πτολεμαῖος γὰρ ὁ Λάγου διεδέξατο Ἀλέξανδρον, ἐκεῖνον δὲ Φιλάδελφος, τοῦτον δὲ ὁ Εὐεργέτης, εἶθʼ ὁ Φιλοπάτωρ ὁ τῆς Ἀγαθοκλείας, εἶθʼ ὁ Ἐπιφανής, εἶθʼ ὁ Φιλομήτωρ, παῖς παρὰ πατρὸς ἀεὶ διαδεχόμενος· τοῦτον δʼ ἀδελφὸς διεδέξατο ὁ δεύτερος Εὐεργέτης ὃν καὶ Φύσκωνα προσαγορεύουσι, τοῦτον δʼ ὁ Λάθουρος ἐπικληθεὶς Πτολεμαῖος, τοῦτον δʼ ὁ Αὐλητὴς ὁ καθʼ ἡμᾶς, ὅσπερ ἦν τῆς Κλεοπάτρας πατήρ. ἅπαντες μὲν οὖν οἱ μετὰ τὸν τρίτον Πτολεμαῖον ὑπὸ τρυφῆς διεφθαρμένοι χεῖρον ἐπολιτεύσαντο, χείριστα δʼ ὁ τέταρτος καὶ ἕβδομος καὶ ὁ ὕστατος ὁ Αὐλητής, ὃς χωρὶς τῆς ἄλλης ἀσελγείας χοραυλεῖν ἤσκησε, καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ γε ἐσεμνύνετο τοσοῦτον ὥστʼ οὐκ ὤκνει συντελεῖν ἀγῶνας ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις, εἰς οὓς παρῄει διαμιλλησόμενος τοῖς ἀνταγωνισταῖς. τοῦτον μὲν οὖν οἱ Ἀλεξανδρεῖς ἐξέβαλον, τριῶν δʼ αὐτῷ θυγατέρων οὐσῶν, ὧν μία γνησία ἡ πρεσβυτάτη, ταύτην ἀνέδειξαν βασίλισσαν· οἱ υἱοὶ δʼ αὐτοῦ δύο νήπιοι τῆς τότε χρείας ἐξέπιπτον τελέως. τῇ δὲ κατασταθείσῃ μετεπέμψαντο ἄνδρα ἐκ τῆς Συρίας κυβιοσάκτην τινά, προσποιησάμενον τοῦ γένους εἶναι τῶν Συριακῶν βασιλέων· τοῦτον μὲν οὖν ὀλίγων ἡμερῶν ἀπεστραγγάλισεν ἡ βασίλισσα οὐ φέρουσα τὸ βάναυσον καὶ τὸ ἀνελεύθερον. ἧκε δʼ ἀντʼ ἐκείνου προσποιησάμενος καὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι Μιθριδάτου υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐπάτορος Ἀρχέλαος, ὃς ἦν μὲν Ἀρχελάου υἱὸς τοῦ πρὸς Σύλλαν διαπολεμήσαντος καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τιμηθέντος ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, πάππος δὲ τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος Καππαδόκων ὑστάτου καθʼ ἡμᾶς, ἱερεὺς δὲ τῶν ἐν Πόντῳ Κομάνων. Γαβινίῳ δὲ τότε συνδιέτριψεν ὡς συστρατεύσων ἐπὶ Παρθυαίους, λαθὼν δὲ τοῦτον κομίζεται διά τινων εἰς τὴν βασίλισσαν καὶ ἀναδείκνυται βασιλεύς. ἐν τούτῳ τὸν Αὐλητὴν ἀφικόμενον εἰς Ῥώμην δεξάμενος Πομπήιος Μάγνος συνίστησι τῇ συγκλήτῳ καὶ διαπράττεται κάθοδον μὲν τούτῳ, τῶν δὲ πρέσβεων τῶν πλείστων, ἑκατὸν ὄντων, ὄλεθρον τῶν καταπρεσβευσάντων αὐτοῦ· τούτων δʼ ἦν καὶ Δίων ὁ Ἀκαδημαϊκὸς ἀρχιπρεσβευτὴς γεγονώς. καταχθεὶς οὖν ὑπὸ Γαβινίου Πτολεμαῖος τόν τε Ἀρχέλαον ἀναιρεῖ καὶ τὴν θυγατέρα, χρόνον δʼ οὐ πολὺν τῇ βασιλείᾳ προσθεὶς τελευτᾷ νόσῳ, καταλιπὼν δύο μὲν υἱεῖς δύο δὲ θυγατέρας, πρεσβυτάτην δὲ Κλεοπάτραν. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἀλεξανδρεῖς ἀπέδειξαν βασιλέας τόν τε πρεσβύτερον τῶν παίδων καὶ τὴν Κλεοπάτραν, οἱ δὲ συνόντες τῷ παιδὶ καταστασιάσαντες ἐξέβαλον τὴν Κλεοπάτραν, καὶ ἀπῆρε μετὰ τῆς ἀδελφῆς εἰς τὴν Συρίαν. ἐν τούτῳ Πομπήιος Μάγνος ἧκε φεύγων ἐκ Παλαιφαρσάλου πρὸς τὸ Πηλούσιον καὶ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος· τοῦτον μὲν οὖν δολοφονοῦσιν οἱ μετὰ τοῦ βασιλέως· ἐπελθὼν δὲ Καῖσαρ τόν τε μειρακίσκον διαφθείρει καὶ καθίστησι τῆς Αἰγύπτου βασίλισσαν τὴν Κλεοπάτραν μεταπεμψάμενος ἐκ τῆς φυγῆς· συμβασιλεύειν δʼ ἀπέδειξε τὸν λοιπὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτῇ νέον παντελῶς ὄντα. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Καίσαρος τελευτὴν καὶ τὰ ἐν Φιλίπποις διαβὰς Ἀντώνιος εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐξετίμησεν ἐπὶ πλέον τὴν Κλεοπάτραν ὥστε καὶ γυναῖκα ἔκρινε καὶ ἐτεκνοποιήσατο ἐξ αὐτῆς, τόν τε Ἀκτιακὸν πόλεμον συνήρατο ἐκείνῃ καὶ συνέφυγε· καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπακολουθήσας ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ ἀμφοτέρους κατέλυσε καὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἔπαυσε παροινουμένην.
Alexander was succeeded by Ptolemy the son of Lagus, the son of Lagus by Philadelphus, Philadelphus by Euergetes; next succeeded Philopator the lover of Agathocleia, then Epiphanes, afterwards Philometor, the son (thus far) always succeeding the father. But Philometor was succeeded by his brother, the second Euergetes, who was also called Physcon. He was succeeded by Ptolemy surnamed Lathurus, Lathurus by Auletes of our time, who was the father of Cleopatra. All these kings, after the third Ptolemy, were corrupted by luxury and effeminacy, and the affairs of government were very badly administered by them; but worst of all by the fourth, the seventh, and the last (Ptolemy), Auletes (or the Piper), who, besides other deeds of shamelessness, acted the piper; indeed he gloried so much in the practice, that he scrupled not to appoint trials of skill in his palace; on which occasions he presented himself as a competitor with other rivals. He was deposed by the Alexandrines; and of his three daughters, one, the eldest, who was legitimate, they proclaimed queen; but his two sons, who were infants, were absolutely excluded from the succession.
As a husband for the daughter established on the throne, the Alexandrines invited one Cybiosactes from Syria, who pretended to be descended from the Syrian kings. The queen after a few days, unable to endure his coarseness and vulgarity, rid herself of him by causing him to be strangled. She afterwards married Archelaus, who also pretended to be the son of Mithridates Eupator, but he was really the son of that Archelaus who carried on war against Sylla, and was afterwards honourably treated by the Romans. He was grandfather of the last king of Cappadocia in our time, and priest of Comana in Pontus. He was then (at the time we are speaking of) the guest of Gabinius, and intended to accompany him in an expedition against the Parthians, but unknown to Gabinius, he was conducted away by some (friends) to the queen, and declared king.
At this time Pompey the Great entertained Auletes as his guest on his arrival at Rome, and recommended him to the senate, negotiated his return, and contrived the execution of most of the deputies, in number a hundred, who had undertaken to appear against him: at their head was Dion the academic philosopher.
