσμα δὲ ὥστʼ ἔφιππον δέξασθαι, τῆς δὲ φολίδος λεπίδα ἑκάστην ὑπεραίρουσαν θυρεοῦ.
Of the plains, the first reckoning from the sea is called Macras and Macra-pedium. Here Poseidonius says there was seen a serpent lying dead, which was nearly a plethrum in length, and of such a bulk and thickness that men on horseback standing on each side of its body could not see one another; the jaws when opened could take in a man on horseback, and the scales of the skin were larger than a shield.
μετὰ δὲ τὸν Μάκραν ἐστὶν ὁ Μασσύας ἔχων τινὰ καὶ ὀρεινά, ἐν οἷς ἡ Χαλκὶς ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις τοῦ Μασσύου· ἀρχὴ δʼ αὐτοῦ Λαοδίκεια ἡ πρὸς Λιβάνῳ. τὰ μὲν οὖν ὀρεινὰ ἔχουσι πάντα Ἰτουραῖοί τε καὶ Ἄραβες, κακοῦργοι πάντες, οἱ δʼ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις γεωργοί· κακούμενοι δʼ ὑπʼ ἐκείνων ἄλλοτε ἄλλης βοηθείας δέονται. ὁρμητηρίοις δʼ ἐρυμνοῖς χρῶνται, καθάπερ οἱ τὸν Λίβανον ἔχοντες ἄνω μὲν ἐν τῷ ὄρει Σιννᾶν καὶ Βορραμὰ καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ἔχουσι τείχη, κάτω δὲ Βότρυν καὶ Γίγαρτον καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης σπήλαια καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ τῷ Θεοῦ προσώπῳ φρούριον ἐπιτεθέν, ἃ κατέσπασε Πομπήιος, ἀφʼ ὧν τήν τε Βύβλον κατέτρεχον καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς ταύτῃ Βηρυτόν, αἳ μεταξὺ κεῖνται Σιδῶνος καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ προσώπου. ἡ μὲν οὖν Βύβλος, τὸ τοῦ Κινύρου βασίλειον, ἱερά ἐστι τοῦ Ἀδώνιδος, ἣν τυραννουμένην ἠλευθέρωσε Πομπήιος πελεκίσας ἐκεῖνον· κεῖται δʼ ἐφʼ ὕψους τινὸς μικρὸν ἄπωθεν τῆς θαλάττης.
Next to the plain of Macras is that of Massyas, which also contains some mountainous parts, among which is Chalcis, the acropolis, as it were, of the Massyas. The commencement of this plain is at Laodiceia, near Libanus. The Ituraeans and Arabians, all of whom are freebooters, occupy the whole of the mountainous tracts. The husbandmen live in the plains, and when harassed by the freebooters, they require protection of various kinds. The robbers have strongholds from which they issue forth; those, for example, who occupy Libanus have high up on the mountain the fortresses Sinna, Borrhama, and some others like them; lower down, Botrys and Gigartus, caves also near the sea, and the castle on the promontory Theoprosopon. Pompey destroyed these fastnesses, from whence the robbers overran Byblus, and Berytus situated next to it, and which lie between Sidon and Theoprosopon.
Byblus, the royal seat of Cinyrus, is sacred to Adonis. Pompey delivered this place from the tyranny of Cinyrus, by striking off his head. It is situated upon an eminence at a little distance from the sea.
εἶτα μετὰ ταύτην Ἄδωνις ποταμὸς καὶ ὄρος Κλῖμαξ καὶ Παλαίβυβλος· εἶθʼ ὁ Λύκος ποταμὸς καὶ Βηρυτός· αὕτη δὲ κατεσπάσθη μὲν ὑπὸ Τρύφωνος, ἀνελήφθη δὲ νῦν ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, δεξαμένη δύο τάγματα ἃ ἵδρυσεν Ἀγρίππας ἐνταῦθα προσθεὶς καὶ τοῦ Μασσύου πολλὴν μέχρι καὶ τῶν τοῦ Ὀρόντου πηγῶν, αἳ πλησίον τοῦ τε Λιβάνου καὶ τοῦ Παραδείσου καὶ τοῦ Αἰγυπτίου τείχους περὶ τὴν Ἀπαμέων γῆν εἰσι. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ.
