Nonnus of Panopolis · Dionysiaca Διονυσιακά

Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca 44.80–183: Book 44: Teiresias' sacrifice, the snakes of Cadmos, and Pentheus' defiance

Teiresias tells Agaue to sacrifice to avert the dream, while privately knowing what it means. At the altar a serpent winds harmlessly about Cadmos and another about Harmonia, foretelling their transformation into stone snakes. All Thebes takes up the Bacchic dance, and Pentheus rages, vowing to kill Dionysos and denying that a mortal can be a god.

Lines 44.80–183 · 991 words · click a number to copy its link
80τοῖον ὄναρ βλοσυρωπὸν ὑπόχλοος εἶδεν Ἀγαύη. ἔνθεν ἐριπτοίητος ἀπωσαμένη πτερὸν Ὕπνου, ὀρθρινὴ καλέσασα θεηγόρον υἷα Χαρικλοῦς, μάντιας ἐσσομένων φονίους ἐδίδαξεν ὀνείρους· Τειρεσίας δʼ ἐκέλευσε θεοπρόπος ἄρσενα ῥέξαι 85ταῦρον, ἀοσσητῆρα δαφοινήεντος ὀνείρου, Ζηνὸς ἀλεξικάκοιο θεοκλήτῳ παρὰ βωμῷ, μηκεδανῆς ἐλάτης παρὰ δένδρεον, ἧχι Κιθαιρὼν πέπταται ὑψικάρηνος· Ἁμαδρυάδεσσι δὲ Νύμφαις θῆλυν ὄιν σήμαινε θυηπολέειν παρὰ λόχμῃ. 90ἔγνω δʼ ἔμφρονα θῆρα καὶ ἀγρώσσουσαν Ἀγαύην γαστρὸς ἑῆς ὠδῖνα καὶ ὠλεσίτεκνον ἀγῶνα καὶ κεφαλὴν Πενθῆος· ἐν ἀφθόγγῳ δὲ σιωπῇ κρύψεν ὀνειρείης ἀπατήλιον εἰκόνα νίκης, Πενθέα μὴ βαρύμηνιν ἑὸν βασιλῆα χαλέψῃ. 95πειθομένη δὲ γέροντι σοφῷ φιλότεκνος Ἀγαύη εἰς ὄρος ὑψικάρηνον ὁμόστολος ἤιε Κάδμῳ Πενθέος ἑσπομένοιο· καὶ εὐκεράῳ παρὰ βωμῷ θῆλυν ὄιν κερόεντι συνέμπορον ἄρσενι ταύρῳ, ἧχι Διὸς πέλεν ἄλσος ὀρειάδος ἔμπλεον ὕλης, 100Ζηνὶ καὶ Ἁδρυάδεσσι μίαν ξύνωσε θυηλὴν Κάδμος Ἀγηνορίδης, θεοτερπέα βωμὸν ἀνάψας, ῥέξων ἀμφοτέροισιν· ἀναπτομένοιο δὲ πυρσοῦ κνίση μὲν περίφοιτος ἕλιξ συνενήχετο καπνῷ εὐόδμῳ στροφάλιγγι, δαϊζομένου δʼ ἄρα ταύρου 105ὄρθιος αἱμαλέης αὐτόσσυτος αὐλὸς ἐέρσης χεῖρας ἐρευθιόωντι φόνῳ πόρφυρεν Ἀγαύης . . . αὐχένιον δὲ τένοντα πέριξ στεφανηδὸν ἑλίξας οἰδαλέην ἐπίκυρτον ἑὴν δοχμώσατο δειρὴν μείλιχος εἱλικόεντι δράκων μιτρούμενος ὁλκῷ, 110στέμματι δʼ ὁλκαίῳ κεφαλὴν κυκλώσατο Κάδμου πρηῢς ὄφις, καὶ γλῶσσα πέριξ λίχμαζεν ὑπήνην μειλιχίων φίλον ἰὸν ἀποπτύουσα γενείων οἰγομένων· καὶ θῆλυς ὄφις μιτρώσατο κόρσην Ἁρμονίης ξανθοῖσι περιπλεχθεῖσα κορύμβοις. 115καὶ διδύμων ὀφίων πετρώσατο γυῖα Κρονίων, ὅττι παρʼ Ἰλλυρικοῖο δρακοντοβότου στόμα πόντου Ἁρμονίη καὶ Κάδμος ἀμειβομένοιο προσώπου λαϊνέην ἤμελλον ἔχειν ὀφιώδεα μορφήν. τοῖον ἴδεν ποτὲ φάσμα, καὶ ὀμφήεντος ὀνείρου 120μνησαμένη δεδόνητο φόβῳ φιλότεκνος Ἀγαύῃ.

