Homer · Iliad Ἰλιάς

Homer, Iliad 3.1–110: The armies advance; Hector shames Paris

The Trojans advance with a clamour like cranes, while the Achaeans march in silence. Paris steps out and challenges the best of the Achaeans, but shrinks back when he sees Menelaus, and Hector rebukes him until he offers to fight Menelaus alone for Helen and the treasure. Hector halts the Trojan ranks, and Menelaus accepts the challenge and asks that Priam come to swear the oaths.

Lines 3.1–110 · 1266 words · click a number to copy its link
1αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κόσμηθεν ἅμʼ ἡγεμόνεσσιν ἕκαστοι, Τρῶες μὲν κλαγγῇ τʼ ἐνοπῇ τʼ ἴσαν ὄρνιθες ὣς ἠΰτε περ κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι πρό· αἵ τʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον καὶ ἀθέσφατον ὄμβρον 5κλαγγῇ ταί γε πέτονται ἐπʼ ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων ἀνδράσι Πυγμαίοισι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φέρουσαι· ἠέριαι δʼ ἄρα ταί γε κακὴν ἔριδα προφέρονται. οἳ δʼ ἄρʼ ἴσαν σιγῇ μένεα πνείοντες Ἀχαιοὶ ἐν θυμῷ μεμαῶτες ἀλεξέμεν ἀλλήλοισιν. 10εὖτʼ ὄρεος κορυφῇσι Νότος κατέχευεν ὀμίχλην ποιμέσιν οὔ τι φίλην, κλέπτῃ δέ τε νυκτὸς ἀμείνω, τόσσόν τίς τʼ ἐπιλεύσσει ὅσον τʼ ἐπὶ λᾶαν ἵησιν· ὣς ἄρα τῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ κονίσαλος ὄρνυτʼ ἀελλὴς ἐρχομένων· μάλα δʼ ὦκα διέπρησσον πεδίοιο. 15οἳ δʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες, Τρωσὶν μὲν προμάχιζεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδὴς παρδαλέην ὤμοισιν ἔχων καὶ καμπύλα τόξα καὶ ξίφος· αὐτὰρ δοῦρε δύω κεκορυθμένα χαλκῷ πάλλων Ἀργείων προκαλίζετο πάντας ἀρίστους 20ἀντίβιον μαχέσασθαι ἐν αἰνῇ δηϊοτῆτι.

Now when they were marshalled, the several companies with their captains, the Trojans came on with clamour and with a cry like birds, even as the clamour of cranes ariseth before the face of heaven, when they flee from wintry storms and measureless rain, and with clamour fly toward the streams of Ocean, bearing slaughter and death to Pigmy men, and in the early dawn they offer evil battle. But the Achaeans came on in silence, breathing fury, eager at heart to bear aid each man to his fellow. Even as when the South Wind sheddeth a mist over the peaks of a mountain, a mist that the shepherd loveth not, but that to the robber is better than night, and a man can see only so far as he casteth a stone; even in such wise rose the dense dust-cloud from beneath their feet as they went; and full swiftly did they speed across the plain. Now when they were come near, as they advanced one host against the other, among the Trojans there stood forth as champion godlike Alexander, bearing upon his shoulders a panther skin and his curved bow, and his sword; and brandishing two spears tipped with bronze he challenged all the best of Argives to fight with him face to face in dread combat.

