τὸ μέντοι τὴν Μαυρουσίαν εὐδαίμονα εἶναι χώραν πλὴν ὀλίγης ἐρήμου, καὶ ποταμοῖς τε καὶ λίμναις κεχορηγῆσθαι παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται. μεγαλόδενδρός τε καὶ πολύδενδρος ὑπερβαλλόντως ἐστὶ καὶ πάμφορος· τὰς γοῦν μονοξύλους τραπέζας ποικιλωτάτας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκείνη τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις χορηγεῖ. τοὺς δὲ ποταμοὺς ἔχειν φασὶ καὶ κροκοδείλους καὶ ἄλλα γένη ζῴων ἐμφερῆ τοῖς ἐν τῷ Νείλῳ· τινὲς δὲ καὶ τὰς τοῦ Νείλου πηγὰς πλησιάζειν οἴονται τοῖς ἄκροις τῆς Μαυρουσίας. ἐν ποταμῷ δέ τινι γεννᾶσθαι βδέλλας ἑπταπήχεις, κατατετρημένα ἐχούσας τὰ βραγχία διʼ ὧν ἀναπνέουσι. καὶ ταῦτα δὲ λέγουσι περὶ τῆς χώρας ὅτι ἄμπελος φύεται δυσὶν ἀνδράσι τὸ πάχος δυσπερίληπτος, βότρυν πηχυαῖόν πως ἀποδιδοῦσα· βοτάνη τε ὑψηλὴ πᾶσα καὶ λάχανον * νεαρὸν καὶ δρακόντιον, οἱ δὲ τῶν σταφυλίνων καυλοὶ καὶ ἱππομαράθου καὶ σκολύμων δωδεκαπήχεις, τὸ δὲ πάχος παλαιστῶν τεττάρων· καὶ δρακόντων δὲ καὶ ἐλεφάντων καὶ δορκάδων καὶ βουβάλων καὶ τῶν παραπλησίων ζῴων, λεόντων τε καὶ παρδάλεων, παντοδαπὴ τροφὸς ἡ χώρα ἐστί. φέρει δὲ καὶ γαλᾶς αἰλούροις ἴσας καὶ ὁμοίας πλὴν ὅτι τὰ ῥύγχη προπέπτωκε μᾶλλον, πιθήκων τε πάμπολυ πλῆθος, περὶ ὧν καὶ Ποσειδώνιος εἴρηκεν ὅτι πλέων ἐκ Γαδείρων εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν προσενεχθείη τῇ Λιβυκῇ παραλίᾳ καὶ ἴδοι τῶν θηρίων μεστόν τινα τούτων ἁλιτενῆ δρυμόν, τῶν μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς δένδρεσι τῶν δʼ ἐπὶ γῆς, ἐχόντων ἐνίων καὶ σκύμνους καὶ ἐπεχόντων μαστόν· γελᾶν οὖν ὁρῶν βαρυμάστους, ἐνίους δὲ φαλακρούς, τοὺς δὲ κηλήτας καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ἐπιφαίνοντας σίνη.
Writers in general are agreed that Mauretania is a fertile country, except a small part which is desert, and is supplied with water by rivers and lakes. It has forests of trees of vast size, and the soil produces everything. It is this country which furnishes the Romans with tables, formed of one piece of wood, of the largest dimensions, and most beautifully variegated. The rivers are said to contain crocodiles and other kinds of animals similar to those in the Nile. Some suppose that even the sources of the Nile are near the extremities of Mauretania. In a certain river leeches are bred seven cubits in length, with gills, pierced through with holes, through which they respire. This country is also said to produce a vine, the girth of which two men can scarcely compass, and bearing bunches of grapes of about a cubit in size. All plants and pot-herbs are tall, as the arum and dracontium; the stalks of the staphylinus, the hippomarathum, and the scolymus are twelve cubits in height, and four palms in thickness. The country is the fruitful nurse of large serpents, elephants, antelopes, buffaloes, and similar animals; of lions also, and panthers. It produces weasels (jerboas ?) equal in size and similar to cats, except that their noses are more prominent; and multitudes of apes, of which Poseidonius relates, that when he was sailing from Gades to Italy, and approached the coast of Africa, he saw a forest low upon the sea-shore full of these animals, some on the trees, others on the ground, and some giving suck to their young. He was amused also with seeing some with large dugs, some bald, others with ruptures, and exhibiting to view various effects of disease.