Such was the horrible vision that pale Agaue saw. Then after she had shaken off sleep’s wing, trembling with terror, in the morning she called in the seer, Chariclo’s son, and revealed to him her dream, the bloody prophecy of things to come. Teiresias the diviner bade her sacrifice a male bull to help against the bloody dream, at the altar where men call upon Zeus the Protector, beside the trunk of a tall pinetree where Cithairon spreads his lofty head ; he told her to offer a female sheep to the Hamadryad Nymphs in the thicket. He knew the beast as human, he knew Agaue hunting the fruit of her own womb, the struggle that killed her son, the head of Pentheus ; but he concealed in wordless silence the deceptive vision of victory in the dream, that he might not provoke the heavy wrath of Pentheus his king. Agaue the tender mother obeyed the wise old man, and went to the lofty hill together with Cadmos while Pentheus followed. At the horns of the altar Cadmos Agenorides made one common sacrifice to Zeus and the Hadryads, female and male together, sheep and horned bull, where stood the grove of Zeus full of mountain trees ; he lit the fire on the altar to do pleasure to the gods, and did sacrifice to both. When the flame was kindled, the rich savour was spread abroad with the smoke in fragrant rings. When the bull was slaughtered, a jet of bloody dew spouted straight up of itself and stained the hands of Agaue with red blood. ... A serpent crept with its coils, surrounding the throat of Cadmos like a garland, twining and trailing a crooked swollen collar about it in a lacing circle but doing no harm — the gentle creature crept round his head like a trailing chaplet, and his tongue licked his chin all over dribbling the friendly poison from open mouth, quite harmless ; a female snake girdled the temples of Harmonialike a wreath of clusters in her yellow hair. Then Cronion turned the bodies of both snakes into stone, because Harmonia and Cadmos were destined to change their appearance and to assume the form of stone snakes, at the mouth of the snakebreeding Illyrian gulf. Then Agaue returned home with her son and her father, having a new fear besides the fear of the dream.

121καὶ φόβον ἄλλον ἔχουσα μετὰ προτέρου φόβον ὕπνου νόστιμος εἰς δόμον ἦλθε σὺν υἱέι καὶ γενετῆρι.

Such was the vision which Agaue had seen, and remembering this ominous dream the fond mother was shaken with fear.

123ἤδη δʼ ἑπταπόροιο διʼ ἄστεος ἵπτατο Φήμη ὄργια κηρύσσουσα χοροπλεκέος Διονύσου· 125οὐδέ τις ἦν ἀχόρευτος ἀνὰ πτόλιν· ἀγρονόμων δὲ εἰαρινοῖς πετάλοισιν ἐμιτρώθησαν ἀγυιαί· καὶ θάλαμον Σεμέλης χλοερῷ σκιόωσα κορύμβῳ νυμφιδίου σπινθῆρος ἔτι πνείοντα κεραυνοῦ αὐτοφυὴς ἐμέθυσσεν ἕλιξ εὐώδεϊ καρπῷ. 130φρικτὰ δὲ παπταίνων πολυειδέα θαύματα Βάκχου, ζῆλον ἔχων ὑπέροπλον, ἄναξ κυμαίνετο Πενθεύς· καὶ κενεῆς προχέων ὑπερήνορα κόμπον ἀπειλῆς τοῖον ἔπος δμώεσσιν ἀτάσθαλος ἴαχε Πενθεύς· Λυδὸν ἐμὸν θεράποντα κομίσσατε, θῆλυν ἀλήτην,

