ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῆς πρὸς ἑσπέραν κεκλιμένης χώρας καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους νενευκυίας, ἔτι δὲ τῶν κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν νήσων διεξήλθομεν, ἐν μέρει διέξιμεν περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν νήσων τῶν ἐν ὠκεανῷ τῆς Ἀραβίας τῆς πρὸς ἀνατολὴν κεκλιμένης καὶ προσοριζούσης τῇ καλουμένῃ Κεδρωσίᾳ.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ χώρα πολλαῖς κώμαις καὶ πόλεσιν ἀξιολόγοις κατοικεῖται, καὶ τούτων αἱ μὲν ἐπὶ χωμάτων ἀξιολόγων κεῖνται, αἱ δʼ ἐπὶ γεωλόφων ἢ πεδίων καθίδρυνται· ἔχουσι δʼ αὐτῶν αἱ μέγισται βασίλεια κατεσκευασμένα πολυτελῶς, πλῆθος οἰκητόρων ἔχοντα καὶ κτήσεις ἱκανάς.
πᾶσα δʼ αὐτῶν ἡ χώρα γέμει θρεμμάτων παντοδαπῶν, καρποφοροῦσα καὶ νομὰς ἀφθόνους παρεχομένη τοῖς βοσκήμασι· ποταμοί τε πολλοὶ διαρρέοντες ἐν αὐτῇ πολλὴν ἀρδεύουσι χώραν, συνεργοῦντες πρὸς τελείαν αὔξησιν τῶν καρπῶν. διὸ καὶ τῆς Ἀραβίας ἡ πρωτεύουσα τῇ ἀρετῇ προσηγορίαν ἔλαβεν οἰκείαν, εὐδαίμων ὀνομασθεῖσα.
ταύτης δὲ κατὰ τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τῆς παρωκεανίτιδος χώρας κατʼ ἀντικρὺ νῆσοι κεῖνται πλείους, ὧν τρεῖς εἰσιν ἄξιαι τῆς ἱστορικῆς ἀναγραφῆς, μία μὲν ἡ προσαγορευομένη Ἱερά, καθʼ ἣν οὐκ ἔξεστι τοὺς τετελευτηκότας θάπτειν, ἑτέρα δὲ πλησίον ταύτης, ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ἑπτά, εἰς ἣν κομίζουσι τὰ σώματα τῶν ἀποθανόντων ταφῆς ἀξιοῦντες. ἡ δʼ οὖν Ἱερὰ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων καρπῶν ἄμοιρός ἐστι, φέρει δὲ λιβανωτοῦ τοσοῦτο πλῆθος, ὥστε διαρκεῖν καθʼ ὅλην τὴν οἰκουμένην πρὸς τὰς τῶν θεῶν τιμάς· ἔχει δὲ καὶ σμύρνης πλῆθος διάφορον καὶ τῶν ἄλλων θυμιαμάτων παντοδαπὰς φύσεις, παρεχομένας πολλὴν εὐωδίαν.
But now that we have described the lands which lie to the west and those which extend toward the north, and also the islands in the ocean, we shall in turn discuss the islands in the ocean to the south which lie off that portion of Arabia which extends to the east and borders upon the country known as Cedrosia. Arabia contains many villages and notable cities, which in some cases are situated upon great mounds and in other instances are built upon hillocks or in plains; and the largest cities have royal residences of costly construction, possessing a multitude of inhabitants and ample estates. And the entire land of the Arabians abounds with domestic animals of every description, and it bears fruits as well and provides no lack of pasturage for the fatted animals; and many rivers flow through the land and irrigate a great portion of it, thus contributing to the full maturing of the fruits. Consequently that part of Arabia which holds the chief place for its fertility has received a name appropriate to it, being called Arabia the Blest.
On the farthest bounds of Arabia the Blest, where the ocean washes it, there lie opposite it a number of islands, of which there are three which merit a mention in history, one of them bearing the name Hiera or Sacred, on which it is not allowed to bury the dead, and another lying near it, seven stades distant, to which they take the bodies of the dead whom they see fit to inter. Now Hiera has no share in any other fruit, but it produces frankincense in such abundance as to suffice for the honours paid to the gods throughout the entire inhabited world; and it possesses also an exceptional quantity of myrrh and every variety of all the other kinds of incense of highly fragrant odour.
