αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ ἡ Βούβαστος πόλις καὶ ὁ Βουβαστίτης νομὸς καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτὸν ὁ Ἡλιοπολίτης νομός. ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ Ἡλίου πόλις ἐπὶ χώματος ἀξιολόγου κειμένη, τὸ ἱερὸν ἔχουσα τοῦ Ἡλίου καὶ τὸν βοῦν τὸν Μνεῦιν ἐν σηκῷ τινι τρεφόμενον, ὃς παρʼ αὐτοῖς νενόμισται θεός, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν Μέμφει ὁ Ἆπις. πρόκεινται δὲ τοῦ χώματος λίμναι τὴν ἀνάχυσιν ἐκ τῆς πλησίον διώρυγος ἔχουσαι. νυνὶ μὲν οὖν ἐστι πανέρημος ἡ πόλις, τὸ ἱερὸν ἔχουσα τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ τρόπῳ κατεσκευασμένον ἀρχαῖον, ἔχον πολλὰ τεκμήρια τῆς Καμβύσου μανίας καὶ ἱεροσυλίας, ὃς τὰ μὲν πυρὶ τὰ δὲ σιδήρῳ διελωβᾶτο τῶν ἱερῶν, ἀκρωτηριάζων καὶ περικαίων, καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς ὀβελίσκους, ὧν δύο καὶ εἰς Ῥώμην ἐκομίσθησαν οἱ μὴ κεκακωμένοι τελέως, ἄλλοι δʼ εἰσὶ κἀκεῖ καὶ ἐν Θήβαις, τῇ νῦν Διοσπόλει, οἱ μὲν ἑστῶτες ἀκμὴν πυρίβρωτοι οἱ δὲ καὶ κείμενοι.
There also are the city Bubastus and the Bubastite Nome, and above it the Heliopolite Nome. There too is Heliopolis, situated upon a large mound. It contains a temple of the sun, and the ox Mneyis, which is kept in a sanctuary, and is regarded by the inhabitants as a god, as Apis is regarded by the people of Memphis. In front of the mound are lakes, into which the neighbouring canal discharges itself. At present the city is entirely deserted. It has an ancient temple constructed after the Egyptian manner, bearing many proofs of the madness and sacrilegious acts of Cambyses, who did very great injury to the temples, partly by fire, partly by violence, mutilating [in some] cases, and applying fire [in others]. In this manner he injured the obelisks, two of which, that were not entirely spoilt, were transported to Rome. There are others both here and at Thebes, the present Diospolis, some of which are standing, much corroded by fire, and others lying on the ground.
τῆς δὲ κατασκευῆς τῶν ἱερῶν ἡ διάθεσις τοιαύτη· κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τὴν εἰς τὸ τέμενος λιθόστρωτόν ἐστιν ἔδαφος, πλάτος μὲν ὅσον πλεθριαῖον ἢ καὶ ἔλαττον, μῆκος δὲ καὶ τριπλάσιον καὶ τετραπλάσιον, ἔστιν ὅπου καὶ μεῖζον· καλεῖται δὲ τοῦτο δρόμος, καθάπερ Καλλίμαχος εἴρηκεν ὁ δρόμος ἱερὸς οὗτος Ἀνούβιδος. διὰ δὲ τοῦ μήκους παντὸς ἑξῆς ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα τοῦ πλάτους σφίγγες ἵδρυνται λίθιναι, πήχεις εἴκοσιν ἢ μικρῷ πλείους ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων διέχουσαι, ὥσθʼ ἕνα μὲν ἐκ δεξιῶν εἶναι στίχον τῶν σφιγγῶν ἕνα δʼ ἐξ εὐωνύμων· μετὰ δὲ τὰς σφίγγας πρόπυλον μέγα, εἶτʼ ἄλλο προελθόντι πρόπυλον, εἶτʼ ἄλλο· οὐκ ἔστι δὲ διωρισμένος ἀριθμὸς οὔτε τῶν προπύλων οὔτε τῶν σφιγγῶν· ἄλλα δʼ ἐν ἄλλοις ἱεροῖς, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ μήκη καὶ τὰ πλάτη τῶν δρόμων. μετὰ δὲ τὰ προπύλαια ὁ νεὼς πρόναον ἔχων μέγα καὶ ἀξιόλογον, τὸν δὲ σηκὸν σύμμετρον, ξόανον δʼ οὐδέν, ἢ οὐκ ἀνθρωπόμορφον, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων τινός· τοῦ δὲ προνάου παρʼ ἑκάτερον πρόκειται τὰ λεγόμενα πτερά· ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα ἰσοϋψῆ τῷ νεῷ τείχη δύο, κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἀφεστῶτα ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων μικρὸν πλέον ἢ τὸ πλάτος ἐστὶ τῆς κρηπῖδος τοῦ νεώ, ἔπειτʼ εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν προϊόντι κατʼ ἐπινευούσας γραμμὰς μέχρι πηχῶν πεντήκοντα ἢ ἑξήκοντα· ἀναγλυφὰς δʼ ἔχουσιν οἱ τοῖχοι οὗτοι μεγάλων εἰδώλων, ὁμοίων τοῖς Τυρρηνικοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις σφόδρα τῶν παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησι δημιουργημάτων. ἔστι δέ τις καὶ πολύστυλος οἶκος, καθάπερ ἐν Μέμφει, βαρβαρικὴν ἔχων τὴν κατασκευήν· πλὴν γὰρ τοῦ * μεγάλων εἶναι καὶ πολλῶν καὶ πολυστίχων τῶν στύλων οὐδὲν ἔχει χαρίεν οὐδὲ γραφικόν, ἀλλὰ ματαιοπονίαν ἐμφαίνει μᾶλλον.