Already Rumour was flying about the seven-gated city proclaiming the rites of danceweaving Dionysos. No one there was throughout the city who would not dance. The streets were garlanded with spring leafage by the country people. The chamber of Semele, still breathing sparks of the marriage thunders, was shaded by selfgrowing bunches of green leaves which intoxicated the place with sweet odours. King Pentheus swelled with arrogance and jealousy to see the terrible wonders of Bacchos in so many shapes. Then Pentheus uttered proud boasts and empty threats to his servants in these insulting words :

135δαινυμένου Πενθῆος ὑποδρηστῆρα τραπέζης, οἰνοδόκῳ ποτὸν ἄλλο διαστάζοντα κυπέλλῳ, ἢ γλάγος ἢ γλυκὺ χεῦμα · κασιγνήτην δὲ τεκούσης Αὐτονόην πληγῇσιν ἀμοιβαίῃσιν ἱμάσσω, κύμβαλα δʼ ἠχήεντα διαρρίψαντες ἀήταις 140καὶ πάταγον Βερέκυντα καὶ Εὔια τύμπανα Ῥείης ἕλκετε Βασσαρίδας μανιώδεας, ἕλκετε Βάκχας, ἀμφιπόλους Βρομίοιο συνήλυδας, ἃς ἐνὶ Θήβῃ Ἰσμηνοῦ διεροῖσιν ἀκοντίζοντες ἐναύλοις Νηίδας Ἀονίαις ποταμηίσι μίξατε Νύμφαις 145ἥλικας, Ἁδρυάδας δὲ γέρων δέξαιτο Κιθαιρὼν ἄλλαις Ἁδρυάδεσσιν ὁμόζυγας ἀντὶ Λυαίου. καὶ πλοκάμους τμήξωμεν ἀκερσικόμου Διονύσου· ἄξατε πῦρ, θεράποντες, ἐπεὶ ποινήτορι θεσμῷ, ἐκ πυρὸς εἰ πέλε Βάκχος, ἐγὼ πυρὶ Βάκχον ὀπάσσω· 150Ζεὺς Σεμέλην ἐδάμασσεν, ἐγὼ Διόνυσον ὀλέσσω. εἰ δέ κε πειρήσαιτο καὶ ἡμετέροιο κεραυνοῦ, γνώσεται, οἷον ἔχω χθόνιον σέλας· οὐρανίου γὰρ θερμοτέρους σπινθῆρας ἐμὸν λάχεν ἀντίτυπον πῦρ· σήμερον αἰθαλόεντα τὸν ἀμπελόεντα τελέσσω. 155εἰ δὲ μόθον στήσειε μαχήμονα θύρσον ἀείρων, γνώσεται, οἷον ἔχω χθόνιον δόρυ· καί μιν ὀλέσσω, οὐ ποδός, οὐ λαγόνων, οὐ στήθεος, οὐ κενεώνων, ὠτειλὴν μεθέποντα· καὶ οὐ βουπλῆγι δαΐξω κυρτὰ βοοκραίροιο κεράατα δισσὰ μετώπου, 160οὐδὲ διατμήξω μέσον αὐχένος· ἀλλά ἑ τύψω ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ τετορημένον εἰς πτύχα μηροῦ, ὅττι Διὸς μεγάλοιο γονὴν ἐψεύσατο μηροῦ καὶ πόλον ὡς ἑὸν οἶκον· ἐγὼ δέ μιν ἀντὶ μελάθρου ἀντὶ Διὸς πυλεῶνος ἐνέρτερον Ἄιδι πέμψω, 165ἠέ μιν αὐτοκύλιστον ἀλυσκάζοντα καλύψω κύμασιν Ἰσμηνοῖο, καὶ οὐ χρέος ἐστὶ θαλάσσης.

