συνάπτει δʼ ἡ τῶν Σαβαίων εὐδαιμονεστάτη, μεγίστου ἔθνους, παρʼ οἷς καὶ σμύρνα καὶ λίβανος καὶ κιννάμωμον· ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ καὶ βάλσαμον καὶ ἄλλη τις πόα σφόδρα εὐώδης, ταχὺ δʼ ἐξίτηλον τὴν ὀδμὴν ἔχουσα· εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ φοίνικες εὐώδεις καὶ κάλαμος, ὄφεις δὲ σπιθαμιαῖοι φοινικοῖ τὴν χρόαν, προσαλλόμενοι καὶ μέχρι λαγόνος, τὸ δῆγμα ἔχοντες ἀνήκεστον. διὰ δὲ τὴν ἀφθονίαν τῶν καρπῶν ἀργοὶ καὶ ῥᾴθυμοι τοῖς βίοις εἰσὶν οἱ ἄνθρωποι· κοιτάζονται δὲ ἐπὶ * τῶν ῥιζῶν τῶν δένδρων ἐκτέμνοντες οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ δημοτικοί· διαδεχόμενοι δʼ οἱ σύνεγγυς ἀεὶ τὰ φορτία, τοῖς μετʼ αὐτοὺς παραδιδόασι μέχρι Συρίας καὶ Μεσοποταμίας· καρούμενοι δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν εὐωδιῶν αἴρουσι τὸν κάρον ἀσφάλτου θυμιάματι καὶ τράγου πώγωνος. ἡ δὲ πόλις τῶν Σαβαίων, ἡ Μαρίαβα, κεῖται μὲν ἐπʼ ὄρους εὐδένδρου. βασιλέα δʼ ἔχει κύριον τῶν κρίσεων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐκ δὲ τῶν βασιλείων οὐ θέμις ἐξιέναι, ἢ καταλεύουσιν αὐτὸν παραχρῆμα οἱ ὄχλοι κατά τι λόγιον· ἐν χλιδῇ δʼ ἐστὶ γυναικείᾳ καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ περὶ αὐτόν· τὰ δὲ πλήθη τὰ μὲν γεωργεῖ τὰ δʼ ἐμπορεύεται τὰ ἀρώματα τά τε ἐπιχώρια καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας, πλέοντες ἐπʼ αὐτὰ διὰ τῶν στενῶν δερματίνοις πλοίοις· τοσαῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ πλῆθος ὥστʼ ἀντὶ φρυγάνων καὶ τῆς καυσίμου ὕλης χρῆσθαι κινναμώμῳ καὶ κασίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις. γίνεται δʼ ἐν τοῖς Σαβαίοις καὶ τὸ λάριμνον, εὐωδέστατον θυμίαμα. ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἐμπορίας οὗτοί τε καὶ Γερραῖοι πλουσιώτατοι πάντων εἰσίν, ἔχουσί τε παμπληθῆ κατασκευὴν χρυσωμάτων τε καὶ ἀργυρωμάτων, κλινῶν τε καὶ τριπόδων καὶ κρατήρων σὺν ἐκπώμασι καὶ τῇ τῶν οἴκων πολυτελείᾳ· καὶ γὰρ θυρώματα καὶ τοῖχοι καὶ ὀροφαὶ διʼ ἐλέφαντος καὶ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου λιθοκολλήτου τυγχάνει διαπεποικιλμένα. ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τούτων εἴρηκε, τἆλλα δὲ τὰ μὲν παραπλησίως τῷ Ἐρατοσθένει λέγει, τὰ δὲ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἱστορικῶν παρατίθησιν.
The country of the Sabaei, a very populous nation, is contiguous, and is the most fertile of all, producing myrrh, frankincense, and cinnamon. On the coast is found balsamum and another kind of herb of a very fragrant smell, but which is soon dissipated. There are also sweet-smelling palms and the calamus. There are snakes also of a dark red colour, a span in length, which spring up as high as a man’s waist, and whose bite is incurable.
On account of the abundance which the soil produces, the people are lazy and indolent in their mode of life. The lower class of people live on roots, and sleep on the trees.
The people who live near each other receive, in continued succession, the loads [of perfumes] and deliver them to others, who convey them as far as Syria and Mesopotamia. When the carriers become drowsy by the odour of the aromatics, the drowsiness is removed by the fumes of asphaltus and of goat’s beard.
