ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐπεὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Αἰολίδας νήσους διήλθομεν, ἐν μέρει τὰς ἐκ θατέρου μέρους νήσους κειμένας ἀναγραφῆς ἀξιώσομεν. τῆς γὰρ Σικελίας ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ μεσημβρίαν μέρους νῆσοι τρεῖς πρόκεινται πελάγιαι, καὶ τούτων ἑκάστη πόλιν ἔχει καὶ λιμένας δυναμένους τοῖς χειμαζομένοις σκάφεσι παρέχεσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.
καὶ πρώτη μέν ἐστιν ἡ προσαγορευομένη Μελίτη, τῶν Συρακουσῶν ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ὡς ὀκτακοσίους, καὶ λιμένας μὲν ἔχει πολλοὺς καὶ διαφόρους ταῖς εὐχρηστίαις, τοὺς δὲ κατοικοῦντας ταῖς οὐσίαις εὐδαίμονας· τεχνίτας τε γὰρ ἔχει παντοδαποὺς ταῖς ἐργασίαις, κρατίστους δὲ τοὺς ὀθόνια ποιοῦντας τῇ τε λεπτότητι καὶ τῇ μαλακότητι διαπρεπῆ, τάς τε οἰκήσεις ἀξιολόγους καὶ κατεσκευασμένας φιλοτίμως γείσσοις καὶ κονιάμασι περιττότερον.
ἔστι δʼ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη Φοινίκων ἄποικος, οἳ ταῖς ἐμπορίαις διατείνοντες μέχρι τοῦ κατὰ τὴν δύσιν ὠκεανοῦ καταφυγὴν εἶχον ταύτην, εὐλίμενον οὖσαν καὶ κειμένην πελαγίαν· διʼ ἣν αἰτίαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες αὐτὴν εὐχρηστούμενοι κατὰ πολλὰ διὰ τοὺς ἐμπόρους ταχὺ τοῖς τε βίοις ἀνέδραμον καὶ ταῖς δόξαις ηὐξήθησαν.
μετὰ δὲ ταύτην τὴν νῆσόν ἐστιν ἑτέρα τὴν μὲν προσηγορίαν ἔχουσα Γαῦλος, πελαγία δὲ καὶ λιμέσιν εὐκαίροις κεκοσμημένη, Φοινίκων ἄποικος. ἑξῆς δʼ ἐστὶ Κέρκινα, πρὸς τὴν Λιβύην νενευκυῖα, πόλιν ἔχουσα σύμμετρον καὶ λιμένας εὐχρηστοτάτους, οὐ μόνον ταῖς ἐμπόροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς μακραῖς ναυσὶν εὐθετοῦντας. ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν μεσημβρίαν νήσων εἰρήκαμεν, ἐπάνιμεν πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰς ἑξῆς τῇ Λιπάρᾳ νήσους τὰς κειμένας κατὰ τὸ Τυρρηνικὸν καλούμενον πέλαγος.
But for our part, since we have set forth the facts concerning the islands of the Aeolides, we shall consider it appropriate to make mention in turn of the islands which lie on the other side. For off the south of Sicily three islands lie out in the sea, and each of them possesses a city and harbours which can offer safety to ships which are in stress of weather. The first one is that called Melitê, which lies about eight hundred stades from Syracuse, and it possesses many harbours which offer exceptional advantages, and its inhabitants are blest in their possessions; for it has artisans skilled in every manner of craft, the most important being those who weave linen, which is remarkably sheer and soft, and the dwellings on the island are worthy of note, being ambitiously constructed with cornices and finished in stucco with unusual workmanship. This island is a colony planted by the Phoenicians, who, as they extended their trade to the western ocean, found in it a place of safe retreat, since it was well supplied with harbours and lay out in the open sea; and this is the reason why the inhabitants of this island, since they received assistance in many respects through the sea-merchants, shot up quickly in their manner of living and increased in renown.
After this island there is a second which bears the name of Gaulus, lying out in the open sea and adorned with well-situated harbours, a Phoenician colony. Next comes Cercina, facing Libya, which has a modest city and most serviceable harbours which have accommodations not only for merchant vessels but even for ships of war.
