ἦν μὲν οὖν ἡ Αἴγυπτος εἰρηνικὴ τὸ πλέον ἐξ ἀρχῆς διὰ τὸ αὔταρκες τῆς χώρας καὶ τὸ δυσείσβολον τοῖς ἔξωθεν, ἀπὸ μὲν τῶν ἄρκτων ἀλιμένῳ παραλίᾳ καὶ πελάγει τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ φρουρουμένη, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἕω καὶ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐρήμοις ὄρεσι, τοῖς τε Λιβυκοῖς καὶ τοῖς Ἀραβίοις, ὥσπερ ἔφαμεν· λοιπὰ δὲ τὰ πρὸς νότον Τρωγλοδύται Βλέμμυες καὶ Νοῦβαι καὶ Μεγάβαροι οἱ ὑπὲρ Συήνης Αἰθίοπες· εἰσὶ δʼ οὗτοι νομάδες καὶ οὐ πολλοὶ οὐδὲ μάχιμοι, δοκοῦντες δὲ τοῖς πάλαι διὰ τὸ λῃστρικῶς ἀφυλάκτοις ἐπιτίθεσθαι πολλάκις· οἱ δὲ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν καὶ Μερόην ἀνήκοντες Αἰθίοπες, οὐδʼ οὗτοι πολλοὶ οὔτε ἐν συστροφῇ, ἅτε ποταμίαν μακρὰν καὶ στενὴν καὶ σκολιὰν οἰκοῦντες, οἵαν προείπομεν· οὐδὲ παρεσκευασμένοι καλῶς οὔτε πρὸς πόλεμον οὔτε πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον βίον. καὶ νῦν δὲ διάκειται παραπλησίως ἡ χώρα πᾶσα· σημεῖον δέ· τρισὶ γοῦν σπείραις οὐδὲ ταύταις ἐντελέσιν ἱκανῶς ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡ χώρα φρουρεῖται· τολμήσασι δὲ τοῖς Αἰθίοψιν ἐπιθέσθαι κινδυνεῦσαι τῇ χώρᾳ συνέπεσε τῇ σφετέρᾳ. καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ δὲ δυνάμεις αἱ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ οὔτε τοσαῦταί τινές εἰσιν οὔτε ἀθρόαις ἐχρήσαντο οὐδʼ ἅπαξ Ῥωμαῖοι· οὐ γάρ εἰσιν οὔτʼ αὐτοὶ Αἰγύπτιοι πολεμισταί, καίπερ ὄντες παμπληθεῖς, οὔτε τὰ πέριξ ἔθνη. Γάλλος μέν γε Κορνήλιος, ὁ πρῶτος κατασταθεὶς ἔπαρχος τῆς χώρας ὑπὸ Καίσαρος, τήν τε Ἡρώων πόλιν ἀποστᾶσαν ἐπελθὼν διʼ ὀλίγων εἷλε, στάσιν τε γενηθεῖσαν ἐν τῇ Θηβαΐδι διὰ τοὺς φόρους ἐν βραχεῖ κατέλυσε. Πετρώνιός τε ὕστερον τοῦ Ἀλεξανδρέων πλήθους τοσούτων μυριάδων ὁρμήσαντος ἐπʼ αὐτὸν μετὰ λίθων βολῆς, αὐτοῖς τοῖς περὶ ἑαυτὸν στρατιώταις ἀντέσχε, καὶ διαφθείρας τινὰς αὐτῶν τοὺς λοιποὺς ἔπαυσε. Γάλλος τε Αἴλιος μέρει τῆς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ φρουρᾶς εἰς τὴν Ἀραβίαν ἐμβαλὼν εἴρηται τίνα τρόπον ἐξήλεγξε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπολέμους ὄντας· εἰ δὴ μὴ ὁ Συλλαῖος αὐτὸν προὐδίδου, κἂν κατεστρέψατο τὴν εὐδαίμονα πᾶσαν.
Egypt was from the first disposed to peace, from having resources within itself, and because it was difficult of access to strangers. It was also protected on the north by a harbourless coast and the Egyptian Sea; on the east and west by the desert mountains of Libya and Arabia, as I have said before. The remaining parts towards the south are occupied by Troglodytae, Blemmyes, Nubae, and Megabari, Ethiopians above Syene. These are nomades, and not numerous nor warlike, but accounted so by the ancients, because frequently, like robbers, they attacked defenceless persons. Neither are the Ethiopians, who extend towards the south and Meroë, numerous nor collected in a body; for they inhabit a long, narrow, and winding tract of land on the riverside, such as we have before described; nor are they well prepared either for war or the pursuit of any other mode of life.
At present the whole country is in the same pacific state, a proof of which is, that the upper country is sufficiently guarded by three cohorts, and these not complete. Whenever the Ethiopians have ventured to attack them, it has been at the risk of danger to their own country. The rest of the forces in Egypt are neither very numerous, nor did the Romans ever once employ them collected into one army. For neither are the Egyptians themselves of a warlike disposition, nor the surrounding nations, although their numbers are very large.