Ptolemy (Auletes) on being restored by Gabinius, put to death both Archelaus and his daughter; but not long after he was reinstated in his kingdom, he died a natural death, leaving two sons and two daughters, the eldest of whom was Cleopatra.
The Alexandrines declared as sovereigns the eldest son and Cleopatra. But the adherents of the son excited a sedition, and banished Cleopatra, who retired with her sister into Syria.
It was about this time that Pompey the Great, in his flight from Palae-pharsalus, came to Pelusium and Mount Casium. He was treacherously slain by the king’s party. When Caesar arrived, he put the young prince to death, and sending for Cleopatra from her place of exile, appointed her queen of Egypt, declaring also her surviving brother, who was very young, and herself joint sovereigns.
After the death of Caesar and the battle at Pharsalia, Antony passed over into Asia; he raised Cleopatra to the highest dignity, made her his wife, and had children by her. He was present with her at the battle of Actium, and accompanied her in her flight. Augustus Caesar pursued them, put an end to their power, and rescued Egypt from misgovernment and revelry.
ἐπαρχία δὲ νῦν ἐστι, φόρους μὲν τελοῦσα ἀξιολόγους, ὑπὸ σωφρόνων δὲ ἀνδρῶν διοικουμένη τῶν πεμπομένων ἐπάρχων ἀεί. ὁ μὲν οὖν πεμφθεὶς τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ἔχει τάξιν, ὑπʼ αὐτῷ δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ δικαιοδότης ὁ τῶν πολλῶν κρίσεων κύριος· ἄλλος δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ προσαγορευόμενος ἰδιόλογος, ὃς τῶν ἀδεσπότων καὶ τῶν εἰς Καίσαρα πίπτειν ὀφειλόντων ἐξεταστής ἐστι· παρέπονται δὲ τούτοις ἀπελεύθεροι Καίσαρος καὶ οἰκονόμοι, μείζω καὶ ἐλάττω πεπιστευμένοι πράγματα. ἔστι δὲ καὶ στρατιωτικοῦ τρία τάγματα, ὧν τὸ ἓν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἵδρυται τἆλλα δʼ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ· χωρὶς δὲ τούτων ἐννέα μέν εἰσι σπεῖραι Ῥωμαίων, τρεῖς μὲν ἐν τῇ πόλει τρεῖς δʼ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ἐν Συήνῃ, φρουρὰ τοῖς τόποις, τρεῖς δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην χώραν. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἱππαρχίαι τρεῖς ὁμοίως διατεταγμέναι κατὰ τοὺς ἐπικαιρίους τόπους. τῶν δʼ ἐπιχωρίων ἀρχόντων κατὰ πόλιν μὲν ὅ τε ἐξηγητής ἐστι, πορφύραν ἀμπεχόμενος καὶ ἔχων πατρίους τιμὰς καὶ ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν τῇ πόλει χρησίμων, καὶ ὁ ὑπομνηματογράφος καὶ ἀρχιδικαστής, τέταρτος δὲ ὁ νυκτερινὸς στρατηγός. ἦσαν μὲν οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν βασιλέων αὗται αἱ ἀρχαί, κακῶς δὲ πολιτευομένων τῶν βασιλέων ἠφανίζετο καὶ ἡ τῆς πόλεως εὐκαιρία διὰ τὴν ἀνομίαν. ὁ γοῦν Πολύβιος γεγονὼς ἐν τῇ πόλει βδελύττεται τὴν τότε κατάστασιν καί φησι τρία γένη τὴν πόλιν οἰκεῖν, τό τε Αἰγύπτιον καὶ ἐπιχώριον φῦλον ὀξὺ καὶ * πολιτικόν, καὶ τὸ μισθοφορικὸν βαρὺ καὶ πολὺ καὶ ἀνάγωγον· ἐξ ἔθους γὰρ παλαιοῦ ξένους ἔτρεφον τοὺς τὰ ὅπλα ἔχοντας, ἄρχειν μᾶλλον ἢ ἄρχεσθαι δεδιδαγμένους διὰ τὴν τῶν βασιλέων οὐδένειαν· τρίτον δʼ ἦν γένος τὸ τῶν Ἀλεξανδρέων οὐδʼ αὐτὸ εὐκρινῶς πολιτικὸν διὰ τὰς αὐτὰς αἰτίας, κρεῖττον δʼ ἐκείνων ὅμως· καὶ γὰρ εἰ μιγάδες, Ἕλληνες ὅμως ἀνέκαθεν ἦσαν καὶ ἐμέμνηντο τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔθους· ἠφανισμένου δὲ καὶ τούτου τοῦ πλήθους μάλιστα ὑπὸ τοῦ Εὐεργέτου τοῦ Φύσκωνος, καθʼ ὃν ἧκεν εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ὁ Πολύβιος (καταστασιαζόμενος γὰρ ὁ Φύσκων πλεονάκις τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐφίει τὰ πλήθη καὶ διέφθειρε), τοιούτων δή, φησίν, ὄντων τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει λοιπὸν ἦν τῷ ὄντι τὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Αἴγυπτόνδʼ ἰέναι δολιχὴν ὁδὸν ἀργαλέην τε.
