Homer · Iliad Ἰλιάς

Homer, Iliad 21.1–135: The ford of the Xanthus; the death of Lycaon

At the ford of the river the Trojans split, one half fleeing to the city and the other driven into the stream, where Achilles leaves his spear on the bank and cuts them down with his sword. He takes twelve youths alive to be slain at the pyre of Patroclus. Lycaon, a son of Priam, clasps his knees and begs for his life, but Achilles tells him that all must die, kills him and throws him into the river.

Lines 21.1–135 · 1571 words · click a number to copy its link
1ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ πόρον ἷξον ἐϋρρεῖος ποταμοῖο Ξάνθου δινήεντος, ὃν ἀθάνατος τέκετο Ζεύς, ἔνθα διατμήξας τοὺς μὲν πεδίον δὲ δίωκε πρὸς πόλιν, ᾗ περ Ἀχαιοὶ ἀτυζόμενοι φοβέοντο 5ἤματι τῷ προτέρῳ, ὅτε μαίνετο φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ· τῇ ῥʼ οἵ γε προχέοντο πεφυζότες, ἠέρα δʼ Ἥρη πίτνα πρόσθε βαθεῖαν ἐρυκέμεν· ἡμίσεες δὲ ἐς ποταμὸν εἰλεῦντο βαθύρροον ἀργυροδίνην, ἐν δʼ ἔπεσον μεγάλῳ πατάγῳ, βράχε δʼ αἰπὰ ῥέεθρα, 10ὄχθαι δʼ ἀμφὶ περὶ μεγάλʼ ἴαχον· οἳ δʼ ἀλαλητῷ ἔννεον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ἑλισσόμενοι περὶ δίνας. ὡς δʼ ὅθʼ ὑπὸ ῥιπῆς πυρὸς ἀκρίδες ἠερέθονται φευγέμεναι ποταμὸν δέ· τὸ δὲ φλέγει ἀκάματον πῦρ ὄρμενον ἐξαίφνης, ταὶ δὲ πτώσσουσι καθʼ ὕδωρ· 15ὣς ὑπʼ Ἀχιλλῆος Ξάνθου βαθυδινήεντος πλῆτο ῥόος κελάδων ἐπιμὶξ ἵππων τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν. αὐτὰρ ὃ διογενὴς δόρυ μὲν λίπεν αὐτοῦ ἐπʼ ὄχθῃ κεκλιμένον μυρίκῃσιν, ὃ δʼ ἔσθορε δαίμονι ἶσος φάσγανον οἶον ἔχων, κακὰ δὲ φρεσὶ μήδετο ἔργα, 20τύπτε δʼ ἐπιστροφάδην· τῶν δὲ στόνος ὄρνυτʼ ἀεικὴς ἄορι θεινομένων, ἐρυθαίνετο δʼ αἵματι ὕδωρ.

But when they were now come to the ford of the fair-flowing river, even eddying Xanthus that immortal Zeus begat, there Achilles cleft them asunder, and the one part he drave to the plain toward the city, even where the Achaeans were fleeing in rout the day before, what time glorious Hector was raging—thitherward poured forth some in rout, and Hera spread before them a thick mist to hinder them; but the half of them were pent into the deep-flowing river with its silver eddies. Therein they flung themselves with a great din, and the sheer-falling streams resounded, and the banks round about rang loudly; and with noise of shouting swam they this way and that, whirled about in the eddies. And as when beneath the onrush of fire locusts take wing to flee unto a river, and the unwearied fire burneth them with its sudden oncoming, and they shrink down into the water; even so before Achilles was the sounding stream of deep-eddying Xanthus filled confusedly with chariots and with men. But the Zeus-begotten left there his spear upon the bank, leaning against the tamarisk bushes, and himself leapt in like a god with naught but his sword; and grim was the work he purposed in his heart, and turning him this way and that he smote and smote; and from them uprose hideous groaning as they were smitten with the sword, and the water grew red with blood.