Cornelius Gallus, the first governor of the country appointed by (Augustus) Caesar, attacked the city Heroopolis, which had revolted, and took it with a small body of men. He suppressed also in a short time an insurrection in the Thebais, which originated as to the payment of tribute. At a later period Petronius resisted, with the soldiers about his person, a mob of myriads of Alexandrines, who attacked him by throwing stones. He killed some, and compelled the rest to desist.
We have before related how Aelius Gallus, when he invaded Arabia with a part of the army stationed in Egypt, exhibited a proof of the unwarlike disposition of the people; and if Syllaeus had not betrayed him, he would have conquered the whole of Arabia Felix.
Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οἱ Αἰθίοπες καταφρονήσαντες τῷ μέρος τι τῆς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δυνάμεως ἀπεσπάσθαι μετὰ Γάλλου Αἰλίου πολεμοῦντος πρὸς τοὺς Ἄραβας, ἐπῆλθον τῇ Θηβαΐδι καὶ τῇ φρουρᾷ τῶν τριῶν σπειρῶν τῶν κατὰ Συήνην καὶ ἑλόντες ἔφθασαν τήν τε Συήνην καὶ τὴν Ἐλεφαντίνην καὶ Φιλὰς ἐξ ἐφόδου διὰ τὸ αἰφνίδιον καὶ ἐξηνδραποδίσαντο, ἀνέσπασαν δὲ καὶ τοὺς Καίσαρος ἀνδριάντας, ἐπελθὼν ἐλάττοσιν ἢ μυρίοις πεζοῖς Πετρώνιος, ἱππεῦσι δὲ ὀκτακοσίοις πρὸς ἄνδρας τρισμυρίους, πρῶτον μὲν ἠνάγκασεν ἀναφυγεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς Ψέλχιν πόλιν Αἰθιοπικήν, καὶ πρεσβεύεται τά τε ληφθέντα ἀπαιτῶν καὶ τὰς αἰτίας διʼ ἃς ἦρξαν πολέμου· λεγόντων δʼ ὡς ἀδικοῖντο ὑπὸ τῶν νομάρχων, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔφη τούτους ἡγεμόνας εἶναι τῆς χώρας ἀλλὰ Καίσαρα· αἰτησαμένων δʼ ἡμέρας τρεῖς εἰς βουλὴν καὶ μηδὲν ὧν ἐχρῆν ποιούντων, προσβαλὼν ἠνάγκασε προελθεῖν εἰς μάχην, ταχὺ δὲ τροπὴν ἐποίησε συντεταγμένων τε κακῶς καὶ ὡπλισμένων· μεγάλους γὰρ εἶχον θυρεούς, καὶ τούτους ὠμοβοΐνους, ἀμυντήρια δὲ πελέκεις, οἱ δὲ κοντούς, οἱ δὲ καὶ ξίφη. τινὲς μὲν οὖν εἰς τὴν πόλιν συνηλάθησαν, οἱ δʼ εἰς τὴν ἐρημίαν ἔφυγον, τινὰς δὲ νῆσος πλησίον ὑπεδέξατο ἐμβάντας εἰς τὸν πόρον· οὐ γὰρ πολλοὶ ἦσαν ἐνταῦθα οἱ κροκόδειλοι διὰ τὸν ῥοῦν. τούτων δʼ ἦσαν καὶ οἱ τῆς βασιλίσσης στρατηγοὶ τῆς Κανδάκης, ἣ καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἦρξε τῶν Αἰθιόπων, ἀνδρική τις γυνὴ πεπηρωμένη τὸν ἕτερον τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν· τούτους τε δὴ ζωγρίᾳ λαμβάνει ἅπαντας ἐπιπλεύσας σχεδίαις τε καὶ ναυσί, καὶ καταπέμπει παραχρῆμα εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, ἐπελθών τε τὴν Ψέλχιν αἱρεῖ· προσαριθμουμένου δὲ τοῖς ἑαλωκόσι τοῦ πλήθους τῶν πεσόντων ἐν τῇ μάχῃ, τοὺς σωθέντας ὀλίγους παντάπασι γενέσθαι συνέβη. ἐκ δὲ Ψέλχιος ἧκεν εἰς Πρῆμνιν ἐρυμνὴν πόλιν διελθὼν τοὺς θῖνας, ἐν οἷς ὁ Καμβύσου κατεχώσθη στρατὸς ἐμπεσόντος ἀνέμου· προσβαλὼν δὲ ἐξ ἐφόδου τὸ φρούριον αἱρεῖ, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ Ναπάτων· τοῦτο δʼ ἦν τὸ βασίλειον τῆς Κανδάκης, καὶ ἦν ἐνταῦθα υἱὸς αὐτῆς· καὶ αὐτὴ δʼ ἔν τινι πλησίον ἵδρυτο χωρίῳ. πρεσβευσαμένης δὲ περὶ φιλίας καὶ ἀποδούσης τοὺς ἐκ Συήνης αἰχμαλώτους καὶ τοὺς ἀνδριάντας, ἐπελθὼν λαμβάνει καὶ τὰ Νάπατα φυγόντος τοῦ παιδὸς καὶ κατασκάπτει· ἐξανδραποδισάμενος δʼ ἀναστρέφει πάλιν εἰς τοὐπίσω μετὰ τῶν λαφύρων, δύσοδα κρίνας τὰ προσωτέρω· τὴν δὲ Πρῆμνιν τειχίσας βέλτιον, φρουρὰν ἐμβαλὼν καὶ τροφὴν δυεῖν ἐνιαυτῶν τετρακοσίοις ἀνδράσιν, ἀπῆρεν εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν· καὶ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων τοὺς μὲν ἐλαφυροπώλησε, χιλίους δὲ Καίσαρι ἔπεμψε νεωστὶ ἐκ Καντάβρων ἥκοντι, τοὺς δὲ νόσοι διεχρήσαντο. ἐν τούτῳ μυριάσι Κανδάκη πολλαῖς ἐπὶ τὴν φρουρὰν ἐπῆλθε· Πετρώνιος δʼ ἐξεβοήθησε καὶ φθάνει προσελθὼν εἰς τὸ φρούριον, καὶ πλείοσι παρασκευαῖς ἐξασφαλισάμενος τὸν τόπον, πρεσβευσαμένων, ἐκέλευσεν ὡς Καίσαρα πρεσβεύεσθαι· οὐκ εἰδέναι δὲ φασκόντων ὅστις εἴη Καῖσαρ καὶ ὅπη βαδιστέον εἴη παρʼ αὐτόν, ἔδωκε τοὺς παραπέμψοντας· καὶ ἧκον εἰς Σάμον, ἐνταῦθα τοῦ Καίσαρος ὄντος καὶ μέλλοντος εἰς Συρίαν ἐντεῦθεν προϊέναι, Τιβέριον εἰς Ἀρμενίαν στέλλοντος. πάντων δὲ τυχόντων ὧν ἐδέοντο, ἀφῆκεν αὐτοῖς καὶ τοὺς φόρους οὓς ἐπέστησε.
