πολλὰ δʼ εἴρηται περὶ τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν ἐν τοῖς πρότερον, ὥστε συμπεριωδευμένα ἂν εἴη τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ τὰ τούτων. ὡς δʼ εἰπεῖν, τὰ ἄκρα τῆς οἰκουμένης τὰ παρακείμενα τῇ δυσκράτῳ καὶ ἀοικήτῳ διὰ καῦμα ἢ ψῦχος ἀνάγκη ἀποτεύγματα εἶναι τῆς εὐκράτου καὶ ἐλαττώματα· ταῦτα δʼ ἐκ τῶν βίων δῆλα καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς χρείας τὰς ἀνθρωπικὰς ἀπορίας. κακόβιοί τε δὴ καὶ γυμνῆτές εἰσι τὰ πολλὰ καὶ νομάδες· τά τε βοσκήματα αὐτοῖς ἐστι μικρά, πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες καὶ βόες· καὶ κύνες μικροί, τραχεῖς δὲ καὶ μάχιμοι. τάχα δὲ καὶ τοὺς Πυγμαίους ἀπὸ τῆς τούτων μικροφυΐας ὑπενόησαν καὶ ἀνέπλασαν· ἑωρακὼς μὲν γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἐξηγεῖται τῶν πίστεως ἀξίων ἀνδρῶν.
IN the preceding part of this work we have spoken at length of Ethiopia, so that its description may be said to be included in that of Egypt.
In general, then, the extreme parts of the habitable world adjacent to the intemperate region, which is not habitable by reason either of heat or cold, must necessarily be defective and inferior, in respect to physical advantages, to the temperate region. This is evident from the mode of life of the inhabitants, and their want of what is requisite for the use and subsistence of man. For the mode of life [of the Ethiopians] is wretched; they are for the most part naked, and wander from place to place with their flocks. Their flocks and herds are small in size, whether sheep, goats, or oxen; the dogs also, though fierce and quarrelsome, are small. It was perhaps from the diminutive size of these people, that the story of the Pygmies originated, whom no person, worthy of credit, has asserted that he himself has seen.
ζῶσί τʼ ἀπὸ κέγχρου καὶ κριθῆς, ἀφʼ ὧν καὶ ποτὸν ποιοῦσιν * αὐτοῖς ἔστιν· ἔλαιον δὲ βούτυρον καὶ στέαρ· οὐδʼ ἀκρόδρυα ἔχουσι πλὴν φοινίκων ὀλίγων ἐν κήποις βασιλικοῖς· ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ πόαν σιτοῦνται καὶ κλῶνας ἁπαλοὺς καὶ λωτὸν καὶ καλάμου ῥίζαν· κρέασι δὲ χρῶνται καὶ αἵματι καὶ γάλακτι καὶ τυρῷ. σέβονται δʼ ὡς θεοὺς τοὺς βασιλέας κατακλείστους ὄντας καὶ οἰκουροὺς τὸ πλέον. ἔστι δὲ τὸ μέγιστον αὐτοῖς βασίλειον ἡ Μερόη, πόλις ὁμώνυμος τῇ νήσῳ· τὴν δὲ νῆσον θυρεοειδῆ φασι τὸ σχῆμα, τό τε μέγεθος τάχα πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν εἴρηται μῆκος μὲν ὅσον τρισχιλίων σταδίων εὖρος δὲ χιλίων. ἔχει δʼ ἡ νῆσος συχνὰ καὶ ὄρη καὶ δάση μεγάλα· οἰκοῦσι δʼ οἱ μὲν νομάδες οἱ δὲ θηρευτικοὶ οἱ δὲ γεωργοί· ἔστι δὲ καὶ χαλκωρυχεῖα καὶ σιδηρουργεῖα καὶ χρυσεῖα καὶ λίθων γένη πολυτελῶν· περιέχεται δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Λιβύης θισὶ μεγάλοις, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ἀραβίας κρημνοῖς συνεχέσιν, ἄνωθεν δʼ ἐκ νότου ταῖς * συμβολαῖς τῶν ποταμῶν, τοῦ τε Ἀσταβόρα καὶ τοῦ Ἀστάποδος καὶ τοῦ Ἀστασόβα· πρὸς ἄρκτον δʼ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ῥύσις τοῦ Νείλου καὶ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου κατὰ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν πρότερον σκολιότητα τοῦ ποταμοῦ. ἐν δὲ ταῖς πόλεσιν αἱ οἰκήσεις ἐκ φοινικίνων σχιζῶν * διαπλεκόμεναι τοίχων ἢ πλίνθων· ὀρυκτοὶ δὲ ἅλες καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς Ἄραψι· πλεονάζει δὲ τῶν φυτῶν ὅ τε φοῖνιξ καὶ ἡ περσέα καὶ ὁ ἔβενος καὶ ἡ κερατία· θήρα δὲ καὶ ἐλεφάντων ἐστὶ καὶ λεόντων καὶ παρδάλεων· εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ δράκοντες οἱ ἐλεφαντομάχοι καὶ ἄλλα θηρία πλείω· καταφεύγει γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμπυρωτέρων καὶ αὐχμηροτέρων ἐπὶ τὰ ὑδρηλὰ καὶ ἑλώδη.