The plan of the temples is as follows.
At the entrance into the temenus is a paved floor, in breadth about a plethrum, or even less; its length is three or four times as great, and in some instances even more. This part is called Dromos, and is mentioned by Callimachus, this is the Dromos, sacred to Anubis. Throughout the whole length on each side are placed stone sphinxes, at the distance of 20 cubits or a little more from each other, so that there is one row of sphinxes on the right hand, and another on the left. Next after the sphinxes is a large propylon, then on proceeding further, another propylon, and then another. Neither the number of the propyla nor of the sphinxes is determined by any rule. They are different in different temples, as well as the length and breadth of the Dromi.
Next to the propyla is the naos, which has a large and considerable pronaos; the sanctuary in proportion; there is no statue, at least not in human shape, but a representation of some of the brute animals. On each side of the pronaos project what are called the wings. These are two walls of equal height with the naos. At first the distance between them is a little more than the breadth of the foundation of the naos. As you proceed onwards, the [base] lines incline towards one another till they approach within 50 or 60 cubits. These walls have large sculptured figures, very much like the Tyrrhenian (Etruscan) and very ancient works among the Greeks.
There is also a building with a great number of pillars, as at Memphis, in the barbaric style; for, except the magnitude and number and rows of pillars, there is nothing pleasing nor easily described, but rather a display of labour wasted.
Ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἡλίου πόλει καὶ οἴκους εἴδομεν μεγάλους ἐν οἷς διέτριβον οἱ ἱερεῖς· μάλιστα γὰρ δὴ ταύτην κατοικίαν ἱερέων γεγονέναι φασὶ τὸ παλαιὸν φιλοσόφων ἀνδρῶν καὶ ἀστρονομικῶν· ἐκλέλοιπε δὲ καὶ τοῦτο νυνὶ τὸ σύστημα καὶ ἡ ἄσκησις. ἐκεῖ μὲν οὖν οὐδεὶς ἡμῖν ἐδείκνυτο τῆς τοιαύτης ἀσκήσεως προεστώς, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἱεροποιοὶ μόνον καὶ ἐξηγηταὶ τοῖς ξένοις τῶν περὶ τὰ ἱερά. παρηκολούθει δέ τις ἐξ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἀναπλέοντι εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον Αἰλίῳ Γάλλῳ τῷ ἡγεμόνι Χαιρήμων τοὔνομα, προσποιούμενος τοιαύτην τινὰ ἐπιστήμην, γελώμενος δὲ τὸ πλέον ὡς ἀλαζὼν καὶ ἰδιώτης· ἐκεῖ δʼ οὖν ἐδείκνυντο οἵ τε τῶν ἱερέων οἶκοι καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Εὐδόξου διατριβαί. συνανέβη γὰρ δὴ τῷ Πλάτωνι ὁ Εὔδοξος δεῦρο, καὶ συνδιέτριψαν τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἐνταῦθα ἐκεῖνοι τρισκαίδεκα ἔτη, ὡς εἴρηταί τισι· περιττοὺς γὰρ ὄντας κατὰ τὴν ἐπιστήμην τῶν οὐρανίων, μυστικοὺς δὲ καὶ δυσμεταδότους, τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ ταῖς θεραπείαις ἐξελιπάρησαν ὥστε τινὰ τῶν θεωρημάτων ἱστορῆσαι· τὰ πολλὰ δὲ ἀπεκρύψαντο οἱ βάρβαροι. οὗτοι δὲ τὰ ἐπιτρέχοντα τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς μόρια ταῖς τριακοσίαις ἑξήκοντα πέντε ἡμέραις εἰς τὴν ἐκπλήρωσιν τοῦ ἐνιαυσίου χρόνου παρέδοσαν· ἀλλʼ ἠγνοεῖτο τέως ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς καὶ ἄλλα πλείω, ἕως οἱ νεώτεροι ἀστρολόγοι παρέλαβον παρὰ τῶν μεθερμηνευσάντων εἰς τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν τὰ τῶν ἱερέων ὑπομνήματα· καὶ ἔτι νῦν παραλαμβάνουσι τὰ ἀπʼ ἐκείνων, ὁμοίως καὶ τὰ τῶν Χαλδαίων.