But now that we have spoken of the islands which are to the south of Sicily, we shall turn back to those which follow upon Lipara and lie in the sea which is known as the Tyrrhenian.
τῆς γὰρ Τυρρηνίας κατὰ τὴν ὀνομαζομένην πόλιν Ποπλώνιον νῆσός ἐστιν, ἣν ὀνομάζουσιν Αἰθάλειαν. αὕτη δὲ τῆς παραλίας ἀπέχουσα σταδίους ὡς ἑκατὸν τὴν μὲν προσηγορίαν εἴληφεν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τοῦ κατʼ αὐτὴν αἰθάλου. πέτραν γὰρ ἔχει πολλὴν σιδηρῖτιν, ἣν τέμνουσιν ἐπὶ τὴν χωνείαν καὶ κατασκευὴν τοῦ σιδήρου, πολλὴν ἔχοντες τοῦ μετάλλου δαψίλειαν. οἱ γὰρ ταῖς ἐργασίαις προσεδρεύοντες κόπτουσι τὴν πέτραν καὶ τοὺς τμηθέντας λίθους κάουσιν ἔν τισι φιλοτέχνοις καμίνοις· ἐν δὲ ταύταις τῷ πλήθει τοῦ πυρὸς τήκοντες τοὺς λίθους καταμερίζουσιν εἰς μεγέθη σύμμετρα, παραπλήσια ταῖς ἰδέαις μεγάλοις σπόγγοις.
ταῦτα συναγοράζοντες ἔμποροι καὶ μεταβαλλόμενοι κομίζουσιν εἴς τε Δικαιάρχειαν καὶ εἰς τἄλλα ἐμπόρια. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ φορτία τινὲς ὠνούμενοι καὶ τεχνιτῶν χαλκέων πλῆθος ἀθροίζοντες κατεργάζονται, καὶ ποιοῦσι σιδήρου πλάσματα παντοδαπὰ. τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν εἰς ὅπλων τύπους χαλκεύουσι, τὰ δὲ πρὸς δικελλῶν καὶ δρεπάνων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐργαλείων εὐθέτους τύπους φιλοτεχνοῦσιν· ὧν κομιζομένων ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμπόρων εἰς πάντα τόπον πολλὰ μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης μεταλαμβάνει τῆς ἐκ τούτων εὐχρηστίας.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν Αἰθάλειαν νῆσός ἐστιν ἀπέχουσα μὲν ταύτης ὡς τριακοσίους σταδίους, ὀνομάζεται δὲ ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν Ἑλλήνων Κύρνος, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν ἐγχωρίων Κόρσικα. αὕτη δʼ ἡ νῆσος εὐπροσόρμιστος οὖσα κάλλιστον ἔχει λιμένα τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Συρακόσιον. ὑπάρχουσι δʼ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ πόλεις ἀξιόλογοι δύο, καὶ τούτων ἡ μὲν Κάλαρις, ἡ δὲ Νίκαια προσαγορεύεται.
Off the city of Tyrrhenia known as Poplonium there is an island which men call Aethaleia. It is about one hundred stades distant from the coast and received the name it bears from the smoke (aithalos) which lies so thick about it. For the island possesses a great amount of iron-rock, which they quarry in order to melt and cast and thus to secure the iron, and they possess a great abundance of this ore. For those who are engaged in the working of this ore crush the rock and burn the lumps which have thus been broken in certain ingenious furnaces; and in these they smelt the lumps by means of a great fire and form them into pieces of moderate size which are in their appearance like large sponges. These are purchased by merchants in exchange either for money or for goods and are then taken to Dicaearchia or the other trading-stations, where there are men who purchase such cargoes and who, with the aid of a multitude of artisans in metal whom they have collected, work it further and manufacture iron objects of every description. Some of these are worked into the shape of armour, and others are ingeniously fabricated into shapes well suited for two-pronged forks and sickles and other such tools; and these are then carried by merchants to every region and thus many parts of the inhabited world have a share in the usefulness which accrues from them.
After Aethaleia there is an island, some three hundred stades distant, which is called Cyrnus by the Greeks, but Corsica by the Romans and those who dwell upon it. This island, being easy to land on, has a most excellent harbour which is called Syracosium. There are also on it two notable cities, the one being known as Calaris and the other as Nicaea.
