τοῖς δʼ Αἰγυπτιακοῖς καὶ ταῦτα προσθετέον ὅσα ἰδιάζοντα, οἷον ὁ Αἰγύπτιος λεγόμενος κύαμος ἐξ οὗ τὸ κιβώριον, καὶ ἡ βύβλος· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ καὶ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς μόνον· ἡ δὲ περσέα ἐνταῦθα μόνον καὶ παρʼ Αἰθίοψι, δένδρον μέγα, καρπὸν ἔχον γλυκὺν καὶ μέγαν, καὶ ἡ συκάμινος ἡ ἐκφέρουσα τὸν λεγόμενον καρπὸν συκόμορον· σύκῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν· ἄτιμον δʼ ἐστὶ κατὰ τὴν γεῦσιν· γίνεται δὲ καὶ τὸ κόρσιον καὶ ὅμοιόν τι πεπέρει τράγημα, μικρῷ αὐτοῦ μεῖζον. ἰχθύες δʼ ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ πολλοὶ μὲν καὶ ἄλλοι χαρακτῆρα ἔχοντες ἴδιον καὶ ἐπιχώριον, γνωριμώτατοι δὲ ὅ τε ὀξύρυγχος καὶ ὁ λεπιδωτὸς καὶ λάτος καὶ ἀλάβης καὶ κορακῖνος καὶ χοῖρος καὶ φαγρώριος ὃν καὶ φάγρον καλοῦσιν, ἔτι σίλουρος κιθαρὸς θρίσσα κεστρεὺς λύχνος φῦσα βοῦς· ὀστρακίων δὲ κοχλίαι μεγάλοι φωνὴν ὀλολυγόσιν ὁμοίαν φθεγγόμενοι· ζῷα ἐπιχώρια καὶ ὁ ἰχνεύμων καὶ ἡ ἀσπὶς ἡ Αἰγυπτία ἴδιόν τι ἔχουσα παρὰ τὰς ἐν ἄλλοις· διττὴ δʼ ἐστίν, ἡ μὲν σπιθαμιαία ἥπερ καὶ ὀξυθανατωτέρα, ἡ δʼ ἐγγὺς ὀργυιᾶς, ὡς καὶ Νίκανδρος ὁ τὰ θηριακὰ γράψας εἴρηκε· καὶ τῶν ὀρνέων ἶβις καὶ ἱέραξ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, ἥμερος παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλοθι, ὡς καὶ ἡ αἴλουρος· καὶ ὁ νυκτικόραξ ἰδιότροπος ἐνθάδε· παρʼ ἡμῖν μὲν γὰρ ἀετοῦ μέγεθος ἴσχει καὶ φθέγγεται βαρύ, ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ δὲ κολοιοῦ μέγεθος καὶ φθογγὴ διάφορος· ἡμερώτατον δʼ ἡ ἶβις, πελαργώδης μὲν κατὰ σχῆμα καὶ μέγεθος, διττὴ δὲ τὴν χρόαν, ἡ μὲν πελαργώδης ἡ δὲ ὅλη μέλαινα· μεστὴ δʼ αὐτῶν ἅπασα τρίοδος ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, πῆ μὲν χρησίμως πῆ δʼ οὐ χρησίμως· χρησίμως μὲν ὅτι πᾶν θηρίον ἐκλέγει καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς κρεωπωλίοις καὶ τοῖς ὀψοπωλίοις ἀποκαθάρματα, δυσχρήστως δὲ ὅτι παμφάγον καὶ ἀκάθαρτον καὶ δυσκόλως ἀπειργόμενον ἀπὸ τῶν καθαρείων καὶ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων μολυσμοῦ παντός.
To what has been said concerning Egypt, we must add these peculiar products; for instance, the Egyptian bean, as it is called, from which is obtained the ciborium, and the papyrus, for it is found here and in India only; the persea (peach) grows here only, and in Ethiopia; it is a lofty tree, and its fruit is large and sweet; the sycamine, which produces the fruit called the sycomorus, or fig-mulberry, for it resembles a fig, but its flavour is not esteemed. The corsium also (the root of the Egyptian lotus) grows there, a condiment like pepper, but a little larger.
There are in the Nile fish in great quantity and of different kinds, having a peculiar and indigenous character. The best known are the oxyrynchus, and the lepidotus, the latus, the alabes, the coracinus, the choerus, the phagrorius, called also the phagrus. Besides these are the silurus, the citharus, the thrissa, the cestreus, the lychnus, the physa, the bous (or ox), and large shell-fish which emit a sound like that of wailing
The animals peculiar to the country are the ichneumon and the Egyptian asp, having some properties which those in other places do not possess. There are two kinds, one a span in length, whose bite is more suddenly mortal than that of the other; the second is nearly an orguia in size, according to Nicander. the author of the Theriaca.