ἡ δὲ φύσις ἐστὶ τοῦ λιβανωτοῦ καὶ ἡ κατασκευὴ τοιάδε· δένδρον ἐστὶ τῷ μὲν μεγέθει μικρόν, τῇ δὲ προσόψει τῇ ἀκάνθῃ τῇ Αἰγυπτίᾳ τῇ λευκῇ παρεμφερές, τὰ δὲ φύλλα τοῦ δένδρου ὅμοια τῇ ὀνομαζομένῃ ἰτέᾳ, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐπʼ αὐτῷ φύεται χρυσοειδές, ὁ δὲ λιβανωτὸς γινόμενος ἐξ αὐτοῦ ὀπίζεται ὡς ἂν δάκρυον.
τὸ δὲ τῆς σμύρνης δένδρον ὅμοιόν ἐστι τῇ σχίνῳ, τὸ δὲ φύλλον ἔχει λεπτότερον καὶ πυκνότερον. ὀπίζεται δὲ περισκαφείσης τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ῥιζῶν, καὶ ὅσα μὲν αὐτῶν ἐν ἀγαθῇ γῇ πέφυκεν, ἐκ τούτων γίνεται δὶς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἔαρος καὶ θέρους· καὶ ὁ μὲν πυρρὸς ἐαρινὸς ὑπάρχει διὰ τὰς δρόσους, ὁ δὲ λευκὸς θερινός ἐστι. τοῦ δὲ παλιούρου συλλέγουσι τὸν καρπόν, καὶ χρῶνται βρωτοῖς καὶ ποτοῖς καὶ πρὸς τὰς κοιλίας τὰς ῥεούσας φαρμάκῳ.
The nature of frankincense and the preparing of it is like this: In size it is a small tree, and in appearance it resembles the white Egyptian Acacia, its leaves are like those of the willow, as it is called, the bloom it bears is in colour like gold, and the frankincense which comes from it oozes forth in drops like tears. But the myrrh-tree is like the mastich-tree, although its leaves are more slender and grow thicker. It oozes myrrh when the earth is dug away from the roots, and if it is planted in fertile soil this takes place twice a year, in spring and in summer; the myrrh of the spring is red, because of the dew, but that of the summer is white. They also gather the fruit of the Christ’s thorn, which they use both for meat and for drink and as a drug for the cure of dysentery.
διῄρηται δὲ τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις ἡ χώρα, καὶ ταύτης ὁ βασιλεὺς λαμβάνει τὴν κρατίστην, καὶ τῶν καρπῶν τῶν γινομένων ἐν τῇ νήσῳ δεκάτην λαμβάνει. τὸ δὲ πλάτος τῆς νήσου φασὶν εἶναι σταδίων ὡς διακοσίων.
κατοικοῦσι δὲ τὴν νῆσον οἱ καλούμενοι Παγχαῖοι, καὶ τόν τε λιβανωτὸν καὶ τὴν σμύρναν κομίζουσιν εἰς τὸ πέραν καὶ πωλοῦσι τοῖς τῶν Ἀράβων ἐμπόροις, παρʼ ὧν ἄλλοι τὰ φορτία ὠνούμενοι διακομίζουσιν εἰς τὴν Φοινίκην καὶ Κοίλην Συρίαν, ἔτι δʼ Αἴγυπτον, τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον ἐκ τούτων τῶν τόπων ἔμποροι διακομίζουσιν εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλη νῆσος μεγάλη, τῆς προειρημένης ἀπέχουσα σταδίους τριάκοντα, εἰς τὸ πρὸς ἕω μέρος τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ κειμένη, τῷ μήκει πολλῶν τινων σταδίων· ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἀνήκοντος ἀκρωτηρίου φασὶ θεωρεῖσθαι τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ἀέριον διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ
διαστήματος. ἔχει δʼ ἡ Παγχαία κατʼ αὐτὴν πολλὰ τῆς ἱστορικῆς ἀναγραφῆς ἄξια. κατοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτὴν αὐτόχθονες μὲν οἱ Παγχαῖοι λεγόμενοι, ἐπήλυδες δʼ Ὠκεανῖται καὶ Ἰνδοὶ καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Κρῆτες.