The Ethiopians, emboldened in consequence of a part of the forces in Egypt being drawn off by Aelius Gallus, who was engaged in war with the Arabs, invaded the Thebais, and attacked the garrison, consisting of three cohorts, near Syene; surprised and took Syene, Elephantina, and Philae, by a sudden inroad; enslaved the inhabitants, and threw down the statues of Caesar. But Petronius, marching with less than 10,000 infantry and 800 horse against an army of 30,000 men, first compelled them to retreat to Pselchis, an Ethiopian city. He then sent deputies to demand restitution of what they had taken, and the reasons which had induced them to begin the war. On their alleging that they had been ill treated by the nomarchs, he answered, that these were not the sovereigns of the country, but Caesar. When they desired three days for consideration, and did nothing which they were bound to do, Petronius attacked and compelled them to fight. They soon fled, being badly commanded, and badly armed; for they carried large shields made of raw hides, and hatchets for offensive weapons; some, however, had pikes, and others swords. Part of the insurgents were driven into the city, others fled into the uninhabited country; and such as ventured upon the passage of the river escaped to a neighbouring island, where there were not many crocodiles on account of the current. Among the fugitives, were the generals of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians in our time, a masculine woman, and who had lost an eye. Petronius, pursuing them in rafts and ships, took them all and despatched them immediately to Alexandreia. He then attacked Pselchis and took it. If we add the number of those who fell in battle to the number of prisoners, few only could have escaped.
From Pselchis Petronius went to Premnis, a strong city, travelling over the hills of sand, beneath which the army of Cambyses was overwhelmed by the setting in of a whirlwind. He took the fortress at the first onset, and afterwards advanced to Napata. This was the royal seat of Candace ; and her son was there, but she herself was in a neighbouring stronghold. When she sent ambassadors to treat of peace, and to offer the restitution of the prisoners brought from Syene, and the statues, Petronius attacked and took Napata, from which her son had fled, and then razed it. He made prisoners of the inhabitants, and returned back again with the booty, as he judged any farther advance into the country impracticable on account of the roads. He strengthened, however, the fortifications of Premnis, and having placed a garrison there, with two years’ provisions for four hundred men, returned to Alexandreia. Some of the prisoners were publicly sold as booty, and a thousand were sent to Caesar, who had lately returned from the Cantabrians, others died of various diseases.
In the mean time Candace attacked the garrison with an army of many thousand men. Petronius came to its assistance, and entering the fortress before the approach of the enemy, secured the place by many expedients. The enemy sent ambassadors, but he ordered them to repair to Caesar: on their replying, that they did not know who Caesar was, nor where they were to find him, Petronius appointed persons to conduct them to his presence. They arrived at Samos, where Caesar was at that time, and from whence he was on the point of proceeding into Syria, having already despatched Tiberius into Armenia. The ambassadors obtained all that they desired, and Caesar even remitted the tribute which he had imposed.
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