Homer · Odyssey Ὀδύσσεια

Homer, Odyssey 20.1–121: Odysseus cannot sleep; the omens

Odysseus lies down in the fore-hall, and sees the women who sleep with the suitors go laughing out, and his heart growls like a bitch over her pups. He rebukes his heart, and Athena comes and tells him to trust her, and puts him to sleep. Penelope wakes and weeps and prays to Artemis, and Odysseus wakes and prays to Zeus for a sign, and Zeus thunders from a clear sky, and a woman grinding grain prays that this be the suitors' last meal.

Lines 20.1–121 · 1349 words · click a number to copy its link
1αὐτὰρ ὁ ἐν προδόμῳ εὐνάζετο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς· κὰμ μὲν ἀδέψητον βοέην στόρεσʼ, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε κώεα πόλλʼ ὀΐων, τοὺς ἱρεύεσκον Ἀχαιοί· Εὐρυνόμη δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπὶ χλαῖναν βάλε κοιμηθέντι. 5ἔνθʼ Ὀδυσεὺς μνηστῆρσι κακὰ φρονέων ἐνὶ θυμῷ κεῖτʼ ἐγρηγορόων· ταὶ δʼ ἐκ μεγάροιο γυναῖκες ἤϊσαν, αἳ μνηστῆρσιν ἐμισγέσκοντο πάρος περ, ἀλλήλῃσι γέλω τε καὶ εὐφροσύνην παρέχουσαι. τοῦ δʼ ὠρίνετο θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισι· 10πολλὰ δὲ μερμήριζε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν, ἠὲ μεταΐξας θάνατον τεύξειεν ἑκάστῃ, ἦ ἔτʼ ἐῷ μνηστῆρσιν ὑπερφιάλοισι μιγῆναι ὕστατα καὶ πύματα, κραδίη δέ οἱ ἔνδον ὑλάκτει. ὡς δὲ κύων ἀμαλῇσι περὶ σκυλάκεσσι βεβῶσα 15ἄνδρʼ ἀγνοιήσασʼ ὑλάει μέμονέν τε μάχεσθαι, ὥς ῥα τοῦ ἔνδον ὑλάκτει ἀγαιομένου κακὰ ἔργα· στῆθος δὲ πλήξας κραδίην ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ· τέτλαθι δή, κραδίη· καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο ποτʼ ἔτλης. ἤματι τῷ ὅτε μοι μένος ἄσχετος ἤσθιε Κύκλωψ 20ἰφθίμους ἑτάρους· σὺ δʼ ἐτόλμας, ὄφρα σε μῆτις ἐξάγαγʼ ἐξ ἄντροιο ὀϊόμενον θανέεσθαι.

But the goodly Odysseus lay down to sleep in the fore-hall of the house. On the ground he spread an undressed ox-hide and above it many fleeces of sheep, which the Achaeans were wont to slay, and Eurynome threw over him a cloak, when he had laid him down. There Odysseus, pondering in his heart evil for the wooers, lay sleepless. And the women came forth from the hall, those that had before been wont to lie with the wooers, making laughter and merriment among themselves. But the heart was stirred in his breast, and much he debated in mind and heart, whether he should rush after them and deal death to each, or suffer them to lie with the insolent wooers for the last and latest time; and his heart growled within him. And as a bitch stands over her tender whelps growling, when she sees a man she does not know, and is eager to fight, so his heart growled within him in his wrath at their evil deeds; but he smote his breast, and rebuked his heart, saying: “Endure, my heart; a worse thing even than this didst thou once endure on that day when the Cyclops, unrestrained in daring, devoured my mighty comrades; but thou didst endure until craft got thee forth from the cave where thou thoughtest to die.”