“Bring here my Lydian slave, that womanish vagabond, to serve the table of Pentheus at his dinner ; let him fill his winebeaker with some other drink, milk or some sweet liquor ; I will flog my mother’s sister Autonoe with retributive strokes of my hands, and we will crop the uncropt locks of Dionysos. Throw to the winds his tinkling cymbals, and the Berecyntian din and Euian tambourines of Rheia. Drag hither the mad Bassarids, drag the Bacchants hither, the handmaids who attend on Bromios — hurl them into the watery beds of Ismenos here in Thebes, mingle the Naiads with the Aonian rivernymphs their mates, let old Cithairon receive Hadryads to join his own Hadryads instead of Lyaios. Bring fire, men, for by the law of vengeance I will throw Bacchos into the fire, if he came out of the fire : Zeus tamed Semele, I will destroy Dionysos ! If he would like to try my thunder also, he shall learn what fire I have from earth ! ” For my fire has hotter sparks to match the heavenly fire. To-day I will make the viny one a scorchy one ! If he lift his thyrsus and give battle, he shall learn what kind of a spear I have from earth. I will destroy him without a wound in foot or flank, breast or belly ! I will not cut off the two crooked horns from his bullhorned head with a poleaxe, I will not cut through his neck : I will pierce the fork of his thigh with a blow from a spear of bronze, because of his lies about the thigh of great Zeus, and heaven as his home. Instead of the palace of Zeus, instead of his gatehouse, I will send him down to Hades, or make him roll himself helpless into the waves of Ismenos to hide — we can do without the sea !

167οὐ δέχομαι βροτὸν ἄνδρα νόθον θεόν· εἰ θέμις εἰπεῖν, ψεύσομαι, ὡς Διόνυσος, ἐμὸν γένος· οὐκ ἀπὸ Κάδμου αἷμα φέρω χθονίοιο, πατὴρ δʼ ἐμός, ὄρχαμος ἄστρων, 170ἠέλιός με φύτευσε, καὶ οὐκ ἔσπειρεν Ἐχίων· τίκτε Σεληναίη με, καὶ οὐκ ἐλόχευσεν Ἀγαύη· εἰμὶ γένος Κρονίδαο, καὶ αἰθέρος εἰμὶ πολίτης· οὐρανὸς ἀστερόφοιτος ἐμὴ πόλις· ἵλατε, Θῆβαι· Παλλὰς ἐμὴ παράκοιτις, ἐμὴ δάμαρ ἄμβροτος Ἥβη· 175Πενθέι μαζὸν ὄρεξε μετʼ Ἄρεα δεσπότις Ἥρη, καὶ ζαθέη μετὰ Φοῖβον ἐγείνατο Πενθέα Λητώ· Ἄρτεμιν ἱεμένην νυμφεύσομαι· οὐδέ με φεύγει, ὥς ποτε Φοῖβον ἔφευγεν ἑῆς μνηστῆρα κορείης, μῶμον ἀλυσκάζουσα κασιγνήτων ὑμεναίων. 180εἰ δὲ τεὴν Σεμέλην οὐκ ἔφλεγεν οὐρανίη φλόξ, παιδὸς ἑῆς διὰ μῶμον ἑὸν δόμον ἔφλεγε Κάδμος, ἀστεροπὴν δʼ ἐκάλεσσε χαμαιγενὲς ἁπτόμενον πῦρ, καὶ δαΐδων ὀνόμηνε σέλας σπινθῆρα κεραυνοῦ.

“I will not receive a mortal man as a bastard god. If I dare say it, I will deny my ow breeding, like Dionysos. I have not in me the blood of mortal Cadmos, but my father is the chief of stars — Helios begat me, not Echion ; Selene brought me forth, not Agaue ; I am the offspring of Cronides and a citizen of heaven, the sky with its wandering stars is my home — so forgive me, Thebes ! Pallas is my concubine, immortal Hebe my consort. Queen Hera gave me the breast after Ares, divine Leto brought me forth after Phoibos. I will woo Artemis, who wants me — she does not run from me as she did from Phoibos, the wooer of her maidenhood, because she feared blame for wedding with a brother. And if the heavenly-flame did not bum your Semele, Cadmos did burn his house for his daughter’s shame, and gave the name of lightning to the earthly fire he kindled, called the flame of torches the spark of the thunderbolt.”

People and places in this passage

English translation by W. H. D. Rouse (1940). Original text: W. H. D. Rouse (ed.), Nonnos, Dionysiaca, Loeb Classical Library 344, 354, 356, London: Heinemann; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1940-1942 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus).

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library, Greek text); translation public domain (Rouse, Loeb 1940-42: US copyright not renewed; Rouse died 1950; OCR from the Internet Archive scans). Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.