21τὸν δʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησεν ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος ἐρχόμενον προπάροιθεν ὁμίλου μακρὰ βιβάντα, ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας εὑρὼν ἢ ἔλαφον κεραὸν ἢ ἄγριον αἶγα 25πεινάων· μάλα γάρ τε κατεσθίει, εἴ περ ἂν αὐτὸν σεύωνται ταχέες τε κύνες θαλεροί τʼ αἰζηοί· ὣς ἐχάρη Μενέλαος Ἀλέξανδρον θεοειδέα ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδών· φάτο γὰρ τίσεσθαι ἀλείτην· αὐτίκα δʼ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε. 30τὸν δʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδὴς ἐν προμάχοισι φανέντα, κατεπλήγη φίλον ἦτορ, ἂψ δʼ ἑτάρων εἰς ἔθνος ἐχάζετο κῆρʼ ἀλεείνων. ὡς δʼ ὅτε τίς τε δράκοντα ἰδὼν παλίνορσος ἀπέστη οὔρεος ἐν βήσσῃς, ὑπό τε τρόμος ἔλλαβε γυῖα, 35ἂψ δʼ ἀνεχώρησεν, ὦχρός τέ μιν εἷλε παρειάς, ὣς αὖτις καθʼ ὅμιλον ἔδυ Τρώων ἀγερώχων δείσας Ἀτρέος υἱὸν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδής. τὸν δʼ Ἕκτωρ νείκεσσεν ἰδὼν αἰσχροῖς ἐπέεσσιν· Δύσπαρι εἶδος ἄριστε γυναιμανὲς ἠπεροπευτὰ 40αἴθʼ ὄφελες ἄγονός τʼ ἔμεναι ἄγαμός τʼ ἀπολέσθαι· καί κε τὸ βουλοίμην, καί κεν πολὺ κέρδιον ἦεν ἢ οὕτω λώβην τʼ ἔμεναι καὶ ὑπόψιον ἄλλων.

But when Menelaus, dear to Ares, was ware of him as he came forth before the throng with long strides, then even as a lion is glad when he lighteth on a great carcase, having found a horned stag or a wild goat when he is hungry; for greedily doth he devour it, even though swift dogs and lusty youths set upon him: even so was Menelaus glad when his eyes beheld godlike Alexander; for he thought that he had gotten him vengeance on the sinner. And forthwith he leapt in his armour from his chariot to the ground. But when godlike Alexander was ware of him as he appeared among the champions, his heart was smitten, and back he shrank into the throng of his comrades, avoiding fate. And even as a man at sight of a snake in the glades of a mountain starteth back, and trembling seizeth his limbs beneath him, and he withdraweth back again and pallor layeth hold of his cheeks; even so did godlike Alexander, seized with fear of Atreus' son, shrink back into the throng of the lordly Trojans. But Hector saw him, and chid him with words of shame: Evil Paris, most fair to look upon, thou that art mad after women, thou beguiler, would that thou hadst ne'er been born and hadst died unwed. Aye, of that were I fain, and it had been better far than that thou shouldest thus be a reproach, and that men should look upon thee in scorn.

43ἦ που καγχαλόωσι κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ φάντες ἀριστῆα πρόμον ἔμμεναι, οὕνεκα καλὸν 45εἶδος ἔπʼ, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔστι βίη φρεσὶν οὐδέ τις ἀλκή. ἦ τοιόσδε ἐὼν ἐν ποντοπόροισι νέεσσι πόντον ἐπιπλώσας, ἑτάρους ἐρίηρας ἀγείρας, μιχθεὶς ἀλλοδαποῖσι γυναῖκʼ εὐειδέʼ ἀνῆγες ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης νυὸν ἀνδρῶν αἰχμητάων 50πατρί τε σῷ μέγα πῆμα πόληΐ τε παντί τε δήμῳ, δυσμενέσιν μὲν χάρμα, κατηφείην δὲ σοὶ αὐτῷ; οὐκ ἂν δὴ μείνειας ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον; γνοίης χʼ οἵου φωτὸς ἔχεις θαλερὴν παράκοιτιν· οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις τά τε δῶρʼ Ἀφροδίτης 55ἥ τε κόμη τό τε εἶδος ὅτʼ ἐν κονίῃσι μιγείης. ἀλλὰ μάλα Τρῶες δειδήμονες· ἦ τέ κεν ἤδη λάϊνον ἕσσο χιτῶνα κακῶν ἕνεχʼ ὅσσα ἔοργας.

Verily, methinks, will the long-haired Achaeans laugh aloud, deeming that a prince is our champion because a comely form is his, while there is no strength in his heart nor any valour. Was it in such strength as this that thou didst sail over the main in thy seafaring ships, when thou hadst gathered thy trusty comrades, and, coming to an alien folk, didst bring back a comely woman from a distant land, even a daughter of warriors who wield the spear, but to thy father and city and all the people a grievous bane—to thy foes a joy, but to thine own self a hanging down of the head? Wilt thou indeed not abide Menelaus, dear to Ares? Thou wouldest learn what manner of warrior he is whose lovely wife thou hast. Then will thy lyre help thee not, neither the gifts of Aphrodite, thy locks and thy comeliness, when thou shalt lie low in the dust. Nay, verily, the Trojans are utter cowards: else wouldest thou ere this have donned a coat of stone by reason of all the evil thou hast wrought.

58τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδής· Ἕκτορ ἐπεί με κατʼ αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας οὐδʼ ὑπὲρ αἶσαν· 60αἰεί τοι κραδίη πέλεκυς ὥς ἐστιν ἀτειρὴς ὅς τʼ εἶσιν διὰ δουρὸς ὑπʼ ἀνέρος ὅς ῥά τε τέχνῃ νήϊον ἐκτάμνῃσιν, ὀφέλλει δʼ ἀνδρὸς ἐρωήν· ὣς σοὶ ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἀτάρβητος νόος ἐστί· μή μοι δῶρʼ ἐρατὰ πρόφερε χρυσέης Ἀφροδίτης· 65οὔ τοι ἀπόβλητʼ ἐστὶ θεῶν ἐρικυδέα δῶρα ὅσσά κεν αὐτοὶ δῶσιν, ἑκὼν δʼ οὐκ ἄν τις ἕλοιτο· νῦν αὖτʼ εἴ μʼ ἐθέλεις πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι, ἄλλους μὲν κάθισον Τρῶας καὶ πάντας Ἀχαιούς, αὐτὰρ ἔμʼ ἐν μέσσῳ καὶ ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον 70συμβάλετʼ ἀμφʼ Ἑλένῃ καὶ κτήμασι πᾶσι μάχεσθαι· ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κρείσσων τε γένηται, κτήμαθʼ ἑλὼν εὖ πάντα γυναῖκά τε οἴκαδʼ ἀγέσθω· οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ ταμόντες ναίοιτε Τροίην ἐριβώλακα, τοὶ δὲ νεέσθων 75Ἄργος ἐς ἱππόβοτον καὶ Ἀχαιΐδα καλλιγύναικα. ὣς ἔφαθʼ, Ἕκτωρ δʼ αὖτʼ ἐχάρη μέγα μῦθον ἀκούσας, καί ῥʼ ἐς μέσσον ἰὼν Τρώων ἀνέεργε φάλαγγας μέσσου δουρὸς ἑλών· τοὶ δʼ ἱδρύνθησαν ἅπαντες.

And to him did godlike Alexander make answer, saying: Hector, seeing that thou dost chide me duly, and not beyond what is due— ever is thy heart unyielding, even as an axe that is driven through a beam by the hand of man that skilfully shapeth a ship's timber, and it maketh the force of his blow to wax; even so is the heart in thy breast undaunted—cast not in my teeth the lovely gifts of golden Aphrodite. Not to be flung aside, look you, are the glorious gifts of the gods, even all that of themselves they give, whereas by his own will could no man win them. But now, if thou wilt have me war and do battle, make the other Trojans to sit down and all the Achaeans, but set ye me in the midst and Menelaus, dear to Ares, to do battle for Helen and all her possessions. And whichsoever of us twain shall win, and prove him the better man, let him duly take all the wealth and the woman, and bear them to his home. But for you others, do ye swear friendship and oaths of faith with sacrifice. So should ye dwell in deep-soiled Troyland, and let them return to Argos, pasture-land of horses, and to Achaea, the land of fair women. So spake he, and Hector rejoiced greatly when he heard his words; and he went into the midst, and kept back the battalions of the Trojans with his spear grasped by the middle; and they all sate them down.