τούτων δὲ τὴν μὲν Κάλαριν Φωκαεῖς ἔκτισαν, καὶ χρόνον τινὰ κατοικήσαντες ὑπὸ Τυρρηνῶν ἐξεβλήθησαν ἐκ τῆς νήσου. τὴν δὲ Νίκαιαν ἔκτισαν Τυρρηνοὶ θαλαττοκρατοῦντες καὶ τὰς κατὰ τὴν Τυρρηνίαν κειμένας νήσους ἰδιοποιούμενοι. ἐπὶ δέ τινας χρόνους τῶν ἐν τῇ Κύρνῳ πόλεων κυριεύοντες ἐλάμβανον παρὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων φόρους ῥητίνην καὶ κηρὸν καὶ μέλι, φυομένων τούτων δαψιλῶν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ.
τὰ δʼ ἀνδράποδα τὰ Κύρνια διαφέρειν δοκεῖ τῶν ἄλλων δούλων εἰς τὰς κατὰ τὸν βίον χρείας, φυσικῆς ταύτης τῆς ἰδιότητος παρακολουθούσης. ἡ δʼ ὅλη νῆσος εὐμεγέθης οὖσα πολλὴν τῆς χώρας ὀρεινὴν ἔχει, πεπυκασμένην δρυμοῖς συνεχέσι καὶ ποταμοῖς διαρρεομένην μικροῖς.
Calaris was founded by Phocaeans, who made their home there for a time and were then driven out of the island by Tyrrhenians; but Nicaea was founded by Tyrrhenians at the time they were masters of the sea and were taking possession of the islands lying off Tyrrhenia. They were lords of the cities of Cyrnus for a considerable period and exacted tribute of the inhabitants in the form of resin, wax, and honey, since these things were found in the island in abundance. Slaves from Cyrnus are reputed to be superior to all others for every service which the life of man demands, nature herself giving them this characteristic. And the entire island, which is of great extent, has mountainous land over much of its area, which is thickly covered with continuous forests and traversed by small rivers.
οἱ δʼ ἐγχώριοι τροφαῖς μὲν χρῶνται γάλακτι καὶ μέλιτι καὶ κρέασι, δαψιλῶς πάντα ταῦτα παρεχομένης τῆς χώρας, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους βιοῦσιν ἐπιεικῶς καὶ δικαίως παρὰ πάντας σχεδὸν τοὺς ἄλλους βαρβάρους· τά τε γὰρ κατὰ τὴν ὀρεινὴν ἐν τοῖς δένδρεσιν εὑρισκόμενα κηρία τῶν πρώτων εὑρισκόντων ἐστί, μηδενὸς ἀμφισβητοῦντος, τά τε πρόβατα σημείοις διειλημμένα, κἂν μηδεὶς φυλάττῃ, σώζεται τοῖς κεκτημένοις, ἔν τε ταῖς ἄλλαις ταῖς ἐν τῷ βίῳ κατὰ μέρος οἰκονομίαις θαυμαστῶς προτιμῶσι τὸ δικαιοπραγεῖν.
παραδοξότατον δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ παρʼ αὐτοῖς γινόμενον κατὰ τὰς τῶν τέκνων γενέσεις· ὅταν γὰρ ἡ γυνὴ τέκῃ, ταύτης μὲν οὐδεμία γίνεται περὶ τὴν λοχείαν ἐπιμέλεια, ὁ δʼ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς ἀναπεσὼν ὡς νοσῶν λοχεύεται τακτὰς ἡμέρας, ὡς τοῦ σώματος αὐτῷ κακοπαθοῦντος·
φύεται δὲ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ταύτην καὶ πύξος πλείστη καὶ διάφορος, διʼ ἣν καὶ τὸ μέλι τὸ γινόμενον ἐν ταύτῃ παντελῶς γίνεται πικρόν. κατοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτὴν βάρβαροι, τὴν διάλεκτον ἔχοντες ἐξηλλαγμένην καὶ δυσκατανόητον· τὸν δʼ ἀριθμὸν ὑπάρχουσιν ὑπὲρ τοὺς τρισμυρίους.