22ὣς ἔφατʼ, ἐν στήθεσσι καθαπτόμενος φίλον ἦτορ· τῷ δὲ μάλʼ ἐν πείσῃ κραδίη μένε τετληυῖα νωλεμέως· ἀτὰρ αὐτὸς ἑλίσσετο ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα. 25ὡς δʼ ὅτε γαστέρʼ ἀνὴρ πολέος πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο, ἐμπλείην κνίσης τε καὶ αἵματος, ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα αἰόλλῃ, μάλα δʼ ὦκα λιλαίεται ὀπτηθῆναι, ὣς ἄρʼ ὅ γʼ ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα ἑλίσσετο, μερμηρίζων ὅππως δὴ μνηστῆρσιν ἀναιδέσι χεῖρας ἐφήσει 30μοῦνος ἐὼν πολέσι. σχεδόθεν δέ οἱ ἦλθεν Ἀθήνη οὐρανόθεν καταβᾶσα· δέμας δʼ ἤϊκτο γυναικί· στῆ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς καί μιν πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπε· τίπτʼ αὖτʼ ἐγρήσσεις, πάντων περὶ κάμμορε φωτῶν; οἶκος μέν τοι ὅδʼ ἐστί, γυνὴ δέ τοι ἥδʼ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ 35καὶ, πάϊς, οἷόν πού τις ἐέλδεται ἔμμεναι υἷα. τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς· ναὶ δὴ ταῦτά γε πάντα, θεά, κατὰ μοῖραν ἔειπες· ἀλλά τί μοι τόδε θυμὸς ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μερμηρίζει, ὅππως δὴ μνηστῆρσιν ἀναιδέσι χεῖρας ἐφήσω, 40μοῦνος ἐών· οἱ δʼ αἰὲν ἀολλέες ἔνδον ἔασι.

So he spoke, chiding the heart in his breast, and his heart remained bound within him to endure steadfastly; but he himself lay tossing this way and that. And as when a man before a great blazing fire turns swiftly this way and that a paunch full of fat and blood, and is very eager to have it roasted quickly, so Odysseus tossed from side to side, pondering how he might put forth his hands upon the shameless wooers, one man as he was against so many. Then Athena came down from heaven and drew near to him in the likeness of a woman, and she stood above his head, and spoke to him, and said: “Why now again art thou wakeful, ill-fated above all men? Lo, this is thy house, and here within is thy wife and thy child, such a man, methinks, as anyone might pray to have for his son.” And Odysseus of many wiles answered her, and said: “Yea, goddess, all this hast thou spoken aright. But the heart in my breast is pondering somewhat upon this, how I may put forth my hands upon the shameless wooers, all alone as I am, while they remain always in a body in the house.

41πρὸς δʼ ἔτι καὶ τόδε μεῖζον ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μερμηρίζω· εἴ περ γὰρ κτείναιμι Διός τε σέθεν τε ἕκητι, πῆ κεν ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι; τά σε φράζεσθαι ἄνωγα. τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη· 45σχέτλιε, καὶ μέν τίς τε χερείονι πείθεθʼ ἑταίρῳ, ὅς περ θνητός τʼ ἐστὶ καὶ οὐ τόσα μήδεα οἶδεν· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, διαμπερὲς ἥ σε φυλάσσω ἐν πάντεσσι πόνοις. ἐρέω δέ τοι ἐξαναφανδόν· εἴ περ πεντήκοντα λόχοι μερόπων ἀνθρώπων 50νῶϊ περισταῖεν, κτεῖναι μεμαῶτες Ἄρηϊ, καί κεν τῶν ἐλάσαιο βόας καὶ ἴφια μῆλα. ἀλλʼ ἑλέτω σε καὶ ὕπνος· ἀνίη καὶ τὸ φυλάσσειν πάννυχον ἐγρήσσοντα, κακῶν δʼ ὑποδύσεαι ἤδη. ὣς φάτο, καί ῥά οἱ ὕπνον ἐπὶ βλεφάροισιν ἔχευεν, 55αὐτὴ δʼ ἂψ ἐς Ὄλυμπον ἀφίκετο δῖα θεάων. εὖτε τὸν ὕπνος ἔμαρπτε, λύων μελεδήματα θυμοῦ, λυσιμελής, ἄλοχος δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπέγρετο κεδνὰ ἰδυῖα· κλαῖε δʼ ἄρʼ ἐν λέκτροισι καθεζομένη μαλακοῖσιν.

