τὴν μὲν οὖν ἀρωματοφόρον διαιροῦσιν εἰς τέτταρας μερίδας, ὥσπερ εἰρήκαμεν· τῶν ἀρωμάτων δὲ λίβανον μὲν καὶ σμύρναν ἐκ δένδρων γίνεσθαί φασι, κασίαν δὲ καὶ ἐκ θάμνων· τινὲς δὲ τὴν πλείω ἐξ Ἰνδῶν εἶναι, τοῦ δὲ λιβάνου βέλτιστον τὸν πρὸς τῇ Περσίδι. κατʼ ἄλλην δὲ διαίρεσιν σύμπασαν τὴν εὐδαίμονα πενταχῆ σχίζουσιν εἰς βασιλείας, ὧν ἡ μὲν τοὺς μαχίμους ἔχει καὶ προαγωνιστὰς ἁπάντων, ἡ δὲ τοὺς γεωργοὺς παρʼ ὧν ὁ σῖτος εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους εἰσάγεται, ἡ δὲ τοὺς βαναυσοτεχνοῦντας, καὶ ἡ μὲν σμυρνοφόρος, ἡ δὲ λιβανωτοφόρος· αἱ δʼ αὐταὶ καὶ τὴν κασίαν καὶ τὸ κιννάμωμον καὶ τὴν νάρδον φέρουσι· παρʼ ἀλλήλων δʼ οὐ μεταφοιτᾷ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα, ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς πατρίοις διαμένουσιν ἕκαστοι. οἶνος δʼ ἐκ φοινίκων ὁ πλείων. ἀδελφοὶ τιμιώτεροι τῶν τέκνων· κατὰ πρεσβυγένειαν καὶ βασιλεύουσιν οἱ ἐκ τοῦ γένους καὶ ἄλλας ἀρχὰς ἄρχουσι· κοινὴ κτῆσις ἅπασι τοῖς συγγενέσι, κύριος δὲ ὁ πρεσβύτατος· μία δὲ καὶ γυνὴ πᾶσιν, ὁ δὲ φθάσας εἰσιὼν μίγνυται προθεὶς τῆς θύρας τὴν ῥάβδον· ἑκάστῳ γὰρ δεῖν ῥαβδοφορεῖν ἔθος· νυκτερεύει δὲ παρὰ τῷ πρεσβυτάτῳ· διὸ καὶ πάντες ἀδελφοὶ πάντων εἰσί· μίγνυνται δὲ καὶ μητράσι· μοιχῷ δὲ ζημία θάνατος· μοιχὸς δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ ἐξ ἄλλου γένους. θυγάτηρ δὲ τῶν βασιλέων τινὸς θαυμαστὴ τὸ κάλλος, ἔχουσα ἀδελφοὺς πεντεκαίδεκα ἐρῶντας αὐτῆς πάντας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτʼ ἀδιαλείπτως ἄλλον ἐπʼ ἄλλῳ παριόντα ὡς αὐτήν, κάμνουσα ἤδη παραδέδοται νοήματι χρήσασθαι τοιούτῳ· ποιησαμένη ῥάβδους ὁμοίας ταῖς ἐκείνων, ὅτʼ ἐξίοι παρʼ αὐτῆς τις, ἀεί τινα προὐτίθει τῆς θύρας τὴν ὁμοίαν ἐκείνῃ, καὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον ἄλλην, εἶτʼ ἄλλην, στοχαζομένη ὅπως μὴ ἐκείνῃ τὴν παραπλησίαν ἔχοι ὁ μέλλων προσιέναι· καὶ δὴ πάντων ποτὲ κατʼ ἀγορὰν ὄντων, ἕνα προσιόντα τῇ θύρᾳ καὶ ἰδόντα τὴν ῥάβδον, ἐκ μὲν ταύτης εἰκάσαι διότι παρʼ αὐτήν τις εἴη· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς πάντας ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ καταλιπεῖν ὑπονοῆσαι μοιχόν· δραμόντα δὲ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα καὶ ἐπαγαγόντα ἐκεῖνον ἐλεγχθῆναι καταψευσάμενον τῆς ἀδελφῆς.
The aromatic country, as I have before said, is divided into four parts. Of aromatics, the frankincense and myrrh are said to be the produce of trees, but cassia the growth of bushes; yet some writers say, that the greater part (of the cassia) is brought from India, and that the best frankincense is that from Persia.
According to another partition of the country, the whole of Arabia Felix is divided into five kingdoms (or portions), one of which comprises the fighting men, who fight for all the rest; another contains the husbandmen, by whom the rest are supplied with food; another includes those who work at mechanical trades. One division comprises the myrrh region; another the frankincense region, although the same tracts produce cassia, cinnamon, and nard. Trades are not changed from one family to another, but each workman continues to exercise that of his father.
The greater part of their wine is made from the palm.
A man’s brothers are held in more respect than his children. The descendants of the royal family succeed as kings, and are invested with other governments, according to primogeniture. Property is common among all the relations. The eldest is the chief. There is one wife among them all. He who enters the house before any of the rest, has intercourse with her, having placed his staff at the door; for it is a necessary custom, which every one is compelled to observe, to carry a staff. The woman however passes the night with the eldest. Hence the male children are all brothers. They have sexual intercourse also with their mothers. Adultery is punished with death, but an adulterer must belong to another family.