̔υπὲρ ταύτης δʼ ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἔξω θαλάττῃ ἡ τῶν ἑσπερίων καλουμένων Αἰθιόπων χώρα κακῶς οἰκουμένη τὸ πλέον. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ καμηλοπαρδάλεις φησὶν * Ἰφικράτης γεννᾶσθαι καὶ ἐλέφαντας καὶ τοὺς καλουμένους ῥίζεις, οἳ ταυροειδεῖς μέν εἰσι τὴν μορφήν, κατὰ δὲ τὴν δίαιταν καὶ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὴν ἀλκὴν τὴν πρὸς μάχην ἐλέφασιν ἐοίκασι· δράκοντάς τε λέγει μεγάλους ὥστε καὶ πόαν ἐπιπεφυκέναι· τοὺς δὲ λέοντας τοῖς πώλοις τῶν ἐλεφάντων ἐπιτίθεσθαι, αἱμάξαντας δὲ φεύγειν ἐπιουσῶν τῶν μητέρων· τὰς δʼ ἐπειδὰν ἴδωσιν ᾑμαγμένους, κτείνειν. ἐπανιόντας δὲ τοὺς λέοντας ἐπὶ τὰ πτώματα νεκροφαγεῖν. Βόγον δὲ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Μαυρουσίων ἀναβάντα ἐπὶ τοὺς ἑσπερίους Αἰθίοπας καταπέμψαι τῇ γυναικὶ δῶρα καλάμους τοῖς Ἰνδικοῖς ὁμοίους, ὧν ἕκαστον γόνυ χοίνικας χωροῦν ὀκτώ· καὶ ἀσπαράγων δʼ ἐμφερῆ μεγέθη.
Above Mauretania, on the exterior sea (the Atlantic), is the country of the western Ethiopians, as they are called, which, for the most part, is badly inhabited. Iphicrates says, that camel-leopards are bred here, and elephants, and the animals called rhizeis, which in shape are like bulls, but in manner of living, in size, and strength in fighting, resemble elephants. He speaks also of large serpents, and says that even grass grows upon their backs; that lions attack the young of the elephants, and that when they have wounded them, they fly on the approach of the dams; that the latter, when they see their young besmeared with blood, kill them; and that the lions return to the dead bodies, and devour them; that Bogus king of the Mauretanians, during his expedition against the western Ethiopians, sent, as a present to his wife, canes similar to the Indian canes, each joint of which contained eight choenices, and asparagus of similar magnitude.
εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐντὸς θάλατταν πλέουσιν ἀπὸ Λυγγὸς πόλις ἐστὶ Ζῆλις καὶ * Τίγα, εἶτα τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφῶν μνήματα καὶ τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος ὄνομα Ἀβίλη πολύθηρον καὶ μεγαλόδενδρον. τοῦ δὲ κατὰ τὰς στήλας πορθμοῦ τὸ μὲν μῆκος λέγεται σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι, τὸ δʼ ἐλάχιστον πλάτος κατὰ τὸν Ἐλέφαντα ἑξήκοντα. εἰσπλεύσαντι δʼ ἑξῆς πόλεις τε καὶ ποταμοὶ πλείους μέχρι Μολοχὰθ ποταμοῦ, ὃς ὁρίζει τὴν Μαυρουσίων καὶ τὴν Μασαισυλίων γῆν. καλεῖται δὲ καὶ ἄκρα μεγάλη πλησίον τοῦ ποταμοῦ καὶ Μεταγώνιον τόπος ἄνυδρος καὶ λυπρός, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ τὸ ὄρος τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν Κώτεων μέχρι δεῦρο παρατείνει· μῆκος δὲ τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν Κώτεων ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς τῶν Μασαισυλίων στάδιοι πεντακισχίλιοι· ἔστι δὲ τὸ Μεταγώνιον κατὰ νέαν που Καρχηδόνα ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ· Τιμοσθένης δʼ οὐκ εὖ κατὰ Μασσαλίαν φησίν· ἔστι δʼ ἐκ Καρχηδόνος νέας δίαρμα εἰς Μεταγώνιον στάδιοι τρισχίλιοι, παράπλους δὲ εἰς Μασσαλίαν ὑπὲρ ἑξακισχιλίων.
