ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐπεὶ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς Γαλάτας καὶ τοὺς Κελτίβηρας, ἔτι δʼ Ἴβηρας διήλθομεν, ἐπὶ τοὺς Λίγυας μεταβησόμεθα. οὗτοι γὰρ νέμονται μὲν χώραν τραχεῖαν καὶ παντελῶς λυπράν, τοῖς δὲ πόνοις καὶ ταῖς κατὰ τὴν λειτουργίαν συνεχέσι κακοπαθείαις ἐπίπονόν τινα βίον καὶ ἀτυχῆ ζῶσι.
καταδένδρου γὰρ τῆς χώρας οὔσης, οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν ὑλοτομοῦσι δι’ ὅλης τῆς ἡμέρας σιδηροφοροῦντες ἐνεργοὺς πελέκεις καὶ βαρεῖς, οἱ δὲ τὴν γῆν ἐργαζόμενοι τὸ πλέον πέτρας λατομοῦσι διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς τραχύτητος· οὐδεμίαν γὰρ βῶλον τοῖς ἐργαλείοις ἀνασπῶσιν ἄνευ λίθου. καὶ τοιαύτην ἔχοντες ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις κακοπάθειαν τῇ συνεχείᾳ περιγίνονται τῆς φύσεως, καὶ πολλὰ μοχθήσαντες ὀλίγους καρποὺς καὶ μόγις λαμβάνουσι. διὰ δὲ τὴν συνέχειαν τῶν γυμνασιῶν καὶ τὸ τῆς τροφῆς ἐλλιπὲς τοῖς σώμασιν ὑπάρχουσιν ἰσχνοὶ καὶ εὔτονοι. πρὸς δὲ τὴν κακοπάθειαν ταύτην συνεργοὺς ἔχουσι τὰς γυναῖκας, εἰθισμένας ἐπʼ ἴσης τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἐργάζεσθαι.
κυνηγίας δὲ ποιοῦνται συνεχεῖς, ἐν αἷς πολλὰ τῶν θηρίων χειρούμενοι τὴν ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν σπάνιν διορθοῦνται. διόπερ ἐμβιοῦντες ὄρεσι χιονοβολουμένοις καὶ τραχύτητας ἀπίστους ὀρειβατεῖν εἰωθότες, εὔτονοι καὶ μυώδεις γίνονται τοῖς σώμασιν.
ἔνιοι δὲ διὰ τὴν παρʼ αὐτοῖς σπανοκαρπίαν πίνουσι μὲν ὕδωρ, σαρκοφαγοῦσι δὲ τὰς τῶν ἡμέρων τε καὶ ἀγρίων ζῴων σάρκας καὶ τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας λαχάνων ἐμπίμπλανται, τὴν χώραν ἔχοντες ἄβατον τοῖς προσφιλεστάτοις τῶν θεῶν Δήμητρι καὶ Διονύσῳ.
νυκτερεύουσι δʼ ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας σπανίως μὲν ἔν τισιν εὐτελέσιν ἐπαύλεσιν ἢ καλιαῖς, τὰ δὲ πολλὰ ἐν ταῖς κοίλαις πέτραις καὶ σπηλαίοις αὐτοφυέσι καὶ δυναμένοις σκέπην ἱκανὴν παρέχεσθαι.
Since we have discussed the Gauls, the Celtiberians, and the Iberians, we shall pass on to the Ligurians. The Ligurians inhabit a land which is stony and altogether wretched, and the life they live is, by reason of the toils and the continuous hardships they endure in their labour, a grievous one and unfortunate. For the land being thickly wooded, some of them fell the wood the whole day long, equipped with efficient and heavy axes, and others, whose task it is to prepare the ground, do in fact for the larger part quarry out rocks by reason of the exceeding stoniness of the land; for their tools never dig up a clod without a stone. Since their labour entails such hardship as this, it is only by perseverance that they surmount Nature and that after many distresses they gather scanty harvests, and no more. By reason of their continued physical activity and minimum of nourishment the Ligurians are slender and vigorous of body. To aid them in their hardships they have their women, who have become accustomed to labour on an equal basis with the men. They are continually hunting, whereby they get abundant game and compensate in this way for the lack of the fruits of the field. Consequently, spending their lives as they do on snow-covered mountains, where they are used to traversing unbelievably rugged places, they become vigorous and muscular of body. Some of the Ligurians, because of the lack among them of the fruits of the earth, drink nothing but water, and they eat the flesh of both domestic and wild animals and fill themselves with the green things which grow in the land, the land they possess being untrodden by the most kindly of the gods, namely, Demeter and Dionysus.
The nights the Ligurians spend in the fields, rarely in a kind of crude shanty or hut, more often in the hollows of rocks and natural caves which may offer them sufficient protection.