22ὡς δʼ ὑπὸ δελφῖνος μεγακήτεος ἰχθύες ἄλλοι φεύγοντες πιμπλᾶσι μυχοὺς λιμένος εὐόρμου δειδιότες· μάλα γάρ τε κατεσθίει ὅν κε λάβῃσιν· 25ὣς Τρῶες ποταμοῖο κατὰ δεινοῖο ῥέεθρα πτῶσσον ὑπὸ κρημνούς. ὃ δʼ ἐπεὶ κάμε χεῖρας ἐναίρων, ζωοὺς ἐκ ποταμοῖο δυώδεκα λέξατο κούρους ποινὴν Πατρόκλοιο Μενοιτιάδαο θανόντος· τοὺς ἐξῆγε θύραζε τεθηπότας ἠΰτε νεβρούς, 30δῆσε δʼ ὀπίσσω χεῖρας ἐϋτμήτοισιν ἱμᾶσι, τοὺς αὐτοὶ φορέεσκον ἐπὶ στρεπτοῖσι χιτῶσι, δῶκε δʼ ἑταίροισιν κατάγειν κοίλας ἐπὶ νῆας. αὐτὰρ ὃ ἂψ ἐπόρουσε δαϊζέμεναι μενεαίνων. ἔνθʼ υἷι Πριάμοιο συνήντετο Δαρδανίδαο 35ἐκ ποταμοῦ φεύγοντι Λυκάονι, τόν ῥά ποτʼ αὐτὸς ἦγε λαβὼν ἐκ πατρὸς ἀλωῆς οὐκ ἐθέλοντα ἐννύχιος προμολών· ὃ δʼ ἐρινεὸν ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ τάμνε νέους ὄρπηκας, ἵνʼ ἅρματος ἄντυγες εἶεν· τῷ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀνώϊστον κακὸν ἤλυθε δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.

And as before a dolphin, huge of maw, other fishes flee and fill the nooks of some harbour of fair anchorage in their terror, for greedily doth he devour whatsoever one he catcheth; even so cowered the Trojans in the streams of the dread river beneath the steep banks. And he, when his hands grew weary of slaying, chose twelve youths alive from out the river as blood-price for dead Patroclus, son of Menoetius. These led he forth dazed like fawns, and bound their hands behind them with shapely thongs, which they themselves wore about their pliant tunics, and gave them to his comrades to lead to the hollow ships. Then himself he sprang back again, full eager to slay. There met he a son of Dardanian Priam fleeing forth from the river, even Lycaon, whom on a time he had himself taken and brought sore against his will, from his father's orchard being come forth in the night; he was cutting with the sharp bronze the young shoots of a wild fig-tree, to be the rims of a chariot; but upon him, an unlooked-for bane, came goodly Achilles.

40καὶ τότε μέν μιν Λῆμνον ἐϋκτιμένην ἐπέρασσε νηυσὶν ἄγων, ἀτὰρ υἱὸς Ἰήσονος ὦνον ἔδωκε· κεῖθεν δὲ ξεῖνός μιν ἐλύσατο πολλὰ δʼ ἔδωκεν Ἴμβριος Ἠετίων, πέμψεν δʼ ἐς δῖαν Ἀρίσβην· ἔνθεν ὑπεκπροφυγὼν πατρώϊον ἵκετο δῶμα. 45ἕνδεκα δʼ ἤματα θυμὸν ἐτέρπετο οἷσι φίλοισιν ἐλθὼν ἐκ Λήμνοιο· δυωδεκάτῃ δέ μιν αὖτις χερσὶν Ἀχιλλῆος θεὸς ἔμβαλεν, ὅς μιν ἔμελλε πέμψειν εἰς Ἀΐδαο καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλοντα νέεσθαι. τὸν δʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς 50γυμνὸν ἄτερ κόρυθός τε καὶ ἀσπίδος, οὐδʼ ἔχεν ἔγχος, ἀλλὰ τὰ μέν ῥʼ ἀπὸ πάντα χαμαὶ βάλε· τεῖρε γὰρ ἱδρὼς φεύγοντʼ ἐκ ποταμοῦ, κάματος δʼ ὑπὸ γούνατʼ ἐδάμνα· ὀχθήσας δʼ ἄρα εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν· ὢ πόποι ἦ μέγα θαῦμα τόδʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῶμαι· 55ἦ μάλα δὴ Τρῶες μεγαλήτορες οὕς περ ἔπεφνον αὖτις ἀναστήσονται ὑπὸ ζόφου ἠερόεντος, οἷον δὴ καὶ ὅδʼ ἦλθε φυγὼν ὕπο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ Λῆμνον ἐς ἠγαθέην πεπερημένος· οὐδέ μιν ἔσχε πόντος ἁλὸς πολιῆς, ὃ πολέας ἀέκοντας ἐρύκει.