πόλις δʼ ἔστιν ἀξιόλογος ἐν αὐτῇ, προσαγορευομένη μὲν Πανάρα, εὐδαιμονίᾳ δὲ διαφέρουσα. οἱ δὲ ταύτην οἰκοῦντες καλοῦνται μὲν ἱκέται τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Τριφυλίου, μόνοι δʼ εἰσὶ τῶν τὴν Παγχαίαν χώραν οἰκούντων αὐτόνομοι καὶ ἀβασίλευτοι. ἄρχοντας δὲ καθιστᾶσι κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν τρεῖς· οὗτοι δὲ θανάτου μὲν οὐκ εἰσὶ κύριοι, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ πάντα διακρίνουσι· καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ οὗτοι τὰ μέγιστα ἐπὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς ἀναφέρουσιν.
ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης τῆς πόλεως ἀπέχει σταδίους ὡς ἑξήκοντα ἱερὸν Διὸς Τριφυλίου, κείμενον μὲν ἐν χώρᾳ πεδιάδι, θαυμαζόμενον δὲ μάλιστα διά τε τὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ τὴν πολυτέλειαν τῆς κατασκευῆς καὶ τὴν τῶν τόπων εὐφυΐαν.
The land of Hiera is divided among its inhabitants, and the king takes for himself the best land and likewise a tithe of the fruits which the island produces. The width of the island is reputed to be about two hundred stades. And the inhabitants of the island are known as Panchaeans, and these men take the frankincense and myrrh across to the mainland and sell it to Arab merchants, from whom others in turn purchase wares of this kind and convey them to Phoenician and Coelesyria and Egypt, and in the end merchants convey them from these countries throughout all the inhabited world. And there is yet another large island, thirty stades distant from the one we have mentioned, lying out in the ocean to the east and many stades in length; for men say that from its promontory which extends toward the east one can descry India, misty because of its great distance.
As for Panchaea itself, the island possesses many things which are deserving to be recorded by history. It is inhabited by men who were sprung from the soil itself, called Panchaeans, and the foreigners there are Oceanites and Indians and Scythians and Cretans. There is also a notable city on the island, called Panara, which enjoys unusual felicity; its citizens are called “suppliants of Zeus Triphylius,” and they are the only inhabitants of the land of Panchaea who live under laws of their own making and have no king over them. Each year they elect three chief magistrates; these men have no authority over capital crimes, but render judgment in all any other matters; and the weightiest affairs they refer of their own accord to the priests.
Some sixty stades distant from the city of Panara is the temple of Zeus Triphylius, which lies out on a level plain and is especially admired for its antiquity, the costliness of its construction, and its favourable situation.
τὸ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πεδίον συνηρεφές ἐστι παντοίοις δένδρεσιν, οὐ μόνον καρποφόροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς δυναμένοις τέρπειν τὴν ὅρασιν· κυπαρίττων τε γὰρ ἐξαισίων τοῖς μεγέθεσι καὶ πλατάνων καὶ δάφνης καὶ μυρσίνης καταγέμει, πλήθοντος τοῦ τόπου ναματιαίων ὑδάτων.
πλησίον γὰρ τοῦ τεμένους ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἐκπίπτει τηλικαύτη τὸ μέγεθος πηγὴ γλυκέος ὕδατος, ὥστε ποταμὸν ἐξ αὐτῆς γίνεσθαι πλωτόν· ἐκ τούτου δʼ εἰς πολλὰ μέρη τοῦ ὕδατος διαιρουμένου, καὶ τούτων ἀρδευομένων, κατὰ πάντα τὸν τοῦ πεδίου τόπον συνάγκειαι δένδρων ὑψηλῶν πεφύκασι συνεχεῖς, ἐν αἱς πλῆθος ἀνδρῶν ἐν τοῖς τοῦ θέρους καιροῖς ἐνδιατρίβει, ὀρνέων τε πλῆθος παντοδαπῶν ἐννεοττεύεται, ταῖς χρόαις διάφορα καὶ ταῖς μελῳδίαις μεγάλην παρεχόμενα τέρψιν, κηπεῖαί τε παντοδαπαὶ καὶ λειμῶνες πολλοὶ καὶ διάφοροι ταῖς χλόαις καὶ τοῖς ἄνθεσιν, ὥστε τῇ θεοπρεπείᾳ τῆς προσόψεως ἄξιον τῶν ἐγχωρίων θεῶν φαίνεσθαι.
