περὶ μὲν οὖν Ῥόδου καὶ Χερρονήσου ἀρκεσθησόμεθα τοῖς ῥηθεῖσι, περὶ δὲ Κρήτης νῦν διέξιμεν. οἱ μὲν γὰρ τὴν Κρήτην κατοικοῦντές φασιν ἀρχαιοτάτους γενέσθαι παρʼ αὑτοῖς τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους Ἐτεόκρητας αὐτόχθονας, ὧν τὸν μὲν βασιλέα Κρῆτα καλούμενον πλεῖστα καὶ μέγιστα κατὰ τὴν νῆσον εὑρεῖν τὰ δυνάμενα τὸν κοινὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίον ὠφελῆσαι.
καὶ τῶν θεῶν δὲ τοὺς πλείστους μυθολογοῦσι παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς γενέσθαι τοὺς διὰ τὰς κοινὰς εὐεργεσίας τυχόντας ἀθανάτων τιμῶν· περὶ ὧν ἡμεῖς ἐν κεφαλαίοις τὰ παραδεδομένα διέξιμεν ἀκολούθως τοῖς ἐνδοξοτάτοις τῶν τὰς Κρητικὰς πράξεις συνταξαμένων.
πρῶτοι τοίνυν τῶν εἰς μνήμην παραδεδομένων ᾤκησαν τῆς Κρήτης περὶ τὴν Ἴδην οἱ προσαγορευθέντες Ἰδαῖοι Δάκτυλοι. τούτους δʼ οἱ μὲν ἑκατὸν τὸν ἀριθμὸν γεγονέναι παραδεδώκασιν, οἱ δὲ δέκα φασὶν ὑπάρχοντας τυχεῖν ταύτης τῆς προσηγορίας, τοῖς ἐν ταῖς χερσὶ δακτύλοις ὄντας ἰσαρίθμους.
ἔνιοι δʼ ἱστοροῦσιν, ὧν ἐστι καὶ Ἔφορος, τοὺς Ἰδαίους Δακτύλους γενέσθαι μὲν κατὰ τὴν Ἴδην τὴν ἐν Φρυγίᾳ, διαβῆναι δὲ μετὰ Μυγδόνος εἰς τὴν Εὐρώπην· ὑπάρξαντας δὲ γόητας ἐπιτηδεῦσαι τάς τε ἐπῳδὰς καὶ τελετὰς καὶ μυστήρια, καὶ περὶ Σαμοθρᾴκην διατρίψαντας οὐ μετρίως ἐν τούτοις ἐκπλήττειν τοὺς ἐγχωρίους· καθʼ ὃν δὴ χρόνον καὶ τὸν Ὀρφέα, φύσει διαφόρῳ κεχορηγημένον πρὸς ποίησιν καὶ μελῳδίαν, μαθητὴν γενέσθαι τούτων, καὶ πρῶτον εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξενεγκεῖν τελετὰς καὶ μυστήρια.
Now as regards Rhodes and the Cherronesus we shall rest content with what has been said, and we shall at this point discuss Crete. The inhabitants of Crete claim that the oldest people of the island were those who are known as Eteocretans, who were sprung from the soil itself, and that their king, who was called Cres, was responsible for the greatest number of the most important discoveries made in the island which contributed to the improvement of the social life of mankind. Also the greater number of the gods who, because of their benefactions to all men alike, have been accorded immortal honours, had their origin, so their myths relate, in their land; and of the tradition regarding these gods we shall now give a summary account, following the most reputable writers who have recorded the affairs of Crete.
The first of these gods of whom tradition has left a record made their home in Crete about Mt. Idê and were called Idaean Dactyli. These, according to one tradition, were one hundred in number, but others say that there were only ten to receive this name, corresponding in number to the fingers (dactyli) of the hands. But some historians, and Ephorus is one of them, record that the Idaean Dactyli were in fact born on the Mt. Idê which is in Phrygia and passed over to Europe together with Mygdon; and since they were wizards, they practised charms and initiatory rites and mysteries and in the course of a sojourn in Samothrace they amazed the natives of that island not a little by their skill in such matters. And it was at this time, we are further told, that Orpheus, who was endowed with an exceptional gift of poesy and song, also became a pupil of theirs, and he was subsequently the first to introduce initiatory rites and mysteries to the Greeks.