For that time had he sold him into well-built Lemnos, bearing him thither on his ships, and the son of Jason had given a price for him; but from thence a guest-friend had ransomed him— and a great price he gave—even Eetion of Imbros, and had sent him unto goodly Arisbe; whence he had fled forth secretly and come to the house of his fathers. For eleven days' space had he joy amid his friends, being come forth from Lemnos; but on the twelfth a god cast him once more into the hands of Achilles, who was to send him to the house of Hades, loath though he was to go. When the swift-footed, goodly Achilles was ware of him, all unarmed, without helm or shield, nor had he a spear, but had thrown all these from him to the ground; for the sweat vexed him as he sought to flee from out the river, and weariness overmastered his knees beneath him; then, mightily moved, Achilles spake unto his own great-hearted spirit: Now look you, verily a great marvel is this that mine eyes behold! In good sooth the great-hearted Trojans that I have slain will rise up again from beneath the murky darkness, seeing this man is thus come back and hath escaped the pitiless day of doom, albeit he was sold into sacred Lemnos; neither hath the deep of the grey sea stayed him, that holdeth back full many against their will.

60ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ καὶ δουρὸς ἀκωκῆς ἡμετέροιο γεύσεται, ὄφρα ἴδωμαι ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ἠδὲ δαείω ἢ ἄρʼ ὁμῶς καὶ κεῖθεν ἐλεύσεται, ἦ μιν ἐρύξει γῆ φυσίζοος, ἥ τε κατὰ κρατερόν περ ἐρύκει. ὣς ὅρμαινε μένων· ὃ δέ οἱ σχεδὸν ἦλθε τεθηπὼς 65γούνων ἅψασθαι μεμαώς, περὶ δʼ ἤθελε θυμῷ ἐκφυγέειν θάνατόν τε κακὸν καὶ κῆρα μέλαιναν. ἤτοι ὃ μὲν δόρυ μακρὸν ἀνέσχετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς οὐτάμεναι μεμαώς, ὃ δʼ ὑπέδραμε καὶ λάβε γούνων κύψας· ἐγχείη δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ νώτου ἐνὶ γαίῃ 70ἔστη ἱεμένη χροὸς ἄμεναι ἀνδρομέοιο. αὐτὰρ ὃ τῇ ἑτέρῃ μὲν ἑλὼν ἐλλίσσετο γούνων, τῇ δʼ ἑτέρῃ ἔχεν ἔγχος ἀκαχμένον οὐδὲ μεθίει· καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα· γουνοῦμαι σʼ Ἀχιλεῦ· σὺ δέ μʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον· 75ἀντί τοί εἰμʼ ἱκέταο διοτρεφὲς αἰδοίοιο· πὰρ γὰρ σοὶ πρώτῳ πασάμην Δημήτερος ἀκτὴν ἤματι τῷ ὅτε μʼ εἷλες ἐϋκτιμένῃ ἐν ἀλωῇ, καί μʼ ἐπέρασσας ἄνευθεν ἄγων πατρός τε φίλων τε Λῆμνον ἐς ἠγαθέην, ἑκατόμβοιον δέ τοι ἦλφον.

Nay, but come, of the point of our spear also shall he taste, that I may see and know in heart whether in like manner he will come back even from beneath, or whether the life-giving earth will hold him fast, she that holdeth even him that is strong. So pondered he, and abode; but the other drew nigh him, dazed, eager to touch his knees, and exceeding fain of heart was he to escape from evil death and black fate. Then goodly Achilles lifted on high his long spear, eager to smite him, but Lycaon stooped and ran thereunder, and clasped his knees; and the spear passed over his back and was stayed in the ground, albeit fain to glut itself with the flesh of man. Then Lycaon besought him, with the one hand clasping his knees while with the other he held the sharp spear, and would not let it go; and he spake and addressed him with winged words: I beseech thee by thy knees, Achilles, and do thou respect me and have pity; in thine eyes, O thou nurtured of Zeus, am I even as a sacred suppliant, for at thy table first did I eat of the grain of Demeter on the day when thou didst take me captive in the well-ordered orchard, and didst lead me afar from father and from friends, and sell me into sacred Lemnos; and I fetched thee the price of an hundred oxen.