On sailing into the interior sea, from Lynx, there are Zelis a city and Tingis, then the monuments of the Seven Brothers, and the mountain lying below, of the name of Abyle, abounding with wild animals and trees of a great size. They say, that the length of the strait at the pillars is 120 stadia, and the least breadth at Elephas 60 stadia On sailing further along the coast, we find cities and many rivers, as far as the river Molochath, which is the boundary between the territories of the Mauretanians and of the Masaesyli. Near the river is a large promontory, and Metagonium, a place without water and barren. The mountain extends along the coast, from the Coteis nearly to this place. Its length from the Coteis to the borders of the Masaesylii is 5000 stadia. Metagonium is nearly opposite to New Carthage. Timosthenes is mistaken in saying that it is opposite to Massalia. The passage across from New Carthage to Metagonium is 3000 stadia, but the voyage along the coast to Massalia is above 6000 stadia.
οὕτω δʼ εὐδαίμονα χώραν οἰκοῦντες τὴν πλείστην οἱ Μαυρούσιοι διατελοῦσιν ὅμως καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο τοῦ χρόνου νομαδικῶς ζῶντες οἱ πολλοί. καλλωπίζονται δʼ ὅμως κόμης ἐμπλοκῇ καὶ πώγωνι καὶ χρυσοφορίᾳ σμήξει τε ὀδόντων καὶ ὀνυχισμῷ· σπάνιόν τε ἂν ἴδοις ἁπτομένους ἀλλήλων ἐν τοῖς περιπάτοις τοῦ παραμένειν αὐτοῖς ἄθικτον τὸν κόσμον τῶν τριχῶν. μάχονται δʼ ἱππόται τὸ πλέον ἀπὸ ἄκοντος, σχοινοχαλίνοις χρώμενοι τοῖς ἵπποις καὶ γυμνοῖς· ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ μαχαίρας· οἱ δὲ πεζοὶ τὰς τῶν ἐλεφάντων δορὰς ὡς ἀσπίδας προβάλλονται· τὰς δὲ τῶν λεόντων καὶ παρδάλεων καὶ ἄρκτων ἀμπέχονται καὶ ἐγκοιμῶνται. σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ οὗτοι καὶ οἱ ἐφεξῆς Μασαισύλιοι καὶ κοινῶς Λίβυες κατὰ τὸ πλέον ὁμοιόσκευοί εἰσι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἐμφερεῖς, μικροῖς ἵπποις χρώμενοι, ὀξέσι δὲ καὶ εὐπειθέσιν ὥστʼ ἀπὸ ῥαβδίου οἰακίζεσθαι· περιτραχήλια δὲ ξύλινα ἢ τρίχινα, ἀφʼ ὧν ὁ ῥυτὴρ ἀπήρτηται· ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ χωρὶς ὁλκῆς ἕπονται ὡς κύνες· πέλτη μικρὰ βυρσίνη, πλατύλογχα μικρά, ἄζωστοι πλατύσημοι χιτῶνες, ἐπιπόρπημα, ὡς ἔφην, δορὰ καὶ προθωράκιον. Φαρούσιοι δὲ καὶ Νίγρητες οἱ ὑπὲρ τούτων οἰκοῦντες πρὸς τοῖς ἑσπερίοις Αἰθίοψι καὶ τοξεύουσι, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Αἰθίοπες· χρῶνται δὲ καὶ δρεπανηφόροις ἅρμασι· μίσγονται δὲ καὶ τοῖς Μαυρουσίοις οἱ Φαρούσιοι διὰ τῆς ἐρήμου σπανίως, ὑπὸ ταῖς κοιλίαις τῶν ἵππων ὑπαρτῶντες τοὺς ἀσκοὺς τοῦ ὕδατος· ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ εἰς Κίρταν ἀφικνοῦνται διά τινων τόπων ἑλωδῶν καὶ λιμνῶν. τινὰς δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ τρωγλοδυτικῶς οἰκεῖν φασιν ὀρύττοντας τὴν γῆν. λέγεται δὲ κἀνταῦθα τοὺς θερινοὺς ὄμβρους ἐπιπολάζειν, χειμῶνος δὲ εἶναι ἀνυδρίαν. ἐνίους δὲ τῶν ταύτῃ βαρβάρων καὶ ὄφεων καὶ ἰχθύων δοραῖς ἀμπεχόναις τε καὶ στρώμασι χρῆσθαι. τοὺς δὲ Φαρουσίους ἔνιοί φασιν Ἰνδοὺς εἶναι τοὺς συγκατελθόντας Ἡρακλεῖ δεῦρο. μικρὸν μὲν οὖν πρὸ ἡμῶν οἱ περὶ Βόγον βασιλεῖς καὶ Βόκχον