μετὰ δὲ τὴν τῶν Μαυρουσίων γῆν ἡ τῶν Μασαισυλίων ἐστίν, ἀπὸ τοῦ Μολοχὰθ ποταμοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνουσα, τελευτῶσα δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν ἄκραν, ἣ καλεῖται , ὅριον τῆς τε Μασαισύλων καὶ τῆς Μασυλιέων γῆς· στάδιοι δʼ εἰσὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Μεταγωνίου μέχρι τοῦ Τρητοῦ ἑξακισχίλιοι· οἱ δʼ ἐλάττους φασίν. ἔχει δʼ ἡ παραλία πόλεις τε πλείους καὶ ποταμοὺς καὶ χώραν εὐφυῆ, τῶν δʼ ἐν ὀνόματι ἀρκεῖ μνησθῆναι. ἔστι δὲ πόλις Σίγα ἐν χιλίοις σταδίοις ἀπὸ τῶν λεχθέντων ὅρων, βασίλειον Σόφακος· κατέσπασται δὲ νῦν· τὴν δὲ χώραν μετὰ Σόφακα κατέσχε Μασανάσσης, εἶτα Μικίψας, εἶτα καὶ οἱ ἐκεῖνον διαδεξάμενοι, καθʼ ἡμᾶς δὲ Ἰούβας ὁ πατὴρ τοῦ νεωστὶ τελευτήσαντος Ἰούβα· κατέσπασται δὲ καὶ Ζάμα τὸ τούτου βασίλειον ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων· μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σίγαν Θεῶν λιμὴν ἐν ἑξακοσίοις σταδίοις· εἶτʼ ἄλλοι ἄσημοι τόποι. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἐν βάθει τῆς χώρας ὀρεινὰ καὶ ἔρημα […] ἔσθʼ ὅτε παρέσπαρται, ἃ κατέχουσιν οἱ Γαίτουλοι μέχρι καὶ Σύρτεων· τὰ δʼ ἐκεῖ πρὸς θαλάττῃ καὶ πεδία εὐδαίμονά ἐστι καὶ πόλεις πολλαὶ καὶ ποταμοὶ καὶ λίμναι.
Next to Mauretania is the country of the Masesylii, beginning from the river Molocath, and ending at the promontory which is called Tretum, the boundary of the country of the Masaesyli and of the Masylies. From Metagonium to Tretum are 6000 stadia; according to others, the distance is less.
Upon the sea-coast are many cities and rivers, and a country which is very fertile. It will be sufficient to mention the most renowned. The city of Siga. the royal seat of Syphax, is at the distance of 1000 stadia from the above-mentioned boundaries. It is now razed. After Syphax, the country was in the possession of Masanasses, then of Micipsa, next of his successors, and in our time of Juba, the father of the Juba who died lately. Zama, which was Juba’s palace, was destroyed by the Romans. At the distance of 600 stadia from Siga is Theon-limen (port of the gods); next are some other obscure places.
Deep in the interior of the country are mountainous and desert tracts scattered here and there, some of which are inhabited and occupied by Gaetuli extending to the Syrtes. But the parts near the sea are fertile plains, in which are numerous cities, rivers, and lakes.