At present Egypt is a (Roman) province, pays considerable tribute, and is well governed by prudent persons, who are sent there in succession. The governor thus sent out has the rank of king. Subordinate to him is the administrator of justice, who is the supreme judge in many causes. There is another officer, who is called Idiologus, whose business it is to inquire into property for which there is no claimant, and which of right falls to Caesar. These are accompanied by Caesar’s freedmen and stewards, who are intrusted with affairs of more or less importance.
Three legions are stationed in Egypt, one in the city, the rest in the country. Besides these there are also nine Roman cohorts, three quartered in the city, three on the borders of Ethiopia in Syene, as a guard to that tract, and three in other parts of the country. There are also three bodies of cavalry distributed in convenient posts.
Of the native magistrates in the cities, the first is the expounder of the law, who is dressed in scarlet; he receives the customary honours of the country, and has the care of providing what is necessary for the city. The second is the writer of records, the third is the chief judge. The fourth is the commander of the night guard. These magistrates existed in the time of the kings, but in consequence of the bad administration of affairs by the latter, the prosperity of the city was ruined by licentiousness. Polybius expresses his indignation at the state of things when lie was there: he describes the inhabitants of the city to be composed of three classes; the (first) Egyptians and natives, acute but indifferent citizens, and meddling with civil affairs. Tile second, the mercenaries, a numerous and undisciplined body ; for it was an ancient custom to maintain foreign soldiers, who, from the worthlessness of their sovereigns, knew better how to govern than to obey. The third were the Alexandrines, who, for the same reason, were not orderly citizens; but still they were better than the mercenaries, for although they were a mixed race, yet being of Greek origin, they retained the customs common to the Greeks. But this class was extinct nearly about the time of Euergetes Physcon, in whose reign Polybius came to Alexandreia. For Physcon, being distressed by factions, frequently exposed the multitude to the attacks of the soldiery, and thus destroyed them. By such a state of things in the city the words of the poet (says Polybius) were verified: The way to Egypt is long and vexatious.