80νῦν δὲ λύμην τρὶς τόσσα πορών· ἠὼς δέ μοί ἐστιν ἥδε δυωδεκάτη, ὅτʼ ἐς Ἴλιον εἰλήλουθα πολλὰ παθών· νῦν αὖ με τεῇς ἐν χερσὶν ἔθηκε μοῖρʼ ὀλοή· μέλλω που ἀπεχθέσθαι Διὶ πατρί, ὅς με σοὶ αὖτις δῶκε· μινυνθάδιον δέ με μήτηρ 85γείνατο Λαοθόη θυγάτηρ Ἄλταο γέροντος Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει Πήδασον αἰπήεσσαν ἔχων ἐπὶ Σατνιόεντι. τοῦ δʼ ἔχε θυγατέρα Πρίαμος, πολλὰς δὲ καὶ ἄλλας· τῆς δὲ δύω γενόμεσθα, σὺ δʼ ἄμφω δειροτομήσεις, 90ἤτοι τὸν πρώτοισι μετὰ πρυλέεσσι δάμασσας ἀντίθεον Πολύδωρον, ἐπεὶ βάλες ὀξέϊ δουρί· νῦν δὲ δὴ ἐνθάδʼ ἐμοὶ κακὸν ἔσσεται· οὐ γὰρ ὀΐω σὰς χεῖρας φεύξεσθαι, ἐπεί ῥʼ ἐπέλασσέ γε δαίμων. ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσι· 95μή με κτεῖνʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ὁμογάστριος Ἕκτορός εἰμι, ὅς τοι ἑταῖρον ἔπεφνεν ἐνηέα τε κρατερόν τε.

Lo, now have I bought my freedom by paying thrice as much, and this is my twelfth morn since I came to Ilios, after many sufferings; and now again has deadly fate put me in thy hands; surely it must be that I am hated of father Zeus, seeing he hath given me unto thee again; and to a brief span of life did my mother bear me, even Laothoe, daughter of the old man Altes,—Altes that is lord over the war-loving Leleges, holding steep Pedasus on the Satnioeis. His daughter Priam had to wife, and therewithal many another, and of her we twain were born, and thou wilt butcher us both. Him thou didst lay low amid the foremost foot-men, even godlike Polydorus, when thou hadst smitten him with a cast of thy sharp spear, and now even here shall evil come upon me; for I deem not that I shall escape thy hands, seeing a god hath brought me nigh thee. Yet another thing will I tell thee, and do thou lay it to heart: slay me not; since I am not sprung from the same womb as Hector, who slew thy comrade the kindly and valiant.

97ὣς ἄρα μιν Πριάμοιο προσηύδα φαίδιμος υἱὸς λισσόμενος ἐπέεσσιν, ἀμείλικτον δʼ ὄπʼ ἄκουσε· νήπιε μή μοι ἄποινα πιφαύσκεο μηδʼ ἀγόρευε· 100πρὶν μὲν γὰρ Πάτροκλον ἐπισπεῖν αἴσιμον ἦμαρ τόφρά τί μοι πεφιδέσθαι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φίλτερον ἦεν Τρώων, καὶ πολλοὺς ζωοὺς ἕλον ἠδʼ ἐπέρασσα· νῦν δʼ οὐκ ἔσθʼ ὅς τις θάνατον φύγῃ ὅν κε θεός γε Ἰλίου προπάροιθεν ἐμῇς ἐν χερσὶ βάλῃσι 105καὶ πάντων Τρώων, περὶ δʼ αὖ Πριάμοιό γε παίδων. ἀλλὰ φίλος θάνε καὶ σύ· τί ἦ ὀλοφύρεαι οὕτως; κάτθανε καὶ Πάτροκλος, ὅ περ σέο πολλὸν ἀμείνων. οὐχ ὁράᾳς οἷος καὶ ἐγὼ καλός τε μέγας τε; πατρὸς δʼ εἴμʼ ἀγαθοῖο, θεὰ δέ με γείνατο μήτηρ· 110ἀλλʼ ἔπι τοι καὶ ἐμοὶ θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα κραταιή· ἔσσεται ἢ ἠὼς ἢ δείλη ἢ μέσον ἦμαρ ὁππότε τις καὶ ἐμεῖο Ἄρῃ ἐκ θυμὸν ἕληται ἢ ὅ γε δουρὶ βαλὼν ἢ ἀπὸ νευρῆφιν ὀϊστῷ.