ποσειδώνιος δʼ οὐκ οἶδʼ εἰ ἀληθεύει φήσας ὀλίγοις καὶ μικροῖς διαρρεῖσθαι ποταμοῖς τὴν Λιβύην· αὐτοὺς γάρ, οὓς Ἀρτεμίδωρος εἴρηκε, τοὺς μεταξὺ τῆς Λυγγὸς καὶ Καρχηδόνος καὶ πολλοὺς εἴρηκε καὶ μεγάλους. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ταῦτʼ ἀληθέστερον εἰπεῖν· εἴρηκε δὲ τούτου τὴν αἰτίαν αὐτός· μὴ γὰρ κατομβρεῖσθαι τοῖς ἀρκτικοῖς μέρεσι, καθάπερ οὐδὲ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν φασί· διὸ πολλάκις λοιμικὰ ἐμπίπτειν ὑπὸ αὐχμῶν καὶ τὰς λίμνας τελμάτων πίμπλασθαι καὶ τὴν ἀκρίδα ἐπιπολάζειν. ἔτι φησὶ τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικὰ ὑγρὰ εἶναι, τὸν γὰρ ἥλιον ἀνίσχοντα ταχὺ παραλλάττειν, τὰ δʼ ἑσπέρια ξηρά, ἐκεῖ γὰρ καταστρέφειν […] ὑγρὰ γὰρ καὶ ξηρά, τὰ μὲν παρʼ ὑδάτων ἀφθονίαν ἢ σπάνιν λέγεται, τὰ δὲ παρὰ τὴν τῶν ἡλίων· βούλεται δὲ λέγειν τὰ παρὰ τοὺς ἡλίους· ταῦτα δὲ πάντες ἀρκτικοῖς καὶ μεσημβρινοῖς κλίμασιν ἀφορίζουσι· καὶ μὴν ἀνατολικά τε καὶ δυσμικά, τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὰς οἰκήσεις λεγόμενα, καθʼ ἑκάστην τὴν οἴκησιν καὶ τὴν μετάπτωσιν τῶν ὁριζόντων ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα ἐστίν, ὥστʼ οὐδʼ ἔνεστι καθολικῶς εἰπεῖν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀπεριλήπτων τὸ πλῆθος, ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἀνατολικὰ ὑγρά, τὰ δὲ δυσμικὰ ξηρά. ὡς δὲ λέγεται πρὸς τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην καὶ τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τὰς τοιαύτας, οἵα καὶ ἡ Ἰνδικὴ καὶ ἡ Ἰβηρία, λέγοι ἂν εἰ ἄρα τὴν τοιαύτην ἀπόφασιν. τίς οὖν ἡ πιθανότης τῆς αἰτιολογίας; ἐν γὰρ περιφορᾷ συνεχεῖ τε καὶ ἀδιαλείπτῳ τοῦ ἡλίου τίς ἂν εἴη καταστροφή; τό τε τάχος τῆς παραλλαγῆς πανταχοῦ ἴσον. ἄλλως τε παρὰ τὴν ἐνάργειάν ἐστι, τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς Ἰβηρίας ἢ τῆς Μαυρουσίας τὰ πρὸς δύσιν ξηρὰ λέγειν ἁπάντων μάλιστα· καὶ γὰρ τὸ περιέχον εὔκρατον ἔχει καὶ πλείστων ὑδάτων εὐπορεῖ. εἰ δὲ τὸ καταστρέφειν τοιοῦτον εἴληπται, ὅτι ἐνταῦθα * τὰ ὕστατα τῆς οἰκουμένης ὑπὲρ γῆς γίνεται, τί τοῦτο συντείνει πρὸς ξηρασίαν; καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις τόποις τῆς οἰκουμένης τοῖς ταυτοκλινέσι τὸν ἴσον διαλιπὼν χρόνον τὸν τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπάνεισι πάλιν καὶ θερμαίνει τὴν γῆν.
Poseidonius says, but I do not know whether truly, that Africa is traversed by few, and those small rivers; yet he speaks of the same rivers, namely those between Lynx and Carthage, which Artemidorus describes as numerous and large. This may be asserted with more truth of the interior of the country, and he himself assigns the reason of it, namely, that in the northern parts of Africa (and the same is said of Ethiopia) there is no rain; in consequence therefore of the drought, pestilence frequently ensues, the lakes are filled with mud only, and locusts appear in clouds.
Poseidonius besides asserts that the eastern parts are moist, because the sun quickly changes its place after rising; and that the western parts are dry, because the sun there turns in his course. Now, drought and moisture depend upon the abundance or scarcity of water, and on the presence or absence of the sun’s rays. But Poseidonius means to speak of the effects produced by the sun, which all writers determine by the latitude, north or south; but east and west, as applied to the residence of men, differ in different places, according to the position of each inhabited spot and the change of horizon; so that it cannot be asserted generally of places indefinite in number, that those lying to the east are moist, and those to the west dry: but as applied to the whole earth and such extremes of it as India and Spain, his expressions (east and west) may be just; yet what truth or probability is there in his (attempted) explanation (of the causes of drought and moisture)? for in the continuous and unceasing circuit of the sun, what turn can there be in his course? The rapidity too of his passage through every part is equal. Besides, it is contrary to evidence to say, that the extreme parts of Spain or Mauretania towards the west are drier than all other places, when at the same time they are situated in a temperate climate and have water in great abundance. But if we are to understand the turning of the sun in this way, that there at the extremities of the habitable world he is above the earth, how does that tend to produce drought ? for there, and in other places situated in the same latitude, he leaves them for an equal portion of the night and returns again and warms the earth.