ἀκολούθως δὲ τούτοις καὶ τἄλλα ποιοῦσι, διαφυλάττοντες τὸν ἀρχαῖον καὶ ἀκατάσκευον βίον. καθόλου δʼ ἐν τοῖς τόποις αἱ μὲν γυναῖκες ἀνδρῶν, οἱ δʼ ἄνδρες θηρίων ἔχουσιν εὐτονίαν καὶ ἀλκήν. πολλάκις γοῦν φασιν ἐν ταῖς στρατείαις τὸν μέγιστον τῶν Γαλατῶν ὑπὸ Λίγυος ἰσχνοῦ παντελῶς ἐκ προκλήσεως μονομαχήσαντα ἀνῃρῆσθαι.
ὁπλισμὸν δʼ ἔχουσιν οἱ Λίγυες ἐλαφρότερον τῶν Ῥωμαίων τῇ κατασκευῇ· σκεπάζει γὰρ αὐτοὺς παραμήκης θυρεὸς εἰς τὸν Γαλατικὸν ῥυθμὸν δεδημιουργημένος καὶ χιτὼν συνειλημμένος ζωστῆρι, καὶ περιτίθενται θηρίων δορὰς καὶ ξίφος σύμμετρον· τινὲς δʼ αὐτῶν διὰ τὴν ἐπιμιξίαν τῆς Ῥωμαίων πολιτείας μετεσχημάτισαν τὸν ὁπλισμόν, ἐξομοιοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς ἡγουμένοις.
θρασεῖς δʼ εἰσὶ καὶ γενναῖοι οὐ μόνον εἰς πόλεμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐν τῷ βίῳ περιστάσεις τὰς ἐχούσας δεινότητας. ἐμπορευόμενοι γὰρ πλέουσι τὸ Σαρδόνιον καὶ τὸ Λιβυκὸν πέλαγος, ἑτοίμως ἑαυτοὺς ῥιπτοῦντες εἰς ἀβοηθήτους κινδύνους· σκάφεσι γὰρ χρώμενοι τῶν σχεδιῶν εὐτελεστέροις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς κατὰ ναῦν χρησίμοις ἥκιστα κατεσκευασμένοις ὑπομένουσι τὰς ἐκ τῶν χειμώνων φοβερωτάτας περιστάσεις καταπληκτικῶς.
In pursuance of these habits they have also other practices wherein they preserve the manner of life which is primitive and lacking in implements. Speaking generally, in these regions the women possess the vigour and might of men, and the men those of wild beasts. Indeed, they say that often times in campaigns the mightiest warrior among the Gauls has been challenged to single combat by a quite slender Ligurian and slain. The weapons of the Ligurians are lighter in their structure than those of the Romans; for their protection is a long shield, worked in the Gallic fashion, and a shirt gathered in with a belt, and about them they throw the skins of wild animals and carry a sword of moderate size; but some of them, now that they have been incorporated in the Roman state, have changed the type of their weapons, adapting themselves to their rulers. And they are venturesome and of noble spirit, not only in war, but in those circumstances of life which offer terrifying hardships or perils. As traders, for instance, they sail over the Sardinian and Libyan seas, readily casting themselves into dangers from which there is no succour; for although the vessels they use are more cheaply fashioned than make-shift boats and their equipment is the minimum of that usual on ships, yet to one’s astonishment and terror they will face the most fearful conditions which storms create.
λείπεται δʼ ἡμῖν εἰπεῖν περὶ τῶν Τυρρηνῶν. οὗτοι γὰρ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἀνδρείᾳ διενεγκόντες χώραν πολλὴν κατεκτήσαντο καὶ πόλεις ἀξιολόγους καὶ πολλὰς ἔκτισαν. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ναυτικαῖς δυνάμεσιν ἰσχύσαντες καὶ πολλοὺς χρόνους θαλαττοκρατήσαντες τὸ μὲν παρὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πέλαγος ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν ἐποίησαν Τυρρηνικὸν προσαγορευθῆναι, τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πεζὰς δυνάμεις ἐκπονήσαντες τήν τε σάλπιγγα λεγομένην ἐξεῦρον, εὐχρηστοτάτην μὲν εἰς τοὺς πολέμους, ἀπʼ ἐκείνων δʼ ὀνομασθεῖσαν Τυρρηνήν, τό τε περὶ τοὺς ἡγουμένους στρατηγοὺς ἀξίωμα κατεσκεύασαν, περιθέντες τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ῥαβδούχους καὶ δίφρον ἐλεφάντινον καὶ περιπόρφυρον τήβενναν, ἔν τε ταῖς οἰκίαις τὰ περίστῳα πρὸς τὰς τῶν θεραπευόντων ὄχλων ταραχὰς ἐξεῦρον εὐχρηστίαν· ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα Ῥωμαῖοι μιμησάμενοι καὶ πρὸς τὸ κάλλιον αὐξήσαντες μετήνεγκαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἰδίαν πολιτείαν.