And furthermore this other and harder thing I ponder in my mind: even if I were to slay them by the will of Zeus and of thyself, where then should I find escape from bane? Of this I bid thee take thought.” Then the goddess, flashing-eyed Athena, answered him: “Obstinate one, many a man puts his trust even in a weaker friend than I am, one that is mortal, and knows not such wisdom as mine; but I am a god, that guard thee to the end in all thy toils. And I will tell thee openly; if fifty troops of mortal men should stand about us, eager to slay us in battle, even their cattle and goodly sheep shouldest thou drive off. Nay, let sleep now come over thee. There is weariness also in keeping wakeful watch the whole night through; and even now shalt thou come forth from out thy perils.” So she spoke, and shed sleep upon his eyelids, but herself, the fair goddess, went back to Olympus. Now while sleep seized him, loosening the cares of his heart, sleep that loosens the limbs of men, his true-hearted wife awoke, and wept, as she sat upon her soft bed.

59αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κλαίουσα κορέσσατο ὃν κατὰ θυμόν, 60Ἀρτέμιδι πρώτιστον ἐπεύξατο δῖα γυναικῶν· Ἄρτεμι, πότνα θεά, θύγατερ Διός, αἴθε μοι ἤδη ἰὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι βαλοῦσʼ ἐκ θυμὸν ἕλοιο αὐτίκα νῦν, ἢ ἔπειτα μʼ ἀναρπάξασα θύελλα οἴχοιτο προφέρουσα κατʼ ἠερόεντα κέλευθα, 65ἐν προχοῇς δὲ βάλοι ἀψορρόου Ὠκεανοῖο. ὡς δʼ ὅτε Πανδαρέου κούρας ἀνέλοντο θύελλαι· τῇσι τοκῆας μὲν φθῖσαν θεοί, αἱ δʼ ἐλίποντο ὀρφαναὶ ἐν μεγάροισι, κόμισσε δὲ δῖʼ Ἀφροδίτη τυρῷ καὶ μέλιτι γλυκερῷ καὶ ἡδέϊ οἴνῳ· 70Ἥρη δʼ αὐτῇσιν περὶ πασέων δῶκε γυναικῶν εἶδος καὶ πινυτήν, μῆκος δʼ ἔπορʼ Ἄρτεμις ἁγνή, ἔργα δʼ Ἀθηναίη δέδαε κλυτὰ ἐργάζεσθαι. εὖτʼ Ἀφροδίτη δῖα προσέστιχε μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον, κούρῃς αἰτήσουσα τέλος θαλεροῖο γάμοιο— 75ἐς Δία τερπικέραυνον, ὁ γάρ τʼ εὖ οἶδεν ἅπαντα, μοῖράν τʼ ἀμμορίην τε καταθνητῶν ἀνθρώπων— τόφρα δὲ τὰς κούρας ἅρπυιαι ἀνηρείψαντο καί ῥʼ ἔδοσαν στυγερῇσιν ἐρινύσιν ἀμφιπολεύειν· ὣς ἔμʼ ἀϊστώσειαν Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχοντες, 80ἠέ μʼ ἐϋπλόκαμος βάλοι Ἄρτεμις, ὄφρʼ Ὀδυσῆα ὀσσομένη καὶ γαῖαν ὕπο στυγερὴν ἀφικοίμην, μηδέ τι χείρονος ἀνδρὸς ἐϋφραίνοιμι νόημα.

