μετὰ δʼ οὖν Τρητὸν ἡ Μασυλιέων ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Καρχηδονίων παραπλησία χώρα. Κίρτα τέ ἐστιν ἐν μεσογαίᾳ, τὸ Μασανάσσου καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς διαδόχων βασίλειον, πόλις εὐερκεστάτη καὶ κατεσκευασμένη καλῶς τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ μάλιστα ὑπὸ Μικίψα, ὅστις καὶ Ἕλληνας συνῴκισεν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τοσαύτην ἐποίησεν ὥστʼ ἐκπέμπειν μυρίους ἱππέας, διπλασίους δὲ πεζούς. ἥ τε δὴ Κίρτα ἐνταῦθα καὶ οἱ δύο Ἱππῶνες, ὁ μὲν πλησίον Ἰτύκης ὁ δὲ ἀπωτέρω πρὸς τῷ Τρητῷ μᾶλλον, ἄμφω βασίλεια. ἡ δὲ Ἰτύκη δευτέρα μετὰ Καρχηδόνα τῷ μεγέθει καὶ τῷ ἀξιώματι· καταλυθείσης δὲ Καρχηδόνος ἐκείνη ἦν ὡς ἂν μητρόπολις τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις καὶ ὁρμητήριον πρὸς τὰς ἐν Λιβύῃ πράξεις· ἵδρυται δʼ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ κόλπῳ τῷ Καρχηδονιακῷ πρὸς θατέρῳ τῶν ἀκρωτηρίων τῶν ποιούντων τὸν κόλπον, ὧν τὸ μὲν πρὸς τῇ Ἰτύκῃ καλοῦσιν Ἀπολλώνιον, θάτερον δʼ Ἑρμαίαν, καὶ εἰσὶν ἐν ἐπόψει ἀλλήλαις αἱ πόλεις. ῥεῖ δὲ τῆς Ἰτύκης πλησίον ὁ Βαγράδας ποταμός· εἰσὶ δʼ ἀπὸ Τρητοῦ μέχρι Καρχηδόνος στάδιοι δισχίλιοι πεντακόσιοι· οὔτε τοῦθʼ ὁμολογεῖται δὲ τὸ διάστημα οὔτε τὸ μέχρι Σύρτεων.
After Tretum follows the territory of the Masylies, and that of the Carthaginians which borders upon it. In the interior is Cirta, the royal residence of Masanasses and his successors. It is a very strong place and well provided with everything, which it principally owes to Micipsa, who established a colony of Greeks in it, and raised it to such importance, that it was capable of sending out 10,000 cavalry and twice as many infantry. Here, besides Cirta, are the two cities Hippo, one of which is situated near Ityca, the other further off near Tretum, both royal residences. Ityca is next to Carthage in extent and importance. On the destruction of Carthage it became a metropolis to the Romans, and the head quarters of their operations in Africa. It is situated in the very bay itself of Carthage, on one of the promontories which form it, of which the one near Ityca is called Apollonium, the other Hermaea. Both cities are in sight of each other. Near Ityca flows the river Bagradas. From Tretum to Carthage are 2,500 stadia, but authors are not agreed upon this distance, nor on the distance (of Carthage) from the Syrtes.
καὶ Καρχηδὼν δὲ ἐπὶ χερρονήσου τινὸς ἵδρυται, περιγραφούσης κύκλον τριακοσίων ἑξήκοντα σταδίων ἔχοντα τεῖχος, οὗ τὸ ἑξηκονταστάδιον μῆκος αὐτὸς ὁ αὐχὴν ἐπέχει, καθῆκον ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν, ὅπου τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις ἦσαν αἱ τῶν ἐλεφάντων στάσεις, τόπος εὐρυχωρής. κατὰ μέσην δὲ τὴν πόλιν ἡ ἀκρόπολις ἣν ἐκάλουν Βύρσαν, ὀφρὺς ἱκανῶς ὀρθία, κύκλῳ περιοικουμένη, κατὰ δὲ τὴν κορυφὴν ἔχουσα Ἀσκληπιεῖον, ὅπερ κατὰ τὴν ἅλωσιν ἡ γυνὴ τοῦ Ἀσδρούβα συνέπρησεν αὑτῇ. ὑπόκεινται δὲ τῇ ἀκροπόλει οἵ τε λιμένες καὶ ὁ Κώθων, νησίον περιφερὲς εὐρίπῳ περιεχόμενον, ἔχοντι νεωσοίκους ἑκατέρωθεν κύκλῳ.