At Heliopolis we saw large buildings in which the priests lived. For it is said that anciently this was the principal residence of the priests, who studied philosophy and astronomy. But there are no longer either such a body of persons or such pursuits. No one was pointed out to us on the spot, as presiding over these studies, but only persons who performed sacred rites, and who explained to strangers [the peculiarities of] the temples.
A person of the name of Chaeremon accompanied the governor, Aelius Gallus, in his journey from Alexandreia into Egypt, and pretended to some knowledge of this kind, but he was generally ridiculed for his boasting and ignorance. The houses of the priests, and the residences of Plato and of Eudoxus, were shown to us. Eudoxus came here with Plato, and, according to some writers, lived thirteen years in the society of the priests. For the latter were distinguished for their knowledge of the heavenly bodies, but were mysterious and uncommunicative, yet after a time were prevailed upon by courtesy to acquaint them with some of the principles of their science, but the barbarians concealed the greater part of them. They had, however, communicated the knowledge of the additional portions of the day and night, in the space of 365 days, necessary to complete the annual period; and, at that time, the length of the year was unknown to the Greeks, as were many other things, until later astronomers received them from the persons who translated the records of the priests into the Greek language, and even now derive knowledge from their writings and from those of the Chaldeans.
Ἐντεῦθεν δὴ ὁ Νεῖλός ἐστιν ὁ ὑπὲρ τοῦ Δέλτα· τούτου δὴ τὰ μὲν δεξιὰ καλοῦσι Λιβύην ἀναπλέοντι, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν καὶ τὴν Μαρεῶτιν, τὰ δʼ ἐν ἀριστερᾷ Ἀραβίαν. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἡλίου πόλις ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ ἐστίν, ἐν δὲ τῇ Λιβύῃ Κερκέσουρα πόλις κατὰ τὰς Εὐδόξου κειμένη σκοπάς· δείκνυται γὰρ σκοπή τις πρὸ τῆς Ἡλίου πόλεως, καθάπερ καὶ πρὸ τῆς Κνίδου, πρὸς ἣν ἐσημειοῦτο ἐκεῖνος τῶν οὐρανίων τινὰς κινήσεις· ὁ δὲ νομὸς Λητοπολίτης οὗτος. ἀναπλεύσαντι δʼ ἐστὶ Βαβυλών, φρούριον ἐρυμνόν, ἀποστάντων ἐνταῦθα Βαβυλωνίων τινῶν, εἶτα διαπραξαμένων ἐνταῦθα κατοικίαν παρὰ τῶν βασιλέων· νυνὶ δʼ ἐστὶ στρατόπεδον ἑνὸς τῶν τριῶν ταγμάτων τῶν φρουρούντων τὴν Αἴγυπτον· ῥάχις δʼ ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ στρατοπέδου καὶ μέχρι Νείλου καθήκουσα, διʼ ἧς ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ τροχοὶ καὶ κοχλίαι τὸ ὕδωρ ἀνάγουσιν, ἀνδρῶν ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα ἐργαζομένων δεσμίων· ἀφορῶνται δʼ ἐνθένδε τηλαυγῶς αἱ πυραμίδες ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ ἐν Μέμφει καὶ εἰσὶ πλησίον.
After Heliopolis is the Nile above the Delta. The country on the right hand, as you go up the Nile, is called Libya, as well as that near Alexandreia and the lake Mareotis; the country on the left hand is called Arabia. The territory belonging to Heliopolis is in Arabia, but the city Cercesura is in Libya, and situated opposite to the observatory of Eudoxus. For there is shown an observing station in front of Heliopolis, as there is in front of Cnidus, where Eudoxus marked certain motions of the heavenly bodies. This is the Letopolite Nome.
In sailing up the river we meet with Babylon, a strong fortress, built by some Babylonians who had taken refuge there, and had obtained permission from the kings to establish a settlement in that place. At present it is an encampment for one of the three legions which garrison Egypt. There is a mountainous ridge, which extends from the encampment as far as the Nile. At this ridge are wheels and screws, by which water is raised from the river, and one hundred and fifty prisoners are [thus] employed.
The pyramids on the other side [of the river] at Memphis may be clearly discerned from this place, for they are not far off.
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