The inhabitants of Cyrnus use for their food milk and honey and meat, the land providing all these in abundance, and among themselves they live lives of honour and justice, to a degree surpassing practically all other barbarians. Any honeycomb, for instance, which may be found in the trees on the mountainside belongs to the first man to find it, no one disputing his claim; their cattle are distinguished by brands, and even though no man may watch over them, they are still kept safe for their owners; and in their other ways of living one and all it is astonishing how they revere uprightness before everything else. But the most amazing thing which takes place among them is connected with the birth of their children; for when the wife is about to give birth she is the object of no concern as regards her delivery, but it is her husband who takes to his bed, as though sick, and he practises couvade for a specified number of days, feigning that his body is in pain. There also grows in this island box-wood in great abundance and of excellent quality, and it is due to it that the honey of the island is altogether bitter. And the island is inhabited by barbarians who have a language which is different from others and hard to understand, and they are in number more than thirty thousand.
ἐχομένη δὲ ταύτης ἐστὶ νῆσος ἡ προσαγορευομένη Σαρδώ, τῷ μὲν μεγέθει παραπλήσιος τῇ Σικελίᾳ, κατοικουμένη δʼ ὑπὸ βαρβάρων τῶν ὀνομαζομένων Ἰολαείων, οὓς νομίζουσιν ἀπογόνους εἶναι τῶν μετὰ Ἰολάου καὶ τῶν Θεσπιαδῶν κατοικησάντων. κατὰ γὰρ τοὺς χρόνους ἐν οἷς Ἡρακλῆς τοὺς διαβεβοημένους ἄθλους ἐτέλει, παίδων ὄντων αὐτῷ πολλῶν ἐκ τῶν Θεσπίου θυγατέρων, τούτους Ἡρακλῆς κατά τινα χρησμὸν ἐξαπέστειλεν εἰς Σαρδὼ καὶ μετʼ αὐτῶν δύναμιν ἀξιόλογον Ἑλλήνων τε καὶ βαρβάρων ἐπὶ τὴν ἀποικίαν.
ταύτης δὲ προεστηκὼς Ἰόλαος ὁ ἀδελφιδοῦς Ἡρακλέους καταλαβόμενος ᾤκισεν ἐν αὐτῇ πόλεις ἀξιολόγους, καὶ τὴν χώραν κατακληρουχήσας τοὺς μὲν λαοὺς προσηγόρευσεν ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ Ἰολαείους, κατεσκεύασε δὲ καὶ γυμνάσια καὶ θεῶν ναοὺς καὶ τἄλλα πάντα τὰ πρὸς βίον ἀνθρώπων εὐδαίμονα, ὧν ὑπομνήματα μέχρι τῶνδε τῶν καιρῶν διαμένει· τὰ μὲν γὰρ κάλλιστα πεδία τὴν προσηγορίαν ἀπʼ ἐκείνου λαβόντα Ἰολάεια καλεῖται, τὸ δὲ πλῆθος μέχρι τοῦ νῦν φυλάττει τὴν ἀπὸ Ἰολάου προσηγορίαν.
τοῦ δὲ περὶ τῆς ἀποικίας χρησμοῦ περιέχοντος ὅτι τοῖς τῆς ἀποικίας ταύτης κοινωνήσασι διαμενεῖ τὰ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα, συνέβη τὸν χρησμὸν παραδόξως μέχρι τοῦ νῦν αὐτονομίαν τοῖς ἐγχωρίοις ἀσάλευτον φυλάξαι.
Adjoining Cyrnus is an island which is called Sardinia, and in size it is about the equal of Sicily and is inhabited by barbarians who bear the name of Iolaës and are thought to be descendants of the men who settled there along with Iolaüs and the Thespiadae. For at the time when Heracles was accomplishing his famous Labours he had many sons by the daughters of Thespius, and these Heracles dispatched to Sardinia, in accordance with a certain oracle, sending along with them a notable force composed of both Greeks and barbarians, in order to plant a colony. Iolaüs, the nephew of Heracles, was in charge of the undertaking, and taking possession of the island he founded in it notable cities, and when he had divided the land into allotments he called the folk of the colony Iolaës after himself; and he also constructed gymnasia and temples to the gods and everything else which contributes to making happy the life of man, memorials of this remaining even to this day; since the fairest plains there derive their name from him and are called “Iolaeia,” and the whole body of the people preserve to the present the name which they took from Iolaüs.