γράμματα δὲ καὶ φυσιολογίαν καὶ θεολογίαν ἐξεπόνησαν ἐπὶ πλέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν κεραυνοσκοπίαν μάλιστα πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐξειργάσαντο· διὸ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νῦν χρόνων οἱ τῆς οἰκουμένης σχεδὸν ὅλης ἡγούμενοι θαυμάζουσί τε τοὺς ἄνδρας καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τοῖς κεραυνοῖς διοσημείας τούτοις ἐξηγηταῖς χρῶνται.
It remains for us now to speak of the Tyrrhenians. This people, excelling as they did in manly vigour, in ancient times possessed great territory and founded many notable cities. Likewise, because they also availed themselves of powerful naval forces and were masters of the sea over a long period, they caused the sea along Italy to be named Tyrrhenian after them; and because they also perfected the organization of land forces, they were the inventors of the salpinx, as it is called, a discovery of the greatest usefulness for war and named after them the “Tyrrhenian trumpet.” They were also the authors of that dignity which surrounds rulers, providing their rulers with lictors and an ivory stool and a toga with a purple band; and in connection with their houses they invented the peristyle, a useful device for avoiding the confusion connected with the attending throngs; and these things were adopted for the most part by the Romans, who added to their embellishment and transferred them to their own political institutions. Letters, and the teaching about Nature and the gods they also brought to greater perfection, and they elaborated the art of divination by thunder and lightning more than all other men; and it is for this reason that the people who rule practically the entire inhabited world show honour to these men even to this day and employ them as interpreters of the omens of Zeus as they appear in thunder and lightning.
χώραν δὲ νεμόμενοι πάμφορον, καὶ ταύτην ἐξεργαζόμενοι, καρπῶν ἀφθονίαν ἔχουσιν οὐ μόνον πρὸς τὴν ἀρκοῦσαν διατροφήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν δαψιλῆ καὶ τρυφὴν ἀνήκουσαν. παρατίθενται γὰρ δὶς τῆς ἡμέρας τραπέζας πολυτελεῖς καὶ τἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν τρυφὴν οἰκεῖα, στρωμνὰς μὲν ἀνθεινὰς κατασκευάζοντες, ἐκπωμάτων δʼ ἀργυρῶν παντοδαπῶν πλῆθος καὶ τῶν διακονούντων οἰκετῶν οὐκ ὀλίγον ἀριθμὸν ἡτοιμακότες· καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφέροντές εἰσιν, οἱ δʼ ἐσθῆσι πολυτελεστέραις ἢ κατὰ δουλικὴν ἀξίαν κεκόσμηνται.
οἰκήσεις τε παντοδαπὰς ἰδιαζούσας ἔχουσι παρʼ αὐτοῖς οὐ μόνον οἱ θεράποντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐλευθέρων οἱ πλείους. καθόλου δὲ τὴν μὲν ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων παρʼ αὐτοῖς ζηλουμένην ἀλκὴν ἀποβεβλήκασιν, ἐν πότοις δὲ καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαις ἀνάνδροις βιοῦντες οὐκ ἀλόγως τὴν τῶν πατέρων δόξαν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις ἀποβεβλήκασι.
συνεβάλετο δʼ αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὴν τρυφὴν οὐκ ἐλάχιστον καὶ ἡ τῆς χώρας ἀρετή· πάμφορον γὰρ καὶ παντελῶς εὔγειον νεμόμενοι παντὸς καρποῦ πλῆθος ἀποθησαυρίζουσιν. καθόλου γὰρ ἡ Τυρρηνία παντελῶς εὔγειος οὖσα πεδίοις ἀναπεπταμένοις ἐγκάθηται καὶ βουνοειδέσιν ἀναστήμασι τόπων διείληπται γεωργησίμοις· ὑγρὰ δὲ μετρίως ἐστὶν οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν χειμερινὴν ὥραν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸν τοῦ θέρους καιρόν.
The land the Tyrrhenians inhabit bears every crop, and from the intensive cultivation of it they enjoy no lack of fruits, not only sufficient for their sustenance but contributing to abundant enjoyment and luxury. For example, twice each day they spread costly tables and upon them everything that is appropriate to excessive luxury, providing gay-coloured couches and having ready at hand a multitude of silver drinking-cups of every description and servants-in-waiting in no small number; and these attendants are some of them of exceeding comeliness and others are arrayed in clothing more costly than befits the station of a slave. Their dwellings are of every description and of individuality, those not only of their magistrates but of the majority of the free men as well. And, speaking generally, they have now renounced the spirit which was emulated by their forebears from ancient times, and passing their lives as they do in drinking-bouts and unmanly amusements, it is easily understood how they have lost the glory in warfare which their fathers possessed. Not the least of the things which have contributed to their luxury is the fertility of the land; for since it bears every product of the soil and is altogether fertile, the Tyrrhenians lay up great stores of every kind of fruit. In general, indeed, Tyrrhenia, being altogether fertile, lies in extended open fields and is traversed at intervals by areas which rise up like hills and yet are fit for tillage; and it enjoys moderate rainfall not only in the winter season but in the summer as well.
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