But when her heart had had its fill of weeping, to Artemis first of all the fair lady made her prayer: “Artemis, mighty goddess, daughter of Zeus, would that now thou wouldest fix thy arrow in my breast and take away my life even in this hour; or that a storm-wind might catch me up and bear me hence over the murky ways, and cast me forth at the mouth of backward-flowing Oceanus, even as on a time storm-winds bore away the daughters of Pandareus. Their parents the gods had slain, and they were left orphans in the halls, and fair Aphrodite tended them with cheese, and sweet honey, and pleasant wine, and Here gave them beauty and wisdom above all women, and chaste Artemis gave them stature, and Athena taught them skill in famous handiwork. But while beautiful Aphrodite was going to high Olympus to ask for the maidens the accomplishment of gladsome marriage— going to Zeus who hurls the thunderbolt, for well he knows all things, both the happiness and the haplessness of mortal men—meanwhile the spirits of the storm snatched away the maidens and gave them to the hateful Erinyes to deal with. Would that even so those who have dwellings on Olympus would blot me from sight, or that fair-tressed Artemis would smite me, so that with Odysseus before my mind I might even pass beneath the hateful earth, and never gladden in any wise the heart of a baser man.

83ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν καὶ ἀνεκτὸν ἔχει κακόν, ὁππότε κέν τις ἤματα μὲν κλαίῃ, πυκινῶς ἀκαχήμενος ἦτορ, 85νύκτας δʼ ὕπνος ἔχῃσιν—ὁ γάρ τʼ ἐπέλησεν ἁπάντων, ἐσθλῶν ἠδὲ κακῶν, ἐπεὶ ἄρ βλέφαρʼ ἀμφικαλύψῃ— αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ καὶ ὀνείρατʼ ἐπέσσευεν κακὰ δαίμων. τῇδε γὰρ αὖ μοι νυκτὶ παρέδραθεν εἴκελος αὐτῷ, τοῖος ἐὼν οἷος ᾖεν ἅμα στρατῷ· αὐτὰρ ἐμὸν κῆρ 90χαῖρʼ, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἐφάμην ὄναρ ἔμμεναι, ἀλλʼ ὕπαρ ἤδη. ὣς ἔφατʼ, αὐτίκα δὲ χρυσόθρονος ἤλυθεν Ἠώς. τῆς δʼ ἄρα κλαιούσης ὄπα σύνθετο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς· μερμήριζε δʼ ἔπειτα, δόκησε δέ οἱ κατὰ θυμὸν ἤδη γιγνώσκουσα παρεστάμεναι κεφαλῆφι. 95χλαῖναν μὲν συνελὼν καὶ κώεα, τοῖσιν ἐνεῦδεν, ἐς μέγαρον κατέθηκεν ἐπὶ θρόνου, ἐκ δὲ βοείην θῆκε θύραζε φέρων, Διὶ δʼ εὔξατο χεῖρας ἀνασχών· Ζεῦ πάτερ, εἴ μʼ ἐθέλοντες ἐπὶ τραφερήν τε καὶ ὑγρὴν ἤγετʼ ἐμὴν ἐς γαῖαν, ἐπεί μʼ ἐκακώσατε λίην, 100φήμην τίς μοι φάσθω ἐγειρομένων ἀνθρώπων ἔνδοθεν, ἔκτοσθεν δὲ Διὸς τέρας ἄλλο φανήτω.

Yet when a man weeps by day with a heart sore distressed, but at night sleep holds him, this brings with it an evil that may well be borne—for sleep makes one forget all things, the good and the evil, when once it envelops the eyelids—but upon me a god sends evil dreams as well. For this night again there lay by my side one like him, even such as he was when he went forth with the host, and my heart was glad, for I deemed it was no dream, but the truth at last.” So she spoke, and straightway came golden-throned Dawn. But as she wept goodly Odysseus heard her voice, and thereupon he mused, and it seemed to his heart that she knew him and was standing by his head. Then he gathered up the cloak and the fleeces on which he was lying and laid them on a chair in the hall, and carried the ox-hide out of doors and set it down; and he lifted up his hands and prayed to Zeus: “Father Zeus, if of your good will ye gods have brought me over land and sea to my own country, when ye had afflicted me sore, let some one of those who are awaking utter a word of omen for me within, and without let a sign from Zeus be shown besides.”