Now the oracle regarding the colony contained also the promise that the participants in this colony should maintain their freedom for all time, and it has indeed come to pass that the oracle, contrary to what one would expect, has preserved autonomy for the natives unshaken to this day.
καρχηδόνιοί τε γὰρ ἐπὶ πλέον ἰσχύσαντες καὶ τῆς νήσου κρατήσαντες οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν τοὺς προκατασχόντας τὴν νῆσον καταδουλώσασθαι, ἀλλʼ οἱ μὲν Ἰολάειοι καταφυγόντες εἰς τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ καταγείους οἰκήσεις κατασκευάσαντες ἔτρεφον πολλὰς ἀγέλας βοσκημάτων, ὧν παρεχομένων δαψιλεῖς τροφὰς ἠρκοῦντο προσφερόμενοι γάλα καὶ τυρὸν καὶ κρέα, καὶ τῆς μὲν πεδιάδος γῆς ἐκχωρήσαντες τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἐργασίας κακοπάθειαν ἐξέκλιναν, τὴν δʼ ὀρεινὴν νεμόμενοι καὶ βίον ἔχοντες ἄμοιρον κακοπαθείας ταῖς προειρημέναις τροφαῖς διετέλεσαν χρώμενοι.
τῶν δὲ Καρχηδονίων πολλάκις ἀξιολόγοις δυνάμεσι στρατευσάντων ἐπʼ αὐτούς, διὰ τὰς δυσχωρίας καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς καταγείοις δυστραπέλειαν διέμειναν ἀδούλωτοι. τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον Ῥωμαίων ἐπικρατούντων καὶ πολλάκις ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς στρατευσάντων, διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας ἀχείρωτοι πολεμίᾳ δυνάμει διέμειναν.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ κατὰ τοὺς ἀρχαίους χρόνους Ἰόλαος μὲν συγκατασκευάσας τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀποικίαν ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα, οἱ δὲ Θεσπιάδαι τῆς νήσου προεστῶτες ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεὰς τὸ τελευταῖον ἐξέπεσον εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν, καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐν τοῖς κατὰ Κύμην τόποις, τὸ δʼ ἄλλο πλῆθος ἐκβαρβαρωθὲν καὶ προστησάμενον ἐκ τῶν ἐγχωρίων τοὺς ἀρίστους ἡγεμόνας διεφύλαξε τὴν ἐλευθερίαν μέχρι τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνων.
Thus the Carthaginians, though their power extended far and they subdued the island, were not able to enslave its former possessors, but the Iolaës fled for safety to the mountainous part of the island and built underground dwellings, and here they raised many flocks and herds which supplied them with food in abundance, so that they were able to maintain themselves on a diet of milk and cheese and meat; and since they had retired from the plain country, they avoided the hardship which accompanies labour, but ranged over the mountainous part of the island and led a life which had no share in hardship, in that they continued to use the foods mentioned above. And although the Carthaginians made war upon them many times with considerable armies, yet because of the rugged nature of the country and the difficulty of dealing with their dug-out dwellings the people remained unenslaved. Last of all, when the Romans conquered the island and oftentimes made war on them, they remained unsubdued by the troops of an enemy for the reasons we have mentioned. In the early period, however, Iolaüs, after helping to establish the affairs of the colony, returned to Greece, but the Thespiadae were the chief men of the island for many generations, until finally they were driven out into Italy, where they settled in the region of Cymê; the mass of the colonists who were left behind became barbarized, and choosing the best among the natives to be their chieftains, they have maintained their freedom down to our own day.