After Byblus is the river Adonis, and the mountain Climax, and Palae-Byblus, then the river Lycus, and Berytus. This latter place was razed by Tryphon, but now the Romans have restored it, and two legions were stationed there by Agrippa, who also added to it a large portion of the territory of Massyas, as far as the sources of the Orontes. These sources are near Libanus, the Paradeisus, and the Egyptian Fort near the district of Apameia. These places lie near the sea.
̔υπὲρ δὲ τοῦ Μασσύου ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος αὐλὼν βασιλικὸς καὶ ἡ Δαμασκηνὴ χώρα διαφερόντως ἐπαινουμένη· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ Δαμασκὸς πόλις ἀξιόλογος, σχεδόν τι καὶ ἐπιφανεστάτη τῶν ταύτῃ κατὰ τὰ Περσικά· ὑπέρκεινται δʼ αὐτῆς δύο λεγόμενοι λόφοι τραχῶνες· ἔπειτα πρὸς τὰ Ἀράβων μέρη καὶ τῶν Ἰτουραίων ἀναμὶξ ὄρη δύσβατα, ἐν οἷς καὶ σπήλαια βαθύστομα, ὧν ἓν καὶ τετρακισχιλίους ἀνθρώπους δέξασθαι δυνάμενον ἐν καταδρομαῖς, αἳ τοῖς Δαμασκηνοῖς γίνονται πολλαχόθεν. τὸ μέντοι πλέον τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας ἐμπόρους λεηλατοῦσιν οἱ βάρβαροι· ἧττον δὲ συμβαίνει καταλυθέντων νυνὶ τῶν περὶ Ζηνόδωρον λῃστῶν διὰ τὴν ἐκ τῶν Ῥωμαίων εὐνομίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐκ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀσφάλειαν τῶν ἐν τῇ Συρίᾳ τρεφομένων.
Above the Massyas is the Royal Valley, as it is called, and the territory of Damascus, so highly extolled. Damascus is a considerable city, and in the time of the Persian empire was nearly the most distinguished place in that country.
Above Damascus are the two (hills) called Trachones; then, towards the parts occupied by Arabians and Ituraeans promiscuously, are mountains of difficult access, in which were caves extending to a great depth. One of these caves was capable of containing four thousand robbers, when the territory of Damascus was subject to incursions from various quarters. The Barbarians used to rob the merchants most generally on the side of Arabia Felix, but this happens less frequently since the destruction of the bands of the robbers under Zenodorus, by the good government of the Romans, and in consequence of the security afforded by the soldiers stationed and maintained in Syria.
̔́απασα μὲν οὖν ἡ ὑπὲρ τῆς Σελευκίδος ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὴν Ἀραβίαν ἀνίσχουσα χώρα κοίλη Συρία καλεῖται, ἰδίως δʼ ἡ τῷ Λιβάνῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀντιλιβάνῳ ἀφωρισμένη. τῆς δὲ λοιπῆς ἡ μὲν ἀπὸ Ὀρθωσίας μέχρι Πηλουσίου παραλία Φοινίκη καλεῖται, στενή τις καὶ ἁλιτενής· ἡ δʼ ὑπὲρ ταύτης μεσόγαια μέχρι τῶν Ἀράβων ἡ μεταξὺ Γάζης καὶ Ἀντιλιβάνου Ἰουδαία λέγεται.
The whole country above Seleucis, extending towards Egypt and Arabia, is called Coele-Syria, but peculiarly the tract bounded by Libanus and Antilibanus, of the remainder one part is the coast extending from Orthosia as far as Pelusium, and is called Phoenicia, a narrow strip of land along the sea; the other, situated above Phoenicia in the interior between Gaza and Antilibanus, and extending to the Arabians, called Judaea.
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