ἦν δὲ καὶ τῶν φοινίκων στελέχη μεγάλα καὶ καρποφόρα διαφερόντως καὶ καρύαι πολλαὶ ἀκροδρύων δαψιλεστάτην τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις ἀπόλαυσιν παρεχόμεναι. χωρὶς δὲ τούτων ὑπῆρχον ἄμπελοί τε πολλαὶ καὶ παντοδαπαί, αἳ πρὸς ὕψος ἀνηγμέναι καὶ διαπεπλεγμέναι ποικίλως τὴν πρόσοψιν ἡδεῖαν ἐποίουν καὶ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν τῆς ὥρας ἑτοιμοτάτην παρείχοντο.
Thus, the plain lying around the temple is thickly covered with trees of every kind, not only such as bear fruit, but those also which possess the power of pleasing the eye; for the plain abounds with cypresses of enormous size and plane-trees and sweet-bay and myrtle, since the region is full of springs of water. Indeed, close to the sacred precinct there bursts forth from the earth a spring of sweet water of such size that it gives rise to a river on which boats may sail. And since the water is led off from the river to many parts of the plain and irrigates them, throughout the entire area of the plain there grow continuous forests of lofty trees, wherein a multitude of men pass their time in the summer season and a multitude of birds make their nests, birds of every kind and of various hues, which greatly delight the ear by their song; therein also is every kind of garden and many meadows with varied plants and flowers, so that there is a divine majesty in the prospect which makes the place appear worthy of the gods of the country. And there were palm trees there with mighty trunks, conspicuous for the fruits they bore, and many varieties of nut-bearing trees, which provide the natives of the place with the most abundant subsistence. And in addition to what we have mentioned, grape-vines were found there in great number and of every variety, which were trained to climb high and were variously intertwined so that they presented a pleasing sight and provided an enjoyment of the season without further ado.
ὁ δὲ ναὸς ὑπῆρχεν ἀξιόλογος ἐκ λίθου λευκοῦ, τὸ μῆκος ἔχων δυεῖν πλέθρων, τὸ δὲ πλάτος ἀνάλογον τῷ μήκει· κίοσι δὲ μεγάλοις καὶ παχέσιν ὑπήρειστο καὶ γλυφαῖς φιλοτέχνοις διειλημμένος· ἀγάλματά τε τῶν θεῶν ἀξιολογώτατα, τῇ τέχνῃ διάφορα καὶ τοῖς βάρεσι θαυμαζόμενα.
κύκλῳ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τὰς οἰκίας εἶχον οἱ θεραπεύοντες τοὺς θεοὺς ἱερεῖς, διʼ ὧν ἅπαντα τὰ περὶ τὸ τέμενος διῳκεῖτο. ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ δρόμος κατεσκεύαστο, τὸ μὲν μῆκος σταδίων τεττάρων,
τὸ δὲ πλάτος πλέθρου. παρὰ δὲ τὴν πλευρὰν ἑκατέραν τοῦ δρόμου χαλκεῖα μεγάλα κεῖται, τὰς βάσεις ἔχοντα τετραγώνους· ἐπʼ ἐσχάτῳ δὲ τοῦ δρόμου τὰς πηγὰς ἔχει λάβρως ἐκχεομένας ὁ προειρημένος ποταμός. ἔστι δὲ τὸ φερόμενον ῥεῦμα τῇ λευκότητι καὶ γλυκύτητι διαφέρον, πρός τε τὴν τοῦ σώματος ὑγίειαν πολλὰ συμβαλλόμενον τοῖς χρωμένοις· ὀνομάζεται δʼ ὁ ποταμὸς οὗτος ἡλίου ὕδωρ.