ἡμεῖς δʼ ἀρκούντως εἰρηκότες περὶ τῆς Σαρδόνος διέξιμεν περὶ τῶν ἑξῆς κειμένων νήσων. μετὰ γὰρ τὰς προειρημένας νῆσός ἐστιν ὀνομαζομένη μὲν Πιτυοῦσσα, τὴν δὲ προσηγορίαν ἔχουσα ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν κατʼ αὐτὴν φυομένων πιτύων. πελαγία δʼ οὖσα διέστηκεν ἀπὸ μὲν Ἡρακλέους στηλῶν πλοῦν ἡμερῶν τριῶν καὶ τῶν ἴσων νυκτῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ Λιβύης ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός, ἀπὸ δʼ Ἰβηρίας μιᾶς ἡμέρας· κατὰ δὲ τὸ μέγεθος παραπλήσιός ἐστι Κορκύρᾳ.
κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἀρετὴν οὖσα μετρία τὴν μὲν ἀμπελόφυτον χώραν ὀλίγην ἔχει, τὰς δʼ ἐλαίας ἐμπεφυτευμένας ἐν τοῖς κοτίνοις. τῶν δὲ φυομένων ἐν αὐτῇ καλλιστεύειν φασὶ τὴν μαλακότητα τῶν ἐρίων. διειλημμένη δὲ πεδίοις ἀξιολόγοις καὶ γεωλόφοις πόλιν ἔχει τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Ἔρεσον, ἄποικον Καρχηδονίων.
ἔχει δὲ καὶ λιμένας ἀξιολόγους καὶ τειχῶν κατασκευὰς εὐμεγέθεις καὶ οἰκιῶν πλῆθος εὖ κατασκευασμένων. κατοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτὴν βάρβαροι παντοδαποί, πλεῖστοι δὲ Φοίνικες. ὁ δʼ ἀποικισμὸς αὐτῆς γέγονεν ὕστερον ἔτεσιν ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα τῆς κατὰ τὴν Καρχηδόνα κτίσεως.
But now that we have spoken about Sardinia at sufficient length we shall discuss the islands in the order in which they lie. After those we have mentioned there comes first an island called Pityussa, the name being due to the multitude of pine-trees (pityes) which grow throughout it. It lies out in the open sea and is distant from the Pillars of Heracles a voyage of three days and as many nights, from Libya a day and a night, and from Iberia one day; and in size it is about as large as Corcyra. The island is only moderately fertile, possessing little land that is suitable for the vine, but it has olive trees which are engrafted upon the wild olive. And of all the products of the island, they say that the softness of its wool stands first in excellence. The island is broken up at intervals by notable plains and highlands and has a city named Eresus, a colony of the Carthaginians. And it also possesses excellent harbours, huge walls, and a multitude of well-constructed houses. Its inhabitants consist of barbarians of every nationality, but Phoenicians preponderate. The date of the founding of the colony falls one hundred and sixty years after the settlement of Carthage.
ἄλλαι δʼ ὑπάρχουσι νῆσοι κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῆς Ἰβηρίας, ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὀνομαζόμεναι Γυμνήσιαι διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας γυμνοὺς τῆς ἐσθῆτος βιοῦν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ θέρους ὥραν, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν ἐγχωρίων καὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων προσαγορεύονται Βαλιαρίδες ἀπὸ τοῦ βάλλειν ταῖς σφενδόναις λίθους μεγάλους κάλλιστα τῶν ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων. τούτων δʼ ἡ μείζων μεγίστη πασῶν ἐστι μετὰ τὰς ἑπτὰ νήσους, Σικελίαν, Σαρδώ, Κύπρον, Κρήτην, Εὔβοιαν, Κύρνον, Λέσβον, ἀπέχει δὲ τῆς Ἰβηρίας πλοῦν ἡμερήσιον· ἡ δʼ ἐλάττων κέκλιται μὲν πρὸς τὴν ἕω, τρέφει δὲ κτήνη πολλὰ καὶ παντοδαπά, μάλιστα δʼ ἡμιόνους, μεγάλους μὲν τοῖς ἀναστήμασιν,
ὑπεράγοντας δὲ ταῖς ῥώμαις. ἀμφότεραι δʼ αἱ νῆσοι χώραν ἔχουσιν ἀγαθὴν καρποφόρον καὶ πλῆθος τῶν κατοικούντων ὑπὲρ τοὺς τρισμυρίους, τῶν δὲ πρὸς τὴν τροφὴν γεννημάτων οἶνον μὲν ὁλοσχερῶς οὐ φέρουσι· διὸ καὶ πάντες εἰσὶν ὑπερβολῇ πρὸς τὸν οἶνον εὐκατάφοροι, διὰ τὸ σπανίζειν παρʼ αὐτοῖς· ἐλαίου δὲ παντελῶς σπανίζοντες κατασκευάζουσιν ἐκ τῆς σχίνου, καὶ μιγνύντες ὑείῳ στέατι τὰ σώματα αὑτῶν ἀλείφουσι τούτῳ.