οἱ δʼ οὖν κατὰ τὴν Κρήτην Ἰδαῖοι Δάκτυλοι παραδέδονται τήν τε τοῦ πυρὸς χρῆσιν καὶ τὴν τοῦ χαλκοῦ καὶ σιδήρου φύσιν ἐξευρεῖν τῆς Ἀπτεραίων χώρας περὶ τὸν καλούμενον Βερέκυνθον, καὶ τὴν ἐργασίαν διʼ ἧς κατασκευάζεται· δόξαντας δὲ μεγάλων ἀγαθῶν ἀρχηγοὺς γεγενῆσθαι
τῷ γένει τῶν ἀνθρώπων τιμῶν τυχεῖν ἀθανάτων. ἱστοροῦσι δʼ αὐτῶν ἕνα μὲν προσαγορευθῆναι Ἡρακλέα, δόξῃ δὲ διενεγκόντα θεῖναι τὸν ἀγῶνα τὸν τῶν Ὀλυμπίων· τοὺς δὲ μεταγενεστέρους ἀνθρώπους διὰ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν δοκεῖν τὸν ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης συστήσασθαι τὴν τῶν Ὀλυμπίων θέσιν.
σημεῖα δὲ τούτων φασὶ διαμένειν τὸ πολλὰς τῶν γυναικῶν ἔτι καὶ νῦν λαμβάνειν ἐπῳδὰς ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ περιάμματα ποιεῖν, ὡς γεγονότος αὐτοῦ γόητος καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς τελετὰς ἐπιτετηδευκότος· ἃ δὴ πλεῖστον κεχωρίσθαι τῆς Ἡρακλέους συνηθείας τοῦ γεγονότος ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης.
However this may be, the Idaean Dactyli of Crete, so tradition tell us, discovered both the use of fire and what the metals copper and iron are, as well as the means of working them, this being done in the territory of the city of Aptera at Berecynthus, as it is called; and since they were looked upon as the originators of great blessings for the race of men, they were accorded immortal honours. And writers tell us that one of them was named Heracles, and excelling as he did in fame, he established the Olympic Games, and that the men of a later period thought, because the name was the same, that it was the son of Alcmenê who had founded the institution of the Olympic Games. And evidences of this, they tell us, are found in the fact that many women even to this day take their incantations from this god and make amulets in his name, on the ground that he was a wizard and practised the arts of initiatory rites; but they add that these things were indeed very far removed from the habits of the Heracles who was born of Alcmenê.
μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Ἰδαίους Δακτύλους ἱστοροῦσι γενέσθαι Κούρητας ἐννέα. τούτους δʼ οἱ μὲν μυθολογοῦσι γεγονέναι γηγενεῖς, οἱ δʼ ἀπογόνους τῶν Ἰδαίων Δακτύλων. κατοικεῖν δʼ αὐτοὺς τῶν ὀρῶν τοὺς συνδένδρους καὶ φαραγγώδεις τόπους καὶ τὸ σύνολον τοὺς ἔχοντας σκέπην καὶ ὑπόδυσιν φυσικήν, διὰ τὸ μήπω κατασκευὰς οἰκιῶν εὑρῆσθαι.
διενεγκόντας δʼ αὐτοὺς συνέσει πολλὰ τῶν κοινῇ χρησίμων καταδεῖξαι· τάς τε γὰρ ποίμνας τῶν προβάτων τούτους ἀθροῖσαι πρώτους καὶ τὰ γένη τῶν ἄλλων βοσκημάτων ἐξημερῶσαι καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς μελιττουργίας καταδεῖξαι.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν τοξικὴν καὶ τὰς κυνηγίας εἰσηγήσασθαι, καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους κοινῆς ὁμιλίας καὶ συμβιώσεως, ἔτι δʼ ὁμονοίας καί τινος εὐταξίας ἀρχηγοὺς γενέσθαι.