περιέχει δὲ τὴν πηγὴν ὅλην κρηπὶς λιθίνη πολυτελής, διατείνουσα παρʼ ἑκατέραν πλευρὰν σταδίους τέτταρας· ἄχρι δὲ τῆς ἐσχάτης κρηπῖδος ὁ τόπος οὐκ ἔστι βάσιμος ἀνθρώπῳ πλὴν τῶν ἱερέων.
τὸ δʼ ὑποκείμενον πεδίον ἐπὶ σταδίους διακοσίους καθιερωμένον ἐστὶ τοῖς θεοῖς, καὶ τὰς ἐξ αὐτοῦ προσόδους εἰς τὰς θυσίας ἀναλίσκουσι. μετὰ δὲ τὸ προειρημένον πεδίον ὄρος ἐστὶν ὑψηλόν, καθιερωμένον μὲν θεοῖς, ὀνομαζόμενον δὲ Οὐρανοῦ δίφρος καὶ Τριφύλιος Ὄλυμπος.
The temple was a striking structure of white marble, two plethra in length and the width proportionate to the length; it was supported by large thick columns and decorated at intervals with reliefs of ingenious design; and there were also remarkable statues of the gods, exceptional in skill of execution and admired by men for their massiveness. Around about the temple the priests who served the gods had their dwellings, and the management of everything pertaining to the sacred precinct was in their hands. Leading from the temple an avenue had been constructed, four stades in length and a plethrum in width. On each side of the avenue are great bronze vessels which rest upon square bases, and at the end of the avenue the river we mentioned above has its sources, which pour forth in a turbulent stream. The water of the stream is exceedingly clear and sweet and the use of it is most conducive to the health of the body; and the river bears the name “Water of the Sun.” The entire spring is surrounded by an expensive stone quay, which extends along each side of it four stades, and no man except the priests may set foot upon the place up to the edge of the quay. The plain lying below the temple has been made sacred to the gods, for a distance of two hundred stades, and the revenues which are derived from it are used to support the sacrifices.
Beyond the above-mentioned plain there is a lofty mountain which has been made sacred to the gods and is called the “Throne of Uranus” and also “Triphylian Olympus.”
μυθολογοῦσι γὰρ τὸ παλαιὸν Οὐρανὸν βασιλεύοντα τῆς οἰκουμένης προσηνῶς ἐνδιατρίβειν ἐν τῷδε τῷ τόπῳ, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕψους ἐφορᾶν τόν τε οὐρανὸν καὶ τὰ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἄστρα, ὕστερον δὲ Τριφύλιον Ὄλυμπον κληθῆναι διὰ τὸ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ὑπάρχειν ἐκ τριῶν ἐθνῶν· ὀνομάζεσθαι δὲ τοὺς μὲν Παγχαίους, τοὺς δʼ Ὠκεανίτας, τοὺς δὲ Δῴους· οὓς ὕστερον ὑπὸ Ἄμμωνος ἐκβληθῆναι.
τὸν γὰρ Ἄμμωνά φασι μὴ μόνον φυγαδεῦσαι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν ἄρδην ἀνελεῖν, καὶ κατασκάψαι τήν τε Δῴαν καὶ Ἀστερουσίαν. θυσίαν τε κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ ὄρει ποιεῖν τοὺς ἱερεῖς μετὰ πολλῆς ἁγνείας.
For the myth relates that in ancient times, when Uranus was king of the inhabited earth, he took pleasure in tarrying in that place and in surveying from its lofty top both the heavens and the stars therein, and that at a later time it came to be called Triphylian Olympus because the men who dwelt about it were composed of three peoples; these, namely, were known as Panchaeans, Oceanites, and Doians, who were expelled at a later time by Ammon. For Ammon, men say, not only drove this nation into exile but also totally destroyed their cities, razing to the ground both Doia and Asterusia. And once a year, we are told, the priests hold a sacrifice in this mountain with great solemnity.
μετὰ δὲ τὸ ὄρος τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην Παγχαιῖτιν χώραν ὑπάρχειν φασὶ ζῴων παντοδαπῶν πλῆθος· ἔχειν γὰρ αὐτὴν ἐλέφαντάς τε πολλοὺς καὶ λέοντας καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ δορκάδας καὶ ἄλλα θηρία πλείω διάφορα ταῖς τε προσόψεσι καὶ ταῖς ἀλκαῖς θαυμαστά.