79τῷ δʼ ἐπετοξάζοντο κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ 80ἰοῖσίν τε τιτυσκόμενοι λάεσσί τʼ ἔβαλλον· αὐτὰρ ὃ μακρὸν ἄϋσεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων· ἴσχεσθʼ Ἀργεῖοι, μὴ βάλλετε κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν· στεῦται γάρ τι ἔπος ἐρέειν κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ. ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἔσχοντο μάχης ἄνεῴ τʼ ἐγένοντο 85ἐσσυμένως· Ἕκτωρ δὲ μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔειπε· κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ μῦθον Ἀλεξάνδροιο, τοῦ εἵνεκα νεῖκος ὄρωρεν. ἄλλους μὲν κέλεται Τρῶας καὶ πάντας Ἀχαιοὺς τεύχεα κάλʼ ἀποθέσθαι ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ, 90αὐτὸν δʼ ἐν μέσσῳ καὶ ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον οἴους ἀμφʼ Ἑλένῃ καὶ κτήμασι πᾶσι μάχεσθαι. ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κρείσσων τε γένηται κτήμαθʼ ἑλὼν εὖ πάντα γυναῖκά τε οἴκαδʼ ἀγέσθω· οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ τάμωμεν. 95ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ· τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος· κέκλυτε νῦν καὶ ἐμεῖο· μάλιστα γὰρ ἄλγος ἱκάνει θυμὸν ἐμόν, φρονέω δὲ διακρινθήμεναι ἤδη Ἀργείους καὶ Τρῶας, ἐπεὶ κακὰ πολλὰ πέπασθε 100εἵνεκʼ ἐμῆς ἔριδος καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἕνεκʼ ἀρχῆς· ἡμέων δʼ ὁπποτέρῳ θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα τέτυκται τεθναίη· ἄλλοι δὲ διακρινθεῖτε τάχιστα. οἴσετε ἄρνʼ, ἕτερον λευκόν, ἑτέρην δὲ μέλαιναν, Γῇ τε καὶ Ἠελίῳ· Διὶ δʼ ἡμεῖς οἴσομεν ἄλλον· 105ἄξετε δὲ Πριάμοιο βίην, ὄφρʼ ὅρκια τάμνῃ αὐτός, ἐπεί οἱ παῖδες ὑπερφίαλοι καὶ ἄπιστοι, μή τις ὑπερβασίῃ Διὸς ὅρκια δηλήσηται. αἰεὶ δʼ ὁπλοτέρων ἀνδρῶν φρένες ἠερέθονται· οἷς δʼ ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν ἅμα πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω 110λεύσσει, ὅπως ὄχʼ ἄριστα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισι γένηται.

But the long-haired Achaeans sought the while to aim their arrows at him, and to smite him, and to cast at him with stones. But aloud shouted Agamemnon, king of men: Hold, ye Argives, shoot no more, ye youths of the Achaeans; for Hector of the flashing helm makes as though he would say somewhat. So spake he, and they stayed them from battle, and became silent forthwith. And Hector spake between the two hosts: Hear from me, ye Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans, the words of Alexander, for whose sake strife hath been set afoot. The other Trojans and all the Achaeans he biddeth to lay aside their goodly battle-gear upon the bounteous earth, and himself in the midst and Menelaus, dear to Ares, to do battle for Helen and all her possessions. And whichsoever of the twain shall win, and prove him the better man, let him duly take all the wealth and the woman, and bear them to his home; but for us others, let us swear friendship and oaths of faith with sacrifice. So spake he, and they all became hushed in silence; and among them spake Menelaus, good at the war-cry: Hearken ye now also unto me, for upon my heart above all others hath sorrow come; my mind is that Argives and Trojans now be parted, seeing ye have suffered many woes because of my quarrel and Alexander's beginning thereof. And for whichsoever of us twain death and fate are appointed, let him lie dead; but be ye others parted with all speed. Bring ye two lambs, a white ram and a black ewe, for Earth and Sun, and for Zeus we will bring another; and fetch ye hither the mighty Priam, that he may himself swear an oath with sacrifice, seeing that his sons are over-weening and faithless; lest any by presumptuous act should do violence to the oaths of Zeus. Ever unstable are the hearts of the young; but in whatsoever an old man taketh part, he looketh both before and after, that the issue may be far the best for either side.

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English translation by Augustus Taber Murray (1924). Original text: David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen (eds.), Homeri Opera, Oxford Classical Texts, 3rd ed., vols. 1-2, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1920 (Greek text as digitised by Perseus); English: Augustus Taber Murray, Homer, The Iliad, Loeb Classical Library, London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1924-1925.

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.