εὑρεῖν δὲ καὶ ξίφη καὶ κράνη καὶ τὰς ἐνοπλίους ὀρχήσεις, διʼ ὧν ποιοῦντας μεγάλους ψόφους ἀπατᾶν τὸν Κρόνον. φασὶ δʼ αὐτοὺς τὸν Δία, λάθρᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς Κρόνου παραδούσης Ῥέας τῆς μητρός, ὑποδέξασθαι καὶ θρέψαι· περὶ οὗ τὰ κατὰ μέρος μέλλοντας ἡμᾶς δηλοῦν ἀναγκαῖον ἀναλαβεῖν μικρὸν ἀνωτέρω τὴν διήγησιν.
After the Idaean Dactyli, according to accounts we have, there were nine Curetes. Some writers of myths relate that these gods were born of the earth, but according to others, they were descended from the Idaean Dactyli. The home they made in mountainous places which were thickly wooded and full of ravines, and which, in a word, provided a natural shelter and coverage, since it had not yet been discovered how to build houses. And since these Curetes excelled in wisdom they discovered many things which are of use to men generally; so, for instance, they were the first to gather sheep into flocks, to domesticate the several other kinds of animals which men fatten, and to discover the making of honey. In the same manner they introduced the art of shooting with the bow and the ways of hunting animals, and they showed mankind how to live and associate together in a common life, and they were the originators of concord and, so to speak, of orderly behaviour. The Curetes also invented swords and helmets and the war-dance, by means of which they raised a great alarum and deceived Cronus. And we are told that, when Rhea, the mother of Zeus, entrusted him to them unbeknown to Cronus his father, they took him under their care and saw to his nurture; but since we purpose to set forth this affair in detail, we must take up the account at a little earlier point.
μυθολογοῦσι γὰρ οἱ Κρῆτες γενέσθαι κατὰ τὴν τῶν Κουρήτων ἡλικίαν τοὺς καλουμένους Τιτᾶνας. τούτους δὲ τῆς Κνωσίας χώρας ἔχειν τὴν οἴκησιν, ὅπουπερ ἔτι καὶ νῦν δείκνυται θεμέλια Ῥέας οἰκόπεδα καὶ κυπαρίττων ἄλσος ἐκ παλαιοῦ χρόνου ἀνειμένον.
ὑπάρξαι δὲ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἓξ μὲν ἄνδρας, πέντε δὲ γυναῖκας, ὡς μέν τινες μυθολογοῦσιν, Οὐρανοῦ καὶ Γῆς ὄντας, ὡς δέ τινές φασιν, ἔκ τινος τῶν Κουρήτων καὶ μητρὸς Τιταίας, ἀφʼ ἧς αὐτοὺς ταύτης τετευχέναι τῆς προσηγορίας.
ἄρρενας μὲν οὖν γενέσθαι τόν τε Κρόνον καὶ Ὑπερίονα καὶ Κοῖον, ἔτι δὲ Ἰαπετὸν καὶ Κριὸν καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον Ὠκεανόν, ἀδελφὰς δὲ τούτων τήν τε Ῥέαν καὶ Θέμιν καὶ Μνημοσύνην, ἔτι δὲ Φοίβην καὶ Τηθύν. ὧν ἕκαστόν τινων εὑρετὴν γενέσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, καὶ διὰ τὴν εἰς ἅπαντας εὐεργεσίαν τυχεῖν τιμῶν καὶ μνήμης ἀενάου.
τὸν μὲν οὖν Κρόνον ὄντα πρεσβύτατον βασιλέα γενέσθαι, καὶ τοὺς καθʼ ἑαυτὸν ἀνθρώπους ἐξ ἀγρίου διαίτης εἰς βίον ἥμερον μεταστῆσαι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀποδοχῆς μεγάλης τυχόντα πολλοὺς ἐπελθεῖν τόπους τῆς οἰκουμένης. εἰσηγήσασθαι δʼ αὐτὸν ἅπασι τήν τε δικαιοσύνην καὶ τὴν ἁπλότητα τῆς ψυχῆς· διὸ καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ Κρόνου γενομένους ἀνθρώπους παραδεδόσθαι τοῖς μεταγενεστέροις εὐήθεις καὶ ἀκάκους παντελῶς, ἔτι δʼ εὐδαίμονας γεγονότας.