τοιαῦτα δʼ ἦν, εἰ μὴ χείρω, καὶ τὰ τῶν ὕστερον βασιλέων. Ῥωμαῖοι δʼ εἰς δύναμιν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἐπηνώρθωσαν τὰ πολλά, τὴν μὲν πόλιν διατάξαντες ὡς εἶπον, κατὰ δὲ τὴν χώραν ἐπιστρατήγους τινὰς καὶ νομάρχας καὶ ἐθνάρχας καλουμένους ἀποδείξαντες, πραγμάτων οὐ μεγάλων ἐπιστατεῖν ἠξιωμένους. τῆς δʼ εὐκαιρίας τῆς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τὸ μέγιστόν ἐστιν ὅτι τῆς Αἰγύπτου πάσης μόνος ἐστὶν οὗτος ὁ τόπος πρὸς ἄμφω πεφυκὼς εὖ, τά τε ἐκ θαλάττης διὰ τὸ εὐλίμενον, καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῆς χώρας ὅτι πάντα εὐμαρῶς ὁ ποταμὸς πορθμεύει συνάγει τε εἰς τοιοῦτον χωρίον ὅπερ μέγιστον ἐμπόριον τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐστί. τῆς μὲν οὖν πόλεως ταύτας ἄν τις λέγοι τὰς ἀρετάς· τῆς Αἰγύπτου δὲ τὰς προσόδους ἔν τινι λόγῳ Κικέρων φράζει φήσας κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν τῷ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας πατρὶ τῷ Αὐλητῇ προσφέρεσθαι φόρον ταλάντων μυρίων δισχιλίων πεντακοσίων. ὅπου οὖν ὁ κάκιστα καὶ ῥᾳθυμότατα τὴν βασιλείαν διοικῶν τοσαῦτα προσωδεύετο, τί χρὴ νομίσαι τὰ νῦν διὰ τοσαύτης ἐπιμελείας οἰκονομούμενα καὶ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ἐμποριῶν καὶ τῶν Τρωγλοδυτικῶν ἐπηυξημένων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον; πρότερον μέν γε οὐδʼ εἴκοσι πλοῖα ἐθάρρει τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον διαπερᾶν ὥστε ἔξω τῶν στενῶν ὑπερκύπτειν, νῦν δὲ καὶ στόλοι μεγάλοι στέλλονται μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τῶν ἄκρων τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὁ πολυτιμότατος κομίζεται φόρτος εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, κἀντεῦθεν πάλιν εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους ἐκπέμπεται τόπους, ὥστε τὰ τέλη διπλάσια συνάγεται τὰ μὲν εἰσαγωγικὰ τὰ δὲ ἐξαγωγικά· τῶν δὲ βαρυτίμων βαρέα καὶ τὰ τέλη. καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ μονοπωλίας ἔχει· μόνη γὰρ ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια τῶν τοιούτων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ καὶ ὑποδοχεῖόν ἐστι καὶ χορηγεῖ τοῖς ἐκτός. ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον κατιδεῖν ἔστι τὴν εὐφυΐαν ταύτην περιοδεύοντι τὴν χώραν, καὶ πρῶτον τὴν παραλίαν ἀρξαμένην ἀπὸ τοῦ Καταβαθμοῦ· μέχρι δεῦρο γάρ ἐστιν ἡ Αἴγυπτος, ἡ δʼ ἑξῆς ἐστι Κυρηναία καὶ οἱ περιοικοῦντες βάρβαροι Μαρμαρίδαι.
Such then, if not worse, was the condition of the city under the last kings. The Romans, as far as they were able, corrected, as I have said, many abuses, and established an orderly government, by appointing vice-governors, nomarchs, and ethnarchs, whose business it was to superintend affairs of minor importance.
The greatest advantage which the city possesses arises from its being the only place in all Egypt well situated by nature for communication with the sea by its excellent harbour, and with the land by the river, by means of which everything is easily transported and collected together into this city, which is the greatest mart in the habitable world.
These may be said to be the superior excellencies of the city. Cicero, in one of his orations, in speaking of the revenues of Egypt, states that an annual tribute of 12,500 talents was paid to (Ptolemy) Auletes, the father of Cleopatra. If then a king, who administered his government in the worst possible manner, and with the greatest negligence, obtained so large a revenue, what must we suppose it to be at present, when affairs are administered with great care, and when the commerce with India and with Troglodytica has been so greatly increased ? For formerly not even twenty vessels ventured to navigate the Arabian Gulf, or advance to the smallest distance beyond the straits at its mouth; but now large fleets are despatched as far as India and the extremities of Ethiopia, from which places the most valuable freights are brought to Egypt, and are thence exported to other parts, so that a double amount of custom is collected, arising from imports on the one hand, and from exports on the other. The most expensive description of goods is charged with the heaviest impost; for in fact Alexandreia has a monopoly of trade, and is almost the only receptacle for this kind of merchandise and place of supply for foreigners. The natural convenience of the situation is still more apparent to persons travelling through the country, and particularly along the coast which commences at the Catabathmus; for to this place Egypt extends.
Next to it is Cyrenaea, and the neighboring barbarians, the Marmaridae.
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