ἔστι δέ που αὐτόθι καὶ ἀσφάλτου πηγὴ καὶ χαλκωρυχεῖα· καὶ σκορπίων δὲ καὶ πτηνῶν καὶ ἀπτέρων λέγεται πλῆθος, μεγέθει δὲ […] ἑπτασπονδύλων, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ φαλάγγια καὶ μεγέθει καὶ πλήθει διαφέροντα· σαύρας δὲ διπήχεις φασίν. ἐν μὲν οὖν τῇ παρορείῳ λίθους εὑρίσκεσθαί φασι τοὺς λυχνίτας καὶ καρχηδονίους λεγομένους· ἐν δὲ τοῖς πεδίοις ὀστρακίων καὶ χηραμύδων πλῆθος, οἷον ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἄμμωνος λόγοις εἰρήκαμεν· καὶ δένδρον δέ ἐστι μελίλωτον καλούμενον, ἐξ οὗ σκευάζουσιν οἶνον· τινὲς δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ δίκαρπον ἔχουσι τὴν γῆν, καὶ δύο θεριστικὰ καρποῦνται, τὰ μὲν θερινὰ τὰ δʼ ἐαρινά· ἔστι δὲ ἡ καλάμη πεντάπηχυς τὸ ὕψος, πάχος δὲ τοῦ μικροῦ δακτύλου, τὸν δὲ καρπὸν διακοσιοκαιτετταρακοντάχουν ἀποδίδωσι· τοῦ δὲ ἔαρος οὐδὲ σπείρουσιν, ἀλλὰ παλιούροις συνδεδεμέναις ἐπικαταψήσαντες τὴν χώραν τῷ ἐκπεσόντι στάχυι κατὰ τὸν θερισμὸν ἀρκοῦνται· τελεσικαρπεῖ γὰρ τὸν θερινὸν καρπόν. διὰ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν θηρίων κνημῖδας ἔχοντες ἐργάζονται καὶ τἆλλα δὲ μέρη διφθεροῦνται· καθεύδοντες δὲ περιχρίουσι τοὺς κλινόποδας σκορόδοις τῶν σκορπίων χάριν καὶ παλιούροις περιδοῦσιν.
Somewhere there, also, are copper mines; and a spring of asphaltus; scorpions of enormous size, both with and without wings, are said to be found there, as well as tarantulas, remarkable for their size and numbers. Lizards also are mentioned of two cubits in length. At the base of the mountains precious stones are said to be found, as those called the Lychnitis (the ruby) and the Carchedonius (the carbuncle?). In the plains are found great quantities of oyster and mussel shells, similar to those mentioned in our description of Ammon. There is also a tree called melilotus, from which a wine is made. Some obtain two crops from the ground and have two harvests, one in the spring, the other in the summer. The straw is five cubits in height, and of the thickness of the little finger; the produce is 250-fold. They do not sow in the spring, but bush-harrow the ground with bundles of the paliurus, and find the seed-grain sufficient which falls from the sheaves during harvest to produce the summer crop. In consequence of the number of reptiles, they work with coverings on the legs; other parts of the body also are protected by skins.
Ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ ταύτῃ πόλις Ἰὼλ ὄνομα, ἣν ἐπικτίσας Ἰούβας ὁ τοῦ Πτολεμαίου πατὴρ μετωνόμασε Καισάρειαν, ἔχουσα καὶ λιμένα καὶ πρὸ τοῦ λιμένος νησίον. μεταξὺ δὲ τῆς Καισαρείας καὶ τοῦ Τρητοῦ μέγας ἐστὶ λιμήν, ὃν Σάλδαν καλοῦσι· τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ὅριον τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ Ἰούβᾳ καὶ τῆς ὑπὸ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις· πολυτρόπως γὰρ οἱ μερισμοὶ γεγένηνται τῆς χώρας, ἅτε τῶν νεμομένων αὐτὴν πλειόνων γενομένων καὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλως τούτων τοῖς μὲν φίλοις χρωμένων, τοῖς δὲ καὶ πολεμίοις, ὥστε καὶ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι καὶ χαρίζεσθαι συνέβαινεν ἄλλοις ἄλλα καὶ οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον. ἦν δὲ ἡ μὲν πρὸς τῇ Μαυρουσίᾳ προσοδικωτέρα τε καὶ δυναμικωτέρα, ἡ δὲ πρὸς τῇ Καρχηδονίᾳ καὶ τῇ Μασυλιέων ἀνθηροτέρα τε καὶ κατεσκευασμένη βέλτιον, καίπερ κεκακωμένη διὰ τὰ Καρχηδόνια τὸ πρῶτον, ἔπειτα διὰ τὸν πρὸς Ἰουγούρθαν πόλεμον· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ Ἀδάρβαλα ἐκπολιορκήσας ἐν Ἰτύκῃ καὶ ἀνελών, φίλον ὄντα Ῥωμαίων, ἐνέπλησε τὴν χώραν πολέμου· εἶτʼ ἄλλοι ἐπʼ ἄλλοις συνέστησαν πόλεμοι, τελευταῖος δὲ ὁ πρὸς Σκιπίωνα Καίσαρι τῷ θεῷ συστάς, ἐν ᾧ καὶ Ἰούβας ἀπέθανε· συνηφανίσθησαν δὲ τοῖς ἡγεμόσι καὶ αἱ πόλεις, Τισιαοῦς τε καὶ Ὀυάγα καὶ Θάλα, ἔτι δὲ καὶ Κάψα, τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον τοῦ Ἰουγούρθα, καὶ Ζάμα καὶ Ζίγχα καὶ πρὸς αἷς κατεπολέμησε Καῖσαρ Σκιπίωνα ὁ θεός, πρὸς Ῥουσπίνῳ μὲν πρῶτον νικῶν, εἶτα πρὸς Οὐζίτοις, εἶτα πρὸς Θάψῳ καὶ τῇ πλησίον λίμνῃ καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις· πλησίον δὲ καὶ Ζέλλα καὶ Ἀχόλλα, ἐλεύθεραι πόλεις· εἷλε δʼ ἐξ ἐφόδου Καῖσαρ τὴν νῆσον καὶ Θέναν, πολίχνην ἐπιθαλαττιδίαν. τούτων πασῶν αἱ μὲν τελέως ἠφανίσθησαν, αἱ δʼ ἡμίσπαστοι κατελείφθησαν· Φαρὰν δʼ οἱ Σκιπίωνος ἱππεῖς ἐνέπρησαν.
On this coast was a city called Iol, which Juba, the father of Ptolemy, rebuilt and changed its name to Caesarea. It has a harbour and a small island in front of it. Between Caesarea and Tretum is a large harbour called Salda, which now forms the boundary between the territories subject to Juba and the Romans; for the country has been subject to many changes, having had numerous occupants; and the Romans, at various times, have treated some among them as friends, others as enemies, conceding or taking away territories without observing any established rule.
The country on the side of Mauretania produced a greater revenue and was more powerful, whilst that near Carthage and of the Masylies was more flourishing and better furnished with buildings, although it suffered first in the Carthaginian wars, and subsequently during the war with Jugurtha, who successfully besieged Adarbal in Ityca (Utica), and put him to death as a friend of the Romans, and thus involved the whole country in war. Other wars succeeded one another, of which the last was that between divus Caesar and Scipio, in which Juba lost his life. The death of the leaders was accompanied by the destruction of the cities Tisiaeus, Vaga, Thala, Capsa (the treasure-hold of Jugurtha), Zama, and Zincha. To these must be added those cities in the neighbourhood of which divus Caesar obtained victories over Scipio, namely, first at Ruspinum, then at Uzita, then at Thapsus and the neighbouring lake, and at many others. Near are the free cities Zella and Acholla. Caesar also captured at the first onset the island Cercinna, and Thena, a small city on the seacoast. Some of these cities utterly disappeared, and others were abandoned, being partly destroyed. Phara was burnt by the cavalry of Scipio.
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