μάλιστα δὲ τῶν ἁπάντων ὄντες φιλογύναι προτιμῶσιν αὐτὰς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ὅταν τινὲς γυναῖκες ὑπὸ τῶν προσπλεόντων λῃστῶν ἁλῶσιν, ἀντὶ μιᾶς γυναικὸς τρεῖς ἢ τέτταρας ἄνδρας διδόντες λυτροῦνται. οἰκοῦσι δʼ ὑπὸ ταῖς κοιλάσι πέτραις, καὶ παρὰ τοὺς κρημνοὺς ὀρύγματα κατασκευάζοντες καὶ καθόλου πολλοὺς τόπους ὑπονόμους ποιοῦντες ἐν τούτοις βιοῦσιν, ἅμα τὴν ἐξ αὐτῶν σκέπην καὶ ἀσφάλειαν θηρώμενοι.
There are other islands lying opposite Iberia, which the Greeks call Gymnesiae because the inhabitants go naked (gymnoi) of clothing in the summer time, but which the inhabitants of the islands and the Romans call Baliarides because in the hurling (ballein) of large stones with slings the natives are the most skilful of all men. The larger of these is the largest of all islands after the seven, Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, Crete, Euboea, Cyrnus, and Lesbos, and it is a day’s voyage distant from Iberia; the smaller lies more to the east and maintains great droves and flocks of every kind of animal, especially of mules, which stand very high and are exceptionally strong. Both islands have good land which produces fruits, and a multitude of inhabitants numbering more than thirty thousand, but as for their food products they raise no wine whatsoever; consequently the inhabitants are one and all exceedingly addicted to indulgence in wine because of the scarcity of it among them; and they are altogether lacking in olive-oil and therefore prepare an oil from the mastich-tree, which they mix with the fat from pigs, and with this they anoint their bodies.
The Baliares are of all men the most fond of women and value them so highly above everything else that, when any of their women are seized by visiting pirates and carried off, they will give as ransom for a single woman three and even four men. Their dwellings they make under hollow rocks, or they dig out holes along the faces of sharp crags, in general putting many parts of them underground, and in these they pass their time, having an eye both to the shelter and to the safety which such homes afford.
ἀργυρῷ δὲ καὶ χρυσῷ νομίσματι τὸ παράπαν οὐ χρῶνται, καὶ καθόλου ταῦτα εἰσάγειν εἰς τὴν νῆσον κωλύουσιν· αἰτίαν δὲ ταύτην ἐπιφέρουσιν, ὅτι τὸ παλαιὸν Ἡρακλῆς ἐστράτευσεν ἐπὶ Γηρυόνην, ὄντα Χρυσάορος μὲν υἱόν, πλεῖστον δὲ κεκτημένον ἄργυρόν τε καὶ χρυσόν. ἵνʼ οὖν ἀνεπιβούλευτον ἔχωσι τὴν κτῆσιν, ἀνεπίμικτον ἑαυτοῖς ἐποίησαν τὸν ἐξ ἀργύρου τε καὶ χρυσοῦ πλοῦτον. διόπερ ἀκολούθως ταύτῃ τῇ κρίσει κατὰ τὰς γεγενημένας πάλαι ποτὲ στρατείας παρὰ Καρχηδονίοις τοὺς μισθοὺς οὐκ ἀπεκόμιζον εἰς τὰς πατρίδας, ἀλλʼ ὠνούμενοι γυναῖκας καὶ οἶνον ἅπαντα τὸν μισθὸν εἰς ταῦτα κατεχορήγουν.