κατεῖχον αὐτήν, φίλοι Ῥωμαίων ὄντες· ἐκλιπόντων δὲ τούτων, Ἰούβας παρέλαβε τὴν ἀρχήν, δόντος τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος καὶ ταύτην αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν πρὸς τῇ πατρῴᾳ· υἱὸς δʼ ἦν Ἰούβα τοῦ πρὸς Καίσαρα τὸν θεὸν πολεμήσαντος μετὰ Σκιπίωνος. Ἰούβας μὲν οὖν νεωστὶ ἐτελεύτα τὸν βίον, διαδέδεκται δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν υἱὸς Πτολεμαῖος γεγονὼς ἐξ Ἀντωνίου θυγατρὸς καὶ Κλεοπάτρας.
Although the Mauretanians inhabit a country, the greatest part of which is very fertile, yet the people in general continue even to this time to live like nomades. They bestow care to improve their looks by plaiting their hair, trimming their beards, by wearing golden ornaments, cleaning their teeth, and paring their nails; and you would rarely see them touch one another as they walk, lest they should disturb the arrangement of their hair.
They fight for the most part on horseback, with a javelin; and ride on the bare back of the horse, with bridles made of rushes. They have also swords. The foot-soldiers present against the enemy, as shields, the skins of elephants. They wear the skins of lions, panthers, and bears, and sleep in them. These tribes, and the Masaesylii next to them, and for the most part the Africans in general, wear the same dress and arms, and resemble one another in other respects; they ride horses which are small, but spirited and tractable, so as to be guided by a switch. They have collars made of cotton or of hair, from which hangs a leading-rein. Some follow, like dogs, without being led.
They have a small shield of leather, and small lances with broad heads. Their tunics are loose, with wide borders; their cloak is a skin, as I have said before, which serves also as a breastplate.
The Pharusii and Nigretes, who live above these people, near the western Ethiopians, use bows and arrows, like the Ethiopians. They have chariots also, armed with scythes. The Pharusii rarely have any intercourse with the Mauretanians in passing through the desert country, as they carry skins filled with water, fastened under the bellies of their horses. Sometimes, indeed, they come to Cirta, passing through places abounding with marshes and lakes. Some of them are said to live like the Troglodytae, in caves dug in the ground. It is said that rain falls there frequently in summer, but that during the winter drought prevails. Some of the barbarians in that quarter wear the skins of serpents and fishes, and use them as coverings for their beds. Some say that the Mauretanians are Indians, who accompanied Hercules hither. A little before my time, the kings Bogus and Bocchus, allies of the Romans, possessed this country; after their death, Juba succeeded to the kingdom, having received it from Augustus Caesar, in addition to his paternal dominions. He was the son of Juba who fought, in conjunction with Scipio, against divus Caesar. Juba died lately, and was succeeded by his son Ptolemy, whose mother was the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.