A daughter of one of the kings was of extraordinary beauty, and had fifteen brothers, who were all in love with her, and were her unceasing and successive visitors; she, being at last weary of their importunity, is said to have employed the following device. She procured staves to be made similar to those of her brothers; when one left the house, she placed before the door a staff similar to the first, and a little time afterwards another, and so on in succession, but making her calculation so that the person who intended to visit her might not have one similar to that at her door. On an occasion when the brothers were all of them together at the market-place, one left it, and came to the door of the house; seeing the staff there, and conjecturing some one to be in her apartment, and having left all the other brothers at the marketplace, he suspected the person to be an adulterer ; running therefore in haste to his father, he brought him with him to the house, but it was proved that he had falsely accused his sister.
σώφρονες δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ Ναβαταῖοι καὶ κτητικοί, ὥστε καὶ δημοσίᾳ τῷ μὲν μειώσαντι τὴν οὐσίαν ζημία κεῖται, τῷ δʼ αὐξήσαντι τιμαί. ὀλιγόδουλοι δʼ ὄντες ὑπὸ τῶν συγγενῶν διακονοῦνται τὸ πλέον ἢ ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων ἢ αὐτοδιάκονοι, ὥστε καὶ μέχρι τῶν βασιλέων διατείνειν τὸ ἔθος. συσσίτια δὲ ποιοῦνται κατὰ τρισκαίδεκα ἀνθρώπους, μουσουργοὶ δὲ δύο τῷ συμποσίῳ ἑκάστῳ. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἐν οἴκῳ μεγάλῳ πολλὰ συνέχει συμπόσια· πίνει δʼ οὐδεὶς πλέον τῶν ἕνδεκα ποτηρίων ἄλλῳ καὶ ἄλλῳ χρυσῷ ἐκπώματι. οὕτω δʼ ὁ βασιλεύς ἐστι δημοτικὸς ὥστε πρὸς τῷ αὐτοδιακόνῳ καί ποτʼ ἀντιδιάκονον τοῖς ἄλλοις καὶ αὐτὸν γίνεσθαι· πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ δίδωσιν εὐθύνας, ἔσθʼ ὅτε καὶ ἐξετάζεται τὰ περὶ τὸν βίον· οἰκήσεις δὲ διὰ λίθου πολυτελεῖς, αἱ δὲ πόλεις ἀτείχιστοι διʼ εἰρήνην· εὔκαρπος ἡ πολλὴ πλὴν ἐλαίου, χρῶνται δὲ σησαμίνῳ. πρόβατα λευκότριχα, βόες μεγάλοι, ἵππων ἄφορος ἡ χώρα· κάμηλοι δὲ τὴν ὑπουργίαν ἀντʼ ἐκείνων παρέχονται· ἀχίτωνες δʼ ἐν περιζώμασι καὶ βλαυτίοις προΐασι καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς, ἐν πορφύρᾳ δʼ οὗτοι· εἰσαγώγιμα δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ μὲν τελέως τὰ δʼ οὐ παντελῶς, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐπιχωριάζει, καθάπερ χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος καὶ τὰ πολλὰ τῶν ἀρωμάτων· χαλκὸς δὲ καὶ σίδηρος καὶ ἔτι πορφυρᾶ ἐσθὴς στύραξ κρόκος κοστάρια τόρευμα γραφὴ πλάσμα οὐκ ἐπιχώρια· ἴσα κοπρίαις ἡγοῦνται τὰ νεκρὰ σώματα, καθάπερ Ἡράκλειτός φησι νέκυες κοπρίων ἐκβλητότεροι. διὸ καὶ παρὰ τοὺς κοπρῶνας κατορύττουσι καὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς. ἥλιον τιμῶσιν ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος ἱδρυσάμενοι βωμόν, σπένδοντες ἐν αὐτῷ καθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ λιβανωτίζοντες.
The Nabataeans are prudent, and fond of accumulating property. The community fine a person who has diminished his substance, and confer honours on him who has increased it. They have few slaves, and are served for the most part by their relations, or by one another, or each person is his own servant; and this custom extends even to their kings. They eat their meals in companies consisting of thirteen persons. Each party is attended by two musicians. But the king gives many entertainments in great buildings. No one drinks more than eleven [appointed] cupfuls, from separate cups, each of gold.
The king courts popular favour so much, that he is not only his own servant, but sometimes he himself ministers to others. He frequently renders an account [of his administration] before the people, and sometimes an inquiry is made into his mode of life. The houses are sumptuous, and of stone. The cities are without walls, on account of the peace [which prevails among them]. A great part of the country is fertile, and produces everything except oil of olives; [instead of it], the oil of sesamum is used. The sheep have white fleeces, their oxen are large; but the country produces no horses. Camels are the substitute for horses, and perform the [same kind of] labour. They wear no tunics, but have a girdle about the loins, and walk abroad in sandals. The dress of the kings is the same, but the colour is purple.
Some merchandise is altogether imported into the country, others are not altogether imports, especially as some articles are native products, as gold and silver, and many of the aromatics; but brass and iron, purple garments, styrax, saffron, and costus (or white cinnamon), pieces of sculpture, paintings, statues, are not to be procured in the country.
They look upon the bodies of the dead as no better than dung, according to the words of Heracleitus, dead bodies more fit to be cast out than dung; wherefore they bury even their kings beside dung-heaps. They worship the sun, and construct the altar on the top of a house, pouring out libations and burning frankincense upon it every day.
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