ἔχει δὲ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη καὶ πόλεις τρεῖς ἀξιολόγους, Ὑρακίαν καὶ Δαλίδα καὶ Ὠκεανίδα. τὴν δὲ χώραν ὅλην εἶναι καρποφόρον, καὶ μάλιστα οἴνων παντοδαπῶν ἔχειν πλῆθος.
εἶναι δὲ τοὺς ἄνδρας πολεμικοὺς καὶ ἅρμασι χρῆσθαι κατὰ τὰς μάχας ἀρχαϊκῶς. τὴν δʼ ὅλην πολιτείαν ἔχουσι τριμερῆ, καὶ πρῶτον ὑπάρχει μέρος παρʼ αὐτοῖς τὸ τῶν ἱερέων, προσκειμένων αὐτοῖς τῶν τεχνιτῶν, δευτέρα δὲ μερὶς ὑπάρχει τῶν γεωργῶν, τρίτη δὲ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, προστιθεμένων τῶν νομέων.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἱερεῖς τῶν ἁπάντων ἦσαν ἡγεμόνες, τάς τε τῶν ἀμφισβητήσεων κρίσεις ποιούμενοι καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν δημοσίᾳ πραττομένων κύριοι· οἱ δὲ γεωργοὶ τὴν γῆν ἐργαζόμενοι τοὺς καρποὺς ἀναφέρουσιν εἰς τὸ κοινόν, καὶ ὅστις ἂν αὐτῶν δοκῇ μάλιστα γεγεωργηκέναι, λαμβάνει γέρας ἐξαίρετον ἐν τῇ διαιρέσει τῶν καρπῶν, κριθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἱερέων ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ δεύτερος καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ μέχρι δέκα,
προτροπῆς ἕνεκα τῶν ἄλλων. παραπλησίως δὲ τούτοις καὶ οἱ νομεῖς τά τε ἱερεῖα καὶ τἄλλα παραδιδόασιν εἰς τὸ δημόσιον, τὰ μὲν ἀριθμῷ, τὰ δὲ σταθμῷ, μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας. καθόλου γὰρ οὐδὲν ἔστιν ἰδίᾳ κτήσασθαι πλὴν οἰκίας καὶ κήπου, πάντα δὲ τὰ γεννήματα καὶ τὰς προσόδους οἱ ἱερεῖς παραλαμβάνοντες τὸ ἐπιβάλλον ἑκάστῳ δικαίως ἀπονέμουσι, τοῖς δʼ ἱερεῦσι μόνοις δίδοται διπλάσιον.
Beyond this mountain and throughout the rest of the land of Panchaeitis, the account continues, there is found a multitude of beasts of every description; for the land possesses many elephants and lions and leopards and gazelles and an unusual number of other wild animals which differ in their aspect and are of marvellous ferocity. This island also contains three notable cities, Hyracia, Dalis, and Oceanis. The whole country, moreover, is fruitful and possesses in particular a multitude of vines of every variety. The men are warlike and use chariots in battle after the ancient manner.
The entire body politic of the Panchaeans is divided into three castes: The first caste among them is that of the priests, to whom are assigned the artisans, the second consists of the farmers, and the third is that of the soldiers, to whom are added the herdsmen. The priests served as the leaders in all things, rendering the decisions in legal disputes and possessing the final authority in all other affairs which concerned the community; and the farmers, who are engaged in the tilling of the soil, bring the fruits into the common store, and the man among them who is thought to have practised the best farming receives a special reward when the fruits are portioned out, the priests deciding who had been first, who second, and so in order to the tenth, this being done in order to spur on the rest. In the same manner the herdsmen also turn both the sacrificial animals and all others into the treasury of the state with all precision, some by number and some by weight. For, speaking generally, there is not a thing except a home and a garden which a man may possess for his own, but all the products and the revenues are taken over by the priests, who portion out with justice to each man his share, and to the priests alone is given two-fold.