Ἀρτεμίδωρος δʼ Ἐρατοσθένει μὲν ἀντιλέγει, διότι Λίξον τινά φησι πόλιν περὶ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Μαυρουσίας τὰ ἑσπέρια ἀντὶ Λυγγός· Φοινικικὰς δὲ πόλεις κατεσπασμένας παμπόλλας τινάς, ὧν οὐδὲν ἰδεῖν ἔστιν ἴχνος· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἑσπερίοις Αἰθίοψι ταῖς τε ὀρθριναῖς ὥραις καὶ ταῖς δειλιναῖς παχεῖς καὶ ἀχλυώδεις εἶναι τοὺς ἀέρας· πῶς γὰρ ἐν αὐχμώδεσι καὶ καυματηροῖς τόποις ταῦτʼ εἶναι; αὐτὸς δὲ τούτων πολὺ χείρω λέγει περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους· μετανάστας γάρ τινας ἱστορεῖ Λωτοφάγους, οἳ τὴν ἄνυδρον νέμοιντο, σιτοῖντο δὲ λωτόν, πόαν τινὰ καὶ ῥίζαν, ἐφʼ ἧς οὐδὲν δέοιντο ποτοῦ. παρήκειν δʼ αὐτοὺς μέχρι τῶν ὑπὲρ Κυρήνης τόπων· τοὺς δʼ ἐκεῖ καὶ γαλακτοποτεῖν καὶ κρεωφαγεῖν, καίπερ ταυτοκλινεῖς ὄντας. καὶ Γαβίνιος δὲ ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων συγγραφεὺς οὐκ ἀπέχεται τῆς τερατολογίας τῆς περὶ τὴν Μαυρουσίαν· πρὸς γὰρ τῇ Λυγγὶ Ἀνταίου μνῆμα ἱστορεῖ καὶ σκελετὸν πηχῶν ἑξήκοντα, ὃν Σερτώριον γυμνῶσαι καὶ πάλιν ἐπιβαλεῖν γῆν. καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν ἐλεφάντων μυθώδη· φησὶ γὰρ τἆλλα μὲν θηρία φεύγειν τὸ πῦρ, τοὺς δʼ ἐλέφαντας πολεμεῖν καὶ ἀμύνεσθαι, διότι τὴν ὕλην φθείρει· πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους διαμάχεσθαι, κατασκόπους προπέμποντας, καὶ ὅταν ἴδωσιν ἐκείνους , φεύγειν καὶ αὐτούς, ἐπειδὰν δὲ τραύματα λάβωσιν, ἱκετηρίαν προτείνειν κλάδους ἢ βοτάνην ἢ κόνιν.
Artemidorus censures Eratosthenes for saying that there is a city called Lixus, and not Lynx, near the extremities of Mauretania; that there are a very great number of Phoenician cities destroyed, of which no traces are to be seen; and that among the western Ethiopians, in the evenings and the mornings, the air is misty and dense;—for how could this take place where there is drought and excessive heat? But he himself relates of these same parts what is much more liable to objection. For he speaks of some tribes of Lotophagi, who had left their own country, and might have occupied the tract destitute of water; whose food might be a lotus, a sort of herb, or root, which would supply the want of drink; that these people extend as far as the places above Cyrene, and that they live there on milk and flesh, although they are situated in the same latitude.
Gabinius, the Roman historian, indulges in relating marvellous stories of Mauretania. He speaks of a sepulchre of Antaeus at Lynx, and a skeleton of sixty feet in length, which Sertorius exposed, and afterwards covered it with earth. His stories also about elephants are fabulous. He says, that other animals avoid fire, but that elephants resist and fight against it, because it destroys the forests; that they engage with men in battle, and send out scouts before them; that when they perceive their enemies fly, they take to flight themselves; and that when they are wounded, they hold out as suppliants branches of a tree, or a plant, or throw up dust.
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