Silver and gold money is not used by them at all, and as a general practice its importation into the island is prevented, the reason they offer being that of old Heracles made an expedition against Geryones, who was the son of Chrysaor and possessed both silver and gold in abundance. Consequently, in order that their possessions should consist in that against which no one would have designs, they have made wealth in gold and silver alien from themselves. And so, in keeping this decision of theirs, when in early times they served once in the campaigns of the Carthaginians, they did not bring back their pay to their native land but spent it all upon the purchase of women and wine.
παράδοξον δέ τι καὶ κατὰ τοὺς γάμους νόμιμον παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν· ἐν γὰρ ταῖς κατὰ τοὺς γάμους εὐωχίαις οἰκείων τε καὶ φίλων κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὁ πρῶτος ἀεὶ καὶ ὁ δεύτερος καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς μίσγονται ταῖς νύμφαις ἀνὰ μέρος, ἐσχάτου τοῦ νυμφίου τυγχάνοντος ταύτης τῆς τιμῆς.
ἴδιον δέ τι ποιοῦσι καὶ παντελῶς ἐξηλλαγμένον περὶ τὰς τῶν τετελευτηκότων ταφάς· συγκόψαντες γὰρ ξύλοις τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος εἰς ἀγγεῖον ἐμβάλλουσι καὶ λίθους δαψιλεῖς ἐπιτιθέασιν.
ὁπλισμὸς δʼ ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς τρεῖς σφενδόναι, καὶ τούτων μίαν μὲν περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔχουσιν, ἄλλην δὲ περὶ τὴν γαστέρα, τρίτην δʼ ἐν ταῖς χερσί. κατὰ δὲ τὰς πολεμικὰς χρείας βάλλουσι λίθους πολὺ μείζους τῶν ἄλλων οὕτως εὐτόνως, ὥστε δοκεῖν τὸ βληθὲν ἀπό τινος καταπέλτου φέρεσθαι· διὸ καὶ κατὰ τὰς τειχομαχίας ἐν ταῖς προσβολαῖς τύπτοντες τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπάλξεων ἐφεστῶτας κατατραυματίζουσιν, ἐν δὲ ταῖς παρατάξεσι τούς τε θυρεοὺς καὶ τὰ κράνη καὶ πᾶν σκεπαστήριον ὅπλον συντρίβουσι.
κατὰ δὲ τὴν εὐστοχίαν οὕτως ἀκριβεῖς εἰσιν, ὥστε κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον μὴ ἁμαρτάνειν τοῦ προκειμένου σκοποῦ. αἴτιαι δὲ τούτων αἱ συνεχεῖς ἐκ παίδων μελέται, καθʼ ἃς ὑπὸ τῶν μητέρων ἀναγκάζονται παῖδες ὄντες σφενδονᾶν· προκειμένου γὰρ σκοποῦ κατά τι ξύλον ἠρτημένου ἄρτου, οὐ πρότερον δίδοται τῷ μελετῶντι φαγεῖν, ἕως ἂν τυχὼν τοῦ ἄρτου συγχωρούμενον λάβῃ παρὰ τῆς μητρὸς καταφαγεῖν τοῦτον.
The Baliares have also an amazing custom which they observe in connection with their marriages; for during their wedding festivities the relatives and friends lie with the bride in turn, the oldest first and then the next oldest and the rest in order, and the last one to enjoy this privilege is the bridegroom. Peculiar also and altogether strange is their practice regarding the burial of the dead; for they dismember the body with wooden knives, and then they place the pieces in a jar and pile upon it a heap of stones. Their equipment for fighting consists of three slings, and of these they keep one around the head, another around the belly, and the third in the hands. In the business of war they hurl much larger stones than do any other slingers, and with such force that the missile seems to have been shot, as it were, from a catapult; consequently, in their assaults upon walled cities, they strike the defenders on the battlements and disable them, and in pitched battles they crush both shields and helmets and every kind of protective armour. And they are so accurate in their aim that in the majority of cases they never miss the target before them. The reason for this is the continual practice which they get from childhood, in that their mothers compel them, while still young boys, to use the sling continually; for there is set up before them as a target a piece of bread fastened to a stake, and the novice is not permitted to eat until he has hit the bread, whereupon he takes it from his mother with her permission and devours it.
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