So spake to him the glorious son of Priam with words of entreaty, but all ungentle was the voice he heard: Fool, tender not ransom to me, neither make harangue. Until Patroclus met his day of fate, even till then was it more pleasing to me to spare the Trojans, and full many I took alive and sold oversea; but now is there not one that shall escape death, whomsoever before the walls of Ilios God shall deliver into my hands— aye, not one among all the Trojans, and least of all among the sons of Priam. Nay, friend, do thou too die; why lamentest thou thus? Patroclus also died, who was better far than thou. And seest thou not what manner of man am I, how comely and how tall? A good man was my father, and a goddess the mother that bare me; yet over me too hang death and mighty fate. There shall come a dawn or eve or mid-day, when my life too shall some man take in battle, whether he smite me with cast of the spear, or with an arrow from the string.

114ὣς φάτο, τοῦ δʼ αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον ἦτορ· 115ἔγχος μέν ῥʼ ἀφέηκεν, ὃ δʼ ἕζετο χεῖρε πετάσσας ἀμφοτέρας· Ἀχιλεὺς δὲ ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ὀξὺ τύψε κατὰ κληῗδα παρʼ αὐχένα, πᾶν δέ οἱ εἴσω δῦ ξίφος ἄμφηκες· ὃ δʼ ἄρα πρηνὴς ἐπὶ γαίῃ κεῖτο ταθείς, ἐκ δʼ αἷμα μέλαν ῥέε, δεῦε δὲ γαῖαν. 120τὸν δʼ Ἀχιλεὺς ποταμὸν δὲ λαβὼν ποδὸς ἧκε φέρεσθαι, καί οἱ ἐπευχόμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ ἀγόρευεν· ἐνταυθοῖ νῦν κεῖσο μετʼ ἰχθύσιν, οἵ σʼ ὠτειλὴν αἷμʼ ἀπολιχμήσονται ἀκηδέες· οὐδέ σε μήτηρ ἐνθεμένη λεχέεσσι γοήσεται, ἀλλὰ Σκάμανδρος 125οἴσει δινήεις εἴσω ἁλὸς εὐρέα κόλπον· θρῴσκων τις κατὰ κῦμα μέλαιναν φρῖχʼ ὑπαΐξει ἰχθύς, ὅς κε φάγῃσι Λυκάονος ἀργέτα δημόν. φθείρεσθʼ εἰς ὅ κεν ἄστυ κιχείομεν Ἰλίου ἱρῆς ὑμεῖς μὲν φεύγοντες, ἐγὼ δʼ ὄπιθεν κεραΐζων. 130οὐδʼ ὑμῖν ποταμός περ ἐΰρροος ἀργυροδίνης ἀρκέσει, ᾧ δὴ δηθὰ πολέας ἱερεύετε ταύρους, ζωοὺς δʼ ἐν δίνῃσι καθίετε μώνυχας ἵππους. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧς ὀλέεσθε κακὸν μόρον, εἰς ὅ κε πάντες τίσετε Πατρόκλοιο φόνον καὶ λοιγὸν Ἀχαιῶν, 135οὓς ἐπὶ νηυσὶ θοῇσιν ἐπέφνετε νόσφιν ἐμεῖο.

So spake he, and the other's knees were loosened where he was and his heart was melted. The spear he let go, but crouched with both hands outstretched. But Achilles drew his sharp sword and smote him upon the collar-bone beside the neck, and all the two-edged sword sank in; and prone upon the earth he lay outstretched, and the dark blood flowed forth and wetted the ground. Him then Achilles seized by the foot and flung into the river to go his way, and vaunting over him he spake winged words: Lie there now among the fishes that shall lick the blood from thy wound, nor reck aught of thee, neither shall thy mother lay thee on a bier and make lament; nay, eddying Scamander shall bear thee into the broad gulf of the sea. Many a fish as he leapeth amid the waves, shall dart up beneath the black ripple to eat the white fat of Lycaon. So perish ye, till we be come to the city of sacred Ilios, ye in flight, and I making havoc in your rear. Not even the fair-flowing river with his silver eddies shall aught avail you, albeit to him, I ween, ye have long time been wont to sacrifice bulls full many, and to cast single-hooved horses while yet they lived. into his eddies. Howbeit even so shall ye perish by an evil fate till ye have all paid the price for the slaying of Patroclus and for the woe of the Achaeans, whom by the swift ships ye slew while I tarried afar.

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English translation by Augustus Taber Murray (1924). Original text: David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen (eds.), Homeri Opera, Oxford Classical Texts, 3rd ed., vols. 1-2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1920 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus); English: Augustus Taber Murray, Homer, The Iliad, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1924-1925.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.