Mariaba, the capital of the Sabaeans, is situated upon a mountain, well wooded. A king resides there, who determines absolutely all disputes and other matters ; but he is forbidden to leave his palace, or if he does so, the rabble immediately assail him with stones, according to the direction of an oracle. He himself, and those about his person, pass their lives in effeminate voluptuousness.
The people cultivate the ground, or follow the trade of dealing in aromatics, both the indigenous sort and those brought from Ethiopia; in order to procure them, they sail through the straits in vessels covered with skins. There is such an abundance of these aromatics, that cinnamon, cassia, and other spices are used by them instead of sticks and firewood.
In the country of the Sabaeans is found the larimnum, a most fragrant perfume.
By the trade [in these aromatics] both the Sabaeans and the Gerrhaei have become the richest of all the tribes, and possess a great quantity of wrought articles in gold and silver, as couches, tripods, basins, drinking-vessels, to which we must add the costly magnificence of their houses; for the doors, walls, and roofs are variegated with inlaid ivory, gold, silver, and precious stones.
This is the account of Artemidorus. The rest of the description is partly similar to that of Eratosthenes, and partly derived from other historians.
Ἐρυθρὰν γὰρ λέγειν τινὰς τὴν θάλατταν ἀπὸ τῆς χροιᾶς τῆς ἐμφαινομένης κατʼ ἀνάκλασιν, εἴτε ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου κατὰ κορυφὴν ὄντος εἴτε ἀπὸ τῶν ὀρῶν ἐρυθραινομένων ἐκ τῆς ἀποκαύσεως· ἀμφοτέρως γὰρ εἰκάζειν· Κτησίαν δὲ τὸν Κνίδιον πηγὴν ἱστορεῖν ἐκδιδοῦσαν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐρευθὲς καὶ μιλτῶδες ὕδωρ· Ἀγαθαρχίδην δὲ τὸν ἐκείνου πολίτην παρά τινος Βόξου, τὸ γένος, ἱστορῆσαι διότι Πέρσης τις Ἐρύθρας, ἱπποφορβίου τινὸς ὑπὸ λεαίνης οἴστρῳ κατασχομένης ἐξελαθέντος μέχρι θαλάττης κἀκεῖθεν εἰς νῆσόν τινα διάραντος, σχεδίαν πηξάμενος πρῶτος περαιωθείη πρὸς τὴν νῆσον· ἰδὼν δὲ καλῶς οἰκήσιμον τὴν μὲν ἀγέλην εἰς τὴν Περσίδα ἀπαγάγοι πάλιν, ἀποίκους δʼ ἐκεῖ στείλαι τε καὶ τὰς ἄλλας νήσους καὶ τὴν παραλίαν, ἐπώνυμον δὲ ποιήσειεν ἑαυτοῦ τὸ πέλαγος. τοὺς δὲ Περσέως υἱὸν ἀποφαίνεσθαι τὸν Ἐρύθραν, ἡγήσασθαί τε τῶν τόπων. λέγεται δʼ ὑπό τινων τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν στενῶν τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου μέχρι τῆς κινναμωμοφόρου τῆς ἐσχάτης πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων, οὐκ εὐκρινῶς, εἴτʼ ἐπὶ νότον εἴτʼ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀνατολάς. λέγεται δὲ καὶ διότι ὁ σμάραγδος καὶ ὁ βήρυλλος ἐν τοῖς τοῦ χρυσίου μετάλλοις ἐγγίνεται. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἅλες εὐώδεις ἐν Ἄραψιν, ὥς φησι Ποσειδώνιος.
Some of these say, that the sea is red from the colour arising from reflection either from the sun, which is vertical, or from the mountains, which are red by being scorched with intense heat; for the colour, it is supposed, may be produced by both these causes. Ctesias of Cnidus speaks of a spring which discharges into the sea a red and ochrous water. Agatharchides, his fellow-citizen, relates, on the authority of a person of the name of Boxus, of Persian descent, that when a troop of horses was driven by a lioness in heat as far as the sea, and had passed over to an island, a Persian of the name of Erythras constructed a raft, and was the first person who crossed the sea to it; perceiving the island to be well adapted for inhabitants, he drove the herd back to Persia, and sent out colonists both to this and the other islands and to the coast. He [thus] gave his own name to the sea. But according to others, it was Erythras the son of Perseus who was the king of this country.
According to some writers, from the straits in the Arabian Gulf to the extremity of the cinnamon country is a distance of 5000 stadia, without distinguishing whether (the direction is) to the south or to the east.
It is said also that the emerald and the beryl are found in the gold mines. According to Poseidonius, an odoriferous salt is found in Arabia.
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