Among the birds, are the ibis and the Egyptian hawk, which, like the cat, is more tame than those elsewhere. The nycticorax is here peculiar in its character; for with us it is as large as an eagle, and its cry is harsh; but in Egypt it is the size of a jay, and has a different note. The tamest animal, however, is the ibis; it resembles a stork in shape and size. There are two kinds, which differ in colour; one is like a stork, the other is entirely black. Every street in Alexandreia is full of them. In some respects they are useful; in others troublesome. They are useful, because they pick up all sorts of small animals and the offal thrown out of the butchers’ and cooks’ shops. They are troublesome, because they devour everything, are dirty, and with difficulty prevented from polluting in every way what is clean and what is not given to them.
Ἀληθὲς δὲ καὶ τὸ Ἡροδότου καὶ ἔστιν Αἰγυπτιακὸν τὸ τὸν μὲν πηλὸν ταῖς χερσὶ φυρᾶν, τὸ δὲ στέαρ τὸ εἰς τὴν ἀρτοποιίαν τοῖς ποσί. καὶ οἱ * κάκεις δὲ ἴδιόν τι ἄρτου γένος, στατικὸν κοιλίας, καὶ τὸ κῖκι καρπός τις σπειρόμενος ἐν ἀρούραις, ἐξ οὗ ἔλαιον ἀποθλίβεται εἰς μὲν λύχνον τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας σχεδόν τι πᾶσιν, εἰς ἄλειμμα δὲ τοῖς πενεστέροις καὶ ἐργατικωτέροις καὶ ἀνδράσι καὶ γυναιξί· καὶ τὰ κοΐκινα δὲ πλέγματα Αἰγυπτιακά ἐστι φυτοῦ τινος, ὅμοια τοῖς σχοινίνοις ἢ φοινικίνοις. τὸ δὲ ζύθος ἰδίως μὲν σκευάζεται παρʼ ἐκείνοις, κοινὸν δʼ ἐστὶ πολλοῖς, καὶ παρʼ ἑκάστοις δὲ αἱ σκευασίαι διάφοροι. καὶ τοῦτο δὲ τῶν μάλιστα ζηλουμένων παρʼ αὐτοῖς τὸ πάντα τρέφειν τὰ γεννώμενα παιδία καὶ τὸ περιτέμνειν καὶ τὰ θήλεα ἐκτέμνειν, ὅπερ καὶ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις νόμιμον· καὶ οὗτοι δʼ εἰσὶν Αἰγύπτιοι τὸ ἀνέκαθεν, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐκείνων λόγῳ. φησὶ δʼ Ἀριστόβουλος ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης μηδὲν ἀνατρέχειν ὄψον εἰς τὸν Νεῖλον πλὴν κεστρέως καὶ θρίσσης καὶ δελφῖνος διὰ τοὺς κροκοδείλους, τοὺς μὲν δελφῖνας διὰ τὸ κρείττους εἶναι, τοὺς δὲ κεστρέας τῷ παραπέμπεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν χοίρων παρὰ γῆν κατά τινα οἰκείωσιν φυσικήν· τῶν δὲ χοίρων ἀπέχεσθαι τοὺς κροκοδείλους στρογγύλων ὄντων καὶ ἐχόντων ἀκάνθας ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ φερούσας κίνδυνον τοῖς θηρίοις· ἀναθεῖν μὲν οὖν ἔαρος τοὺς κεστρέας γόνον ἔχοντας, μικρὸν δὲ πρὸ δύσεως πλειάδος καταβαίνειν τεξομένους ἀθρόους, ὅτε καὶ ἡ ἅλωσις αὐτῶν γίνεται περιπιπτόντων τοῖς φράγμασιν ἀθρόων· τοιαύτην δέ τινα εἰκάζειν ἔστι καὶ περὶ τῆς θρίσσης αἰτίαν. ταῦτα καὶ περὶ Αἰγύπτου.
Herodotus truly relates of the Egyptians, that it is a practice peculiar to them to knead clay with their hands, and the dough for making bread with their feet. Caces is a peculiar kind of bread which restrains fluxes. Kiki (the castor-oil bean) is a kind of fruit sowed in furrows. An oil is expressed from it which is used for lamps almost generally throughout the country, but for anointing the body only by the poorer sort of people and labourers, both men and women.
The coccina are Egyptian textures made of some plant, woven like those made of rushes, or the palm-tree.
Barley beet is a preparation peculiar to the Egyptians. It is common among many tribes, but the mode of preparing it differs in each.
This, however, of all their usages is most to be admired, that they bring up all children that are born. They circumcise the males, and spay the females, as is the custom also among the Jews, who are of Egyptian origin, as I said when I was treating of them.
According to Aristobulus, no fishes ascend the Nile from the sea, except the cestreus, the thrissa, and dolphins, on account of the crocodiles; the dolphin, because it can get the better of the crocodile; the cestreus, because it is accompanied by the choeri along the bank, in consequence of some physical affinity subsisting between them. The crocodiles abstain from doing any hurt to the choeri, because they are of a round shape, and have spines on their heads, which are dangerous to them.. The cestreus runs up the river in spring, when in spawn; and descends a little before the setting of the pleiad, in great numbers, when about to cast it, at which time they are taken in shoals, by falling into inclosures (made for catching them). Such also, we may conjecture, is the reason why the thrissa is found there.
So much then on the subject of Egypt.
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