Carthage is situated upon a peninsula, comprising a circuit of 360 stadia, with a wall, of which sixty stadia in length are upon the neck of the peninsula, and reach from sea to sea. Here the Carthaginians kept their elephants, it being a wide open place. In the middle of the city was the acropolis, which they called Byrsa, a hill of tolerable height with dwellings round it. On the summit was the temple of Esculapius, which was destroyed when the wife of Asdrubas burnt herself to death there, on the capture of the city. Below the Acropolis were the harbours and the Cothon, a circular island, surrounded by a canal communicating with the sea (Euripus), and on every side of it (upon the canal) were situated sheds for vessels.
κτίσμα δʼ ἐστὶ Διδοῦς ἀγαγούσης ἐκ Τύρου λαόν· οὕτω δʼ εὐτυχὴς ἡ ἀποικία τοῖς Φοίνιξιν ὑπῆρξε καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ μέχρι τῆς Ἰβηρίας τῆς τε ἄλλης καὶ τῆς ἔξω στηλῶν ὥστε τῆς Εὐρώπης ἔτι νῦν τὴν ἀρίστην νέμονται Φοίνικες κατὰ τὴν ἤπειρον καὶ τὰς προσεχεῖς νήσους, τήν τε Λιβύην κατεκτήσαντο πᾶσαν, ὅσον μὴ νομαδικῶς οἷόν τʼ ἦν οἰκεῖν. ἀφʼ ἧς δυνάμεως πόλιν τε ἀντίπαλον τῇ Ῥώμῃ κατεσκευάσαντο καὶ τρεῖς ἐπολέμησαν μεγάλους πρὸς αὐτοὺς πολέμους. γένοιτο δʼ ἂν εὔδηλος ἡ δύναμις αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ ὑστάτου πολέμου, ἐν ᾧ κατελύθησαν ὑπὸ Σκιπίωνος τοῦ Αἰμιλιανοῦ, καὶ ἡ πόλις ἄρδην ἠφανίσθη. ὅτε γὰρ ἤρξαντο πολεμεῖν τοῦτον τὸν πόλεμον, πόλεις μὲν εἶχον τριακοσίας ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ, ἀνθρώπων δʼ ἐν τῇ πόλει μυριάδας ἑβδομήκοντα· πολιορκούμενοι δὲ καὶ ἀναγκασθέντες τραπέσθαι πρὸς ἔνδοσιν πανοπλιῶν μὲν ἔδοσαν μυριάδας εἴκοσι καταπελτικὰ δὲ ὄργανα τρισχίλια, ὡς οὐ πολεμηθησόμενοι. κριθέντος δὲ πάλιν τοῦ ἀναπολεμεῖν, ἐξαίφνης ὁπλοποιίαν συνεστήσαντο, καὶ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας ἀνεφέροντο θυρεοὶ μὲν ἑκατὸν καὶ τετταράκοντα πεπηγότες, μάχαιραι δὲ τριακόσιαι καὶ λόγχαι πεντακόσιαι, χίλια δὲ βέλη καταπελτικά, τρίχα δὲ τοῖς καταπέλταις αἱ θεράπαιναι παρεῖχον· ἔτι τοίνυν ναῦς ἔχοντες δώδεκα ἐξ ἐτῶν πεντήκοντα κατὰ τὰς ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ πολέμῳ συνθήκας, τότε καίπερ ἤδη συμπεφευγότες εἰς τὴν Βύρσαν ἐν διμήνῳ κατεσκευάσαντο ναῦς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι καταφράκτους, καὶ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Κώθωνος φρουρουμένου διώρυξαν ἄλλο στόμα, καὶ προῆλθεν αἰφνιδίως ὁ στόλος· ὕλη γὰρ ἦν ἀποκειμένη παλαιὰ καὶ τεχνιτῶν πλῆθος προσεδρεῦον καὶ σιταρχούμενον δημοσίᾳ. τοιαύτη δʼ οὖσα Καρχηδὼν ὅμως ἑάλω καὶ κατεσκάφη. τὴν δὲ χώραν τὴν μὲν ἐπαρχίαν ἀπέδειξαν Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν ὑπὸ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις, τῆς δὲ Μασανάσσην ἀπέδειξαν κύριον καὶ τοὺς ἀπογόνους τοὺς περὶ Μικίψαν. μάλιστα γὰρ ἐσπουδάσθη παρὰ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ὁ Μασανάσσης διʼ ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλίαν· καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τοὺς νομάδας πολιτικοὺς κατασκευάσας καὶ γεωργούς, ἔτι δʼ ἀντὶ τοῦ λῃστεύειν διδάξας στρατεύειν. ἴδιον γάρ τι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις συνέβη τούτοις· χώραν γὰρ οἰκοῦντες εὐδαίμονα πλὴν τοῦ θηρίοις πλεονάζειν, ἐάσαντες ἐκφέρειν ταῦτα καὶ τὴν γῆν ἐργάζεσθαι μετὰ ἀδείας ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοις ἐτρέποντο, τὴν δὲ γῆν τοῖς θηρίοις ἀφεῖσαν. οὕτω δʼ αὐτοῖς συνέβαινε πλάνητα καὶ μετανάστην βίον ζῆν μηδὲν ἧττον τῶν ὑπὸ ἀπορίας καὶ λυπρότητος τόπων ἢ ἀέρων εἰς τοῦτο περιισταμένων τῶν βίων, ὥστε καὶ ἴδιον τοῦθʼ εὑρίσκεσθαι τοὔνομα τοὺς Μασαισυλίους· καλοῦνται γὰρ Νομάδες. ἀνάγκη δὲ τοὺς τοιούτους εὐτελεῖς εἶναι τοῖς βίοις καὶ τὸ πλέον ῥιζοφάγους ἢ κρεοφάγους, γάλακτι δὲ καὶ τυρῷ τρεφομένους. ἠρημωμένης δʼ οὖν ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον τῆς Καρχηδόνος, καὶ σχεδόν τι τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ὅνπερ καὶ Κόρινθος, ἀνελήφθη πάλιν περὶ τοὺς αὐτούς πως χρόνους ὑπὸ Καίσαρος τοῦ θεοῦ πέμψαντος ἐποίκους Ῥωμαίων τοὺς προαιρουμένους καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν τινας, καὶ νῦν εἴ τις ἄλλη καλῶς οἰκεῖται τῶν ἐν Λιβύῃ πόλεων.