χρῶνται δʼ ἐσθῆσι μὲν μαλακαῖς διὰ τὸ παρʼ αὐτοῖς πρόβατα ὑπάρχειν διαφέροντα τῶν ἄλλων διὰ τὴν μαλακότητα· φοροῦσι δὲ καὶ κόσμον χρυσοῦν οὐ μόνον αἱ γυναῖκες, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες, περὶ μὲν τοὺς τραχήλους ἔχοντες στρεπτοὺς κύκλους, περὶ δὲ τὰς χεῖρας ψέλια, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὤτων παραπλησίως τοῖς Πέρσαις ἐξηρτημένους κρίκους. ὑποδέσεσι δὲ κοίλαις χρῶνται καὶ τοῖς χρώμασι πεποικιλμέναις περιττότερον.
The clothing of the Panchaeans is soft, because the wool of the sheep of the land is distinguished above all other for its softness; and they wear ornaments of gold, not only the women but the men as well, with collars of twisted gold about their necks, bracelets on their wrists, and rings hanging from their ears after the manner of the Persians. The same kind of shoes are worn by both sexes, and they are worked in more varied colours than is usual.
οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται λαμβάνοντες τὰς μεμερισμένας συντάξεις φυλάττουσι τὴν χώραν, διειληφότες ὀχυρώμασι καὶ παρεμβολαῖς· ἔστι γάρ τι μέρος τῆς χώρας ἔχον λῃστήρια θρασέων καὶ παρανόμων ἀνθρώπων, οἳ τοὺς γεωργοὺς ἐνεδρεύοντες πολεμοῦσι τούτους.
αὐτοὶ δʼ οἱ ἱερεῖς πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπερέχουσι τρυφῇ καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις ταῖς ἐν τῷ βίῳ καθαρειότησι καὶ πολυτελείαις· στολὰς μὲν γὰρ ἔχουσι λινᾶς, τῇ λεπτότητι καὶ μαλακότητι διαφόρους, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐκ τῶν μαλακωτάτων ἐρίων κατεσκευασμένας ἐσθῆτας φοροῦσι· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις μίτρας ἔχουσι χρυσοϋφεῖς· τὴν δʼ ὑπόδεσιν ἔχουσι σανδάλια ποικίλα φιλοτέχνως εἰργασμένα· χρυσοφοροῦσι δʼ ὁμοίως ταῖς γυναιξὶ πλὴν τῶν ἐνωτίων. προσεδρεύουσι δὲ μάλιστα ταῖς τῶν θεῶν θεραπείαις καὶ τοῖς περὶ τούτων ὕμνοις τε καὶ ἐγκωμίοις, μετʼ ᾠδῆς τὰς πράξεις αὐτῶν καὶ τὰς εἰς ἀνθρώπους εὐεργεσίας διαπορευόμενοι.
μυθολογοῦσι δʼ οἱ ἱερεῖς τὸ γένος αὐτοῖς ἐκ Κρήτης ὑπάρχειν, ὑπὸ Διὸς ἠγμένοις εἰς τὴν Παγχαίαν, ὅτε κατʼ ἀνθρώπους ὢν ἐβασίλευε τῆς οἰκουμένης· καὶ τούτων σημεῖα φέρουσι τῆς διαλέκτου, δεικνύντες τὰ πολλὰ διαμένειν παρʼ αὑτοῖς Κρητικῶς ὀνομαζόμενα· τήν τε πρὸς αὐτοὺς οἰκειότητα καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐκ προγόνων παρειληφέναι, τῆς φήμης ταύτης τοῖς ἐκγόνοις παραδιδομένης ἀεί. ἐδείκνυον δὲ καὶ ἀναγραφὰς τούτων, ἃς ἔφασαν τὸν Δία πεποιῆσθαι καθʼ ὃν καιρὸν ἔτι κατʼ ἀνθρώπους ὢν ἱδρύσατο τὸ ἱερόν.