δυναστεῦσαι δʼ αὐτὸν μάλιστα τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν τόπων καὶ μεγίστης ἀξιωθῆναι τιμῆς· διὸ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νεωτέρων χρόνων παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις καὶ Καρχηδονίοις, ὅτʼ ἦν ἡ πόλις αὕτη, ἔτι δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς πλησιοχώροις ἔθνεσιν ἐπιφανεῖς ἑορτὰς καὶ θυσίας γενέσθαι τούτῳ τῷ θεῷ καὶ πολλοὺς τόπους ἐπωνύμους αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι.
The myth the Cretans relate runs like this: When the Curetes were young men, the Titans, as they are called, were still living. These Titans had their dwelling in the land about Cnosus, at the place where even to this day men point out foundations of a house of Rhea and a cypress grove, which has been consecrated to her from ancient times. The Titans numbered six men and five women, being born, as certain writers of myths relate, of Uranus and Gê, but according to others, of one of the Curetes and Titaea, from whom as their mother they derive the name they have. The males were Cronus, Hyperion, Coeus, Iapetus, Crius, and Oceanus, and their sisters were Rhea, Themis, Mnemosynê, Phoebê, and Tethys. Each one of them was the discoverer of things of benefit to mankind, and because of the benefaction they conferred upon all men they were accorded honours and everlasting fame.
Cronus, since he was the eldest of the Titans, became king and caused all men who were his subjects to change from a rude way of living to a civilized life, and visited many regions of the inhabited earth. Among all he met he introduced justice and sincerity of soul, and this is why the tradition has come down to later generations that the men of Cronus’ time were good-hearted, altogether guileless, and blest with felicity. His kingdom was strongest in the western regions, where indeed he enjoyed his greatest honour; consequently, down even to comparatively recent times, among the Romans and the Carthaginians, while their city still stood, and other neighbouring peoples, notable festivals and sacrifices were celebrated in honour of this god and many places bore his name.
διὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εὐνομίας ἀδίκημα μὲν μηδὲν ὅλως ὑπὸ μηδενὸς σνντελεῖσθαι, πάντας δὲ τοὺς ὑπὸ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τούτου τεταγμένους μακάριον βίον ἐζηκέναι, πάσης ἡδονῆς ἀνεμποδίστως ἀπολαύοντας. περὶ δὲ τούτων καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν Ἡσίοδον ἐπιμαρτυρεῖν ἐν τοῖσδε τοῖς ἔπεσιν· οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ Κρόνου ἦσαν, ὅτʼ οὐρανῷ ἐμβασίλευεν, ὥστε θεοὶ δʼ ἔζωον, ἀκηδέα θυμὸν ἔχοντες, νόσφιν ἄτερ τε κακῶν καὶ ἄτερ χαλεποῖο πόνοιο νούσων τʼ ἀργαλέων καὶ ἀπήμονες, οὐδὲ μέλεσσι γῆρας ἐπῆν, αἰεὶ δὲ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὁμοῖοι τέρποντʼ ἐν θαλίῃσι κακῶν ἔκτοσθεν ἐόντες· θνῆσκον δʼ ὡς ὕπνῳ δεδμημένοι. ἄλλα τε πολλὰ τοῖσιν ἔην· καρπὸν δʼ ἔφερε ζείδωρος ἄρουρα αὐτομάτη πολλόν τε καὶ ἄφθονον· οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ γαίῃ εὔφρονες ἔργʼ ἐνέμοντο σὺν ἐσθλοῖσιν πολέεσσιν, ἀφνειοὶ μήλοισι, φίλοι μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι. περὶ μὲν οὖν Κρόνου τοιαῦτα μυθολογοῦσιν.
And because of the exceptional obedience to laws no injustice was committed by any one at any time and all the subjects of the rule of Cronus lived a life of blessedness, in the unhindered enjoyment of every pleasure. To this the poet Hesiod also bears witness in the following words:
And they who were of Cronus’ day, what time
He reigned in heav’n, lived like the gods, no care
In heart, remote and free from ills and toils
Severe, from grievous sicknesses and cares;
Old age lay not upon their limbs, but they,
Equal in strength of leg and arm, enjoyed
Endless delight of feasting far from ills,
And when death came, they sank in it as in
A sleep. And many other things were theirs:
Grain-giving earth, unploughed, bore for them fruit
Abundantly and without stint; and glad
Of heart they dwelt upon their tilth throughout
The earth, in midst of blessings manifold,
Rich in their flocks, loved by the blessed gods.