Carthage was founded by Dido, who brought her people from Tyre. Both this colony and the settlements in Spain and beyond the Pillars proved so successful to the Phoenicians, that even to the present day they occupy the best parts on the continent of Europe and the neighbouring islands. They obtained possession of the whole of Africa, with the exception of such parts as could only be held by nomade tribes. From the power they acquired they raised a city to rival Rome, and waged three great wars against her. Their power became most conspicuous in the last war, in which they were vanquished by Scipio Aemilianus, and their city was totally destroyed. For at the commencement of this war, they possessed 300 cities in Africa, and the population of Carthage amounted to 700,000 inhabitants. After being besieged and compelled to surrender, they delivered up 200,000 complete suits of armour and 3000 engines for throwing projectiles, apparently with the intention of abandoning all hostilities; but having resolved to recommence the war, they at once began to manufacture arms, and daily deposited in store 140 finished shields, 300 swords, 500 lances, and 1000 projectiles for the engines, for the use of which the women-servants contributed their hair. In addition to this, although at this moment they were in possession of only twelve ships, according to the terms of the treaty concluded in the second war, and had already taken refuge in a body at the Byrsa, yet in two months they equipped 120 decked vessels; and, as the mouth of the Cothon was closed against them, cut another outlet (to the sea) through which the fleet suddenly made its appearance. For wood had been collected for a long time, and a multitude of workmen were constantly employed, who were maintained at the public expense.
Carthage, though so great, was yet taken and levelled to the ground.
The Romans made a province of that part of the country which had been subject to Carthage, and appointed ruler of the rest Masanasses and his descendants, beginning with Micipsa. For the Romans paid particular attention to Masanasses on account of his great abilities and friendship for them. For he it was who formed the nomades to civil life, and directed their attention to husbandry. Instead of robbers he taught them to be soldiers. A peculiarity existed among these people; they inhabited a country favoured in everything except that it abounded with wild beasts; these they neglected to destroy, and so to cultivate the soil in security; but turning their arms against each other, abandoned the country to the beasts of prey. Hence their life was that of wanderers and of continual change, quite as much as that of those who are compelled to it by want and barrenness of soil or severity of climate. An appropriate name was therefore given to the Masaesylii, for they were called Nomades. Such persons must necessarily be sparing livers, eaters of roots more than of flesh, and supported by milk and cheese. Carthage remained a desolate place for a long time, for nearly the same period, indeed, as Corinth, until it was restored about the same time (as the latter city) by divus Caesar, who sent thither such Romans to colonize it as elected to go there, and also some soldiers. At present it is the most populous city in Africa.
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