The soldiers receive a pay which is apportioned to them and in return protect the land by means of forts and posts fixed at intervals; for there is one section of the country which is infested with robber bands, composed of bold and lawless men who lie in wait for the farmer and war upon them. And as for the priests, they far excel the rest in luxury and in every other refinement and elegance of their manner of life; so, for instance, their robes are of linen and exceptionally sheer and soft, and at times they wear garments woven of the softest wool; furthermore, their headdress is interwoven with gold, their footgear consists of sandals which are of varied colours and ingeniously worked, and they wear the same gold ornaments as do the women, with the exception of the earrings. The first duties of the priests concerned with the services paid to the gods and with the hymns and praises which are accorded them, and in them they recite in song the achievements of the gods one after another and the benefactions they have bestowed upon mankind. According to the myth which the priests give, the gods had their origin in Crete, and were led by Zeus to Panchaea at the time when he sojourned among men and was king of the inhabited earth. In proof of this they cite their language, pointing out that most of the things they have about them still retain their Cretan names; and they add that the kinship which they have with the Cretans and the kindly regard they feel toward them are traditions they received from their ancestors, since this report is ever handed down from one generation to another. And it has been their practice, in corroboration of these claims, to point to inscriptions which, they said, were made by Zeus during the time he still sojourned among men and founded the temple.
ἔχει δʼ ἡ χώρα μέταλλα δαψιλῆ χρυσοῦ τε καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ χαλκοῦ καὶ καττιτέρου καὶ σιδήρου· καὶ τούτων οὐδὲν ἔστιν ἐξενεγκεῖν ἐκ τῆς νήσου, τοῖς δʼ ἱερεῦσιν οὐδʼ ἐξελθεῖν τὸ παράπαν ἐκ τῆς καθιερωμένης χώρας· τὸν δʼ ἐξελθόντα ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ὁ περιτυχὼν ἀποκτεῖναι.
ἀναθήματα δὲ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀργυρᾶ πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα τοῖς θεοῖς ἀνάκειται, σεσωρευκότος τοῦ χρόνου τὸ πλῆθος τῶν καθιερωμένων ἀναθημάτων.
τά τε θυρώματα τοῦ ναοῦ θαυμαστὰς ἔχει τὰς κατασκευὰς ἐξ ἀργύρου καὶ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἐλέφαντος, ἔτι δὲ θύας δεδημιουργημένας. ἡ δὲ κλίνη τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ μὲν μῆκος ὑπάρχει πηχῶν ἕξ, τὸ δὲ πλάτος τεττάρων, χρυσῆ δʼ ὅλη καὶ τῇ κατὰ μέρος ἐργασίᾳ φιλοτέχνως κατεσκευασμένη.
παραπλήσιος δὲ καὶ ἡ τράπεζα τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῷ μεγέθει καὶ τῇ λοιπῇ πολυτελείᾳ παράκειται πλησίον τῆς κλίνης. κατὰ μέσην δὲ τὴν κλίνην ἕστηκε στήλη χρυσῆ μεγάλη, γράμματα ἔχουσα τὰ παρʼ Αἰγυπτίοις ἱερὰ καλούμενα, δι’ ὧν ἦσαν αἱ πράξεις Οὐρανοῦ τε καὶ Διὸς ἀναγεγραμμέναι, καὶ μετὰ ταύτας αἱ Ἀρτέμιδος καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος ὑφʼ Ἑρμοῦ προσαναγεγραμμέναι. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῆς Ἀραβίας ἐν ὠκεανῷ νήσων ἀρκεσθησόμεθα τοῖς ῥηθεῖσι.
The land possesses rich mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, and iron, but none of these metals is allowed to be taken from the island; nor may the priests for any reason whatsoever set foot outside of the hallowed land, and if one of them does so, whoever meets him is authorized to slay him. There are many great dedications of gold and of silver which have been made to the gods, since time has amassed the multitude of such offerings. The doorways of the temple are objects of wonder in their construction, being worked in silver and gold and ivory and citrus-wood. And there is the couch of the god, which is six cubits long and four wide and is entirely of gold and skillfully constructed in every detail of its workmanship. Similar to it both in size and in costliness in general is the table of the god which stands near the couch. And on the centre of the couch stands a large gold stele which carries letters which the Egyptians call sacred, and the inscription recounts the deeds both of Uranus and of Zeus; and to them there were added by Hermes the deeds also of Artemis and of Apollo.
As regards the islands, then, which lie in the ocean opposite Arabia, we shall rest content with what has been said.
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