This, then, is what the myths have to say about Cronus.
Ὑπερίονα δέ φασι τοῦ τε ἡλίου τὴν κίνησιν καὶ σελήνης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων, ἔτι δὲ τὰς ὥρας τὰς συντελουμένας ὑπὸ τούτων, πρῶτον ἐξ ἐπιμελείας καὶ παρατηρήσεως κατανοήσαντα τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰς γνῶσιν παραδοῦναι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸν πατέρα τούτων ὀνομασθῆναι, καθαπερεὶ γεγεννηκότα τὴν τούτων θεωρίαν καὶ φύσιν.
καὶ Κοίου μὲν καὶ Φοίβης Λητὼ γενέσθαι, Ἰαπετοῦ δὲ Προμηθέα τὸν παραδεδομένον μὲν ὑπό τινων μυθογράφων ὅτι τὸ πῦρ κλέψας παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ἔδωκε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, πρὸς δʼ ἀλήθειαν εὑρετὴν γενόμενον τῶν πυρείων,
ἐξ ὧν ἐκκάεται τὸ πῦρ. τῶν δὲ Τιτανίδων φασὶ Μνημοσύνην λογισμοὺς εὑρεῖν καὶ τὰς τῶν ὀνομάτων θέσεις ἑκάστῳ τῶν ὄντων τάξαι, διʼ ὧν καὶ δηλοῦμεν ἕκαστα καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμιλοῦμεν· ἅ τινες τὸν Ἑρμῆν φασιν εἰσηγήσασθαι. προσάπτουσι δὲ τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ μνήμην γινόμενα παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἀφʼ ὧν δὴ καὶ τῆς προσηγορίας τυχεῖν αὐτὴν ταύτης.
Θέμιν δὲ μυθολογοῦσι μαντείας καὶ θυσίας καὶ θεσμοὺς τοὺς περὶ τῶν θεῶν πρώτην εἰσηγήσασθαι καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν εὐνομίαν καὶ εἰρήνην καταδεῖξαι. διὸ καὶ θεσμοφύλακας καὶ θεσμοθέτας ὀνομάζεσθαι τοὺς τὰ περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς ὅσια καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων νόμους διαφυλάττοντας· καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω, καθʼ ὃν δὴ χρόνον τοὺς χρησμοὺς διδόναι μέλλει, θεμιστεύειν λέγομεν ἀπὸ τοῦ τὴν Θέμιν εὑρέτριαν γεγονέναι τῶν χρησμῶν.
οὗτοι μὲν οὖν οἱ θεοὶ πολλὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον εὐεργετήσαντες οὐ μόνον ἀθανάτων τιμῶν ἠξιώθησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρῶτοι τὸν Ὄλυμπον ἐνομίσθησαν οἰκεῖν μετὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων μετάστασιν.
Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature. To Coeus and Phoebê was born Leto, and to Iapetus was born Prometheus, of whom tradition tells us, as some writers of myths record, that he stole fire from the gods and gave it to mankind, though the truth is that he was the discoverer of those things which give forth fire and from which it may be kindled. Of the female Titans they say that Mnemosynê discovered the uses of the power of reason, and that she gave a designation to every object about us by means of the names which we use to express whatever we would and to hold conversation with another; though there are those who attribute these discoveries to Hermes. And to this goddess is also attributed the power to call things to memory and to remembrance (mnemê) which men possess, and it is this power which gave her the name she received. Themis, the myths tell us, was the first to introduce divinations and sacrifices and the ordinances which concern the gods, and to instruct men in the ways of obedience to laws and of peace. Consequently men who preserve what is holy with respect to the gods and the laws of men are called “law-guardians” (thesmophulakes) and “law-givers” (thesmothetai), and we say that Apollo, at the moment when he is to return the oracular responses, is “issuing laws and ordinances” (themisteuein), in view of the fact that Themis was the discoveress of oracular responses. And so these gods, by reason of the many benefactions which they conferred upon the life of man, were not only accorded immortal honours, but it was also believed that they were the first to make their home on Mount Olympus after they had been translated from among men.
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