They live on millet and barley, from which also a drink is prepared. They have no oil, but use butter and fat instead. There are no fruits, except the produce of trees in the royal gardens. Some feed even upon grass, the tender twigs of trees, the lotus, or the roots of reeds. They live also upon the flesh and blood of animals, milk, and cheese. They reverence their kings as gods, who are for the most part shut up in their palaces.
Their largest royal seat is the city of Meroë, of the same name as the island. The shape of the island is said to be that of a shield. Its size is perhaps exaggerated. Its length is about 3000, and its breadth 1000 stadia. It is very mountainous, and contains great forests. The inhabitants are nomades, who are partly hunters and partly husbandmen. There are also mines of copper, iron, gold, and various kinds of precious stones. It is surrounded on the side of Libya by great hills of sand, and on that of Arabia by continuous precipices. In the higher parts on the south, it is bounded by the confluent streams of the rivers Astaboras, Astapus, and Astasobas. On the north is the continuous course of the Nile to Egypt, with its windings, of which we have spoken before. The houses in the cities are formed by interweaving split pieces of palm wood or of bricks. They have fossil salt, as in Arabia. Palm, the persea (peach), ebony, and carob trees are found in abundance. They hunt elephants, lions, and panthers. There are also serpents, which encounter elephants, and there are many other kinds of wild animals, which take refuge, from the hotter and parched districts, in watery and marshy districts.
̔υπέρκειται δὲ τῆς Μερόης ἡ Ψεβὼ λίμνη μεγάλη νῆσον ἔχουσα οἰκουμένην ἱκανῶς. συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦ Νείλου τὴν μὲν δυσμικὴν παραποταμίαν ἐχόντων τῶν Λιβύων, τὴν δὲ πέραν Αἰθιόπων, παρὰ μέρος αὐτῶν τὴν ἐπικράτειαν εἶναι τῶν νήσων καὶ τῆς ποταμίας, ἐξελαυνομένων τῶν ἑτέρων καὶ παραχωρούντων τοῖς κρείττοσι γενομένοις. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ τόξοις Αἰθίοπες τετραπήχεσι ξυλίνοις πεπυρακτωμένοις· ὁπλίζουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας, ὧν αἱ πλείους κεκρίκωνται τὸ χεῖλος τοῦ στόματος χαλκῷ κρίκῳ· κωδιοφόροι δʼ εἰσίν, ἐρέαν οὐκ ἔχοντες, τῶν προβάτων αἰγοτριχούντων· οἱ δὲ γυμνῆτές εἰσιν, οἳ καὶ περιέζωνται μικρὰ κώδια ἢ τρίχινα πλέγματα εὐυφῆ. θεὸν δὲ νομίζουσι τὸν μὲν ἀθάνατον (τοῦτον δʼ εἶναι τὸν αἴτιον τῶν πάντων) τὸν δὲ θνητὸν ἀνώνυμόν τινα καὶ οὐ σαφῆ· ὡς δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τοὺς εὐεργέτας καὶ βασιλικοὺς θεοὺς νομίζουσι, καὶ τούτων τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας κοινοὺς ἁπάντων σωτῆρας καὶ φύλακας, τοὺς δʼ ἰδιώτας ἰδίως τοῖς εὖ παθοῦσιν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν. τῶν δὲ πρὸς τῇ διακεκαυμένῃ τινὲς καὶ ἄθεοι νομίζονται, οὕς γε καὶ τὸν ἥλιόν φασιν ἐχθαίρειν καὶ κακῶς λέγειν ἐπειδὰν προσίδωσιν ἀνίσχοντα, ὡς καίοντα καὶ πολεμοῦντα αὐτοῖς, καταφεύγειν τε εἰς τὰ ἕλη. οἱ δʼ ἐν Μερόῃ καὶ Ἡρακλέα καὶ Πᾶνα καὶ Ἶσιν σέβονται πρὸς ἄλλῳ τινὶ βαρβαρικῷ θεῷ. τοὺς δὲ νεκροὺς οἱ μὲν εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐκρίπτουσιν, οἱ δʼ οἴκοι κατέχουσι περιχέαντες ὕαλον· τινὲς δὲ ἐν κεραμέαις σοροῖς κατορύττουσι κύκλῳ τῶν ἱερῶν, ὅρκον τε τὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀπαιτοῦσι καὶ πάντων ἁγιστεύουσι μάλιστα. βασιλέας τε καθιστᾶσι τοὺς κάλλει διαφέροντας ἢ ἀρετῇ κτηνοτροφίας ἢ ἀνδρείᾳ ἢ πλούτῳ. ἐν δὲ τῇ Μερόῃ κυριωτάτην τάξιν ἐπεῖχον οἱ ἱερεῖς τὸ παλαιόν, οἵ γε καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ προσέταττον ἔσθʼ ὅτε ἀποθνήσκειν πέμψαντες ἄγγελον καὶ καθίστασαν ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ ἕτερον· ὕστερον δὲ κατέλυσέ τις τῶν βασιλέων τὸ ἔθος, ἐπιὼν μεθʼ ὅπλων ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερόν, ὅπου ὁ χρυσοῦς νεώς ἐστι, καὶ τοὺς ἱερέας ἀποσφάξας πάντας. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἔθος Αἰθιοπικόν· ὃς γὰρ ἂν τῶν βασιλέων πηρωθῇ μέρος τι τοῦ σώματος ὁπωσοῦν, τὸ αὐτὸ πάσχουσιν οἱ συνόντες αὐτῷ μάλιστα, οἱ δʼ αὐτοὶ καὶ συναποθνήσκουσιν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου φυλακὴ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐστὶ πλείστη παρʼ αὐτῶν. περὶ μὲν Αἰθιόπων ἀρκέσει ταῦτα.
Above Meroë is Psebo, a large lake, containing a well-inhabited island. As the Libyans occupy the western bank of the Nile, and the Ethiopians the country on the other side of the river, they thus dispute by turns the possession of the islands and the banks of the river, one party repulsing the other, or yielding to the superiority of its opponent.
The Ethiopians use bows of wood four cubits long, and hardened in the fire. The women also are armed, most of whom wear in the upper lip a copper ring. They wear sheepskins, without wool; for the sheep have hair like goats. Some go naked, or wear small skins or girdles of well-woven hair round the loins.
They regard as God one being who is immortal, the cause of all things; another who is mortal, a being without a name, whose nature is not clearly understood.
In general they consider as gods benefactors and royal persons, some of whom are their kings, the common saviours and guardians of all; others are private persons, esteemed as gods by those who have individually received benefits from them.
Of those who inhabit the torrid region, some are even supposed not to acknowledge any god, and are said to abhor even the sun, and to apply opprobrious names to him, when they behold him rising, because he scorches and tortures them with his heat; these people take refuge in the marshes.
The inhabitants of Meroë worship Hercules, Pan, and Isis, besides some other barbaric deity.
Some tribes throw the dead into the river; others keep them in the house, enclosed in hyalus (oriental alabaster ?). Some bury them around the temples in coffins of baked clay. They swear an oath by them, which is reverenced as more sacred than all others.
Kings are appointed from among persons distinguished for their personal beauty, or by their breeding of cattle, or for their courage, or their riches.
In Meroë the priests anciently held the highest rank, and sometimes sent orders even to the king, by a messenger, to put an end to himself, when they appointed another king in his place. At last one of their kings abolished this custom, by going with an armed body to the temple where the golden shrine is, and slaughtering all the priests.
The following custom exists among the Ethiopians. If a king is mutilated in any part of the body, those who are most attached to his person, as attendants, mutilate themselves in the same manner, and even die with him. Hence the king is guarded with the utmost care. This will suffice on the subject of Ethiopia.
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