102ὣς ἔφατʼ εὐχόμενος· τοῦ δʼ ἔκλυε μητίετα Ζεύς, αὐτίκα δʼ ἐβρόντησεν ἀπʼ αἰγλήεντος Ὀλύμπου, ὑψόθεν ἐκ νεφέων· γήθησε δὲ δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς. 105φήμην δʼ ἐξ οἴκοιο γυνὴ προέηκεν ἀλετρὶς πλησίον, ἔνθʼ ἄρα οἱ μύλαι ἥατο ποιμένι λαῶν, τῇσιν δώδεκα πᾶσαι ἐπερρώοντο γυναῖκες ἄλφιτα τεύχουσαι καὶ ἀλείατα, μυελὸν ἀνδρῶν. αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἄλλαι εὗδον, ἐπεὶ κατὰ πυρὸν ἄλεσσαν, 110ἡ δὲ μίʼ οὔπω παύετʼ, ἀφαυροτάτη δʼ ἐτέτυκτο· ἥ ῥα μύλην στήσασα ἔπος φάτο, σῆμα ἄνακτι· Ζεῦ πάτερ, ὅς τε θεοῖσι καὶ ἀνθρώποισιν ἀνάσσεις, ἦ μεγάλʼ ἐβρόντησας ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ ἀστερόεντος, οὐδέ ποθι νέφος ἐστί· τέρας νύ τεῳ τόδε φαίνεις. 115κρῆνον νῦν καὶ ἐμοὶ δειλῇ ἔπος, ὅττι κεν εἴπω· μνηστῆρες πύματόν τε καὶ ὕστατον ἤματι τῷδε ἐν μεγάροις Ὀδυσῆος ἑλοίατο δαῖτʼ ἐρατεινήν, οἳ δή μοι καμάτῳ θυμαλγέι· γούνατʼ ἔλυσαν ἄλφιτα τευχούσῃ· νῦν ὕστατα δειπνήσειαν. 120ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφη, χαῖρεν δὲ κλεηδόνι δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς Ζηνός τε βροντῇ· φάτο γὰρ τίσασθαι ἀλείτας.

So he spoke in prayer, and Zeus the counsellor heard him. Straightway he thundered from gleaming Olympus, from on high from out the clouds; and goodly Odysseus was glad. And a woman, grinding at the mill, uttered a word of omen from within the house hard by, where the mills of the shepherd of the people were set. At these mills twelve women in all were wont to ply their tasks, making meal of barley and of wheat, the marrow of men. Now the others were sleeping, for they had ground their wheat, but she alone had not yet ceased, for she was the weakest of all. She now stopped her mill and spoke a word, a sign for her master: “Father Zeus, who art lord over gods and men, verily loud hast thou thundered from the starry sky, yet nowhere is there any cloud: surely this is a sign that thou art showing to some man. Fulfil now even for wretched me the word that I shall speak. May the wooers this day for the last and latest time hold their glad feast in the halls of Odysseus. They that have loosened my limbs with bitter labour, as I made them barley meal, may they now sup their last.” So she spoke, and goodly Odysseus was glad at the word of omen and at the thunder of Zeus, for he thought he had gotten vengeance on the guilty.

People and places in this passage

English translation by Augustus Taber Murray (1919). Original text: Augustus Taber Murray (ed.), Homer, The Odyssey, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1919, vols. 1-2 (Greek text, based on the Oxford Classical Text, and English translation, as digitised by Perseus).

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.

Odyssey 20.1–121: Odysseus cannot sleep; the omens | Homer