ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ Κρήτης ἱκανῶς διήλθομεν, περὶ τῆς Λέσβου νῦν λέγειν ἐπιχειρήσομεν. ταύτην γὰρ τὴν νῆσον τὸ παλαιὸν ᾤκησε πλείω γένη, πολλῶν μεταναστάσεων ἐν αὐτῇ γενομένων. ἐρήμου γὰρ οὔσης αὐτῆς πρώτους Πελασγοὺς κατασχεῖν αὐτὴν τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ.
Ξάνθος ὁ Τριόπου τῶν ἐξ Ἄργους Πελασγῶν βασιλεύων, καὶ κατασχὼν μέρος τι τῆς Λυκίας χώρας, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐν αὐτῇ κατοικῶν ἐβασίλευε τῶν συνακολουθησάντων Πελασγῶν, ὕστερον δὲ περαιωθεὶς εἰς τὴν Λέσβον οὖσαν ἔρημον τὴν μὲν χώραν τοῖς λαοῖς ἐμέρισε, τὴν δὲ νῆσον ἀπὸ τῶν κατοικούντων αὐτὴν Πελασγίαν ὠνόμασε, τὸ πρὸ τοῦ καλουμένην Ἴσσαν.
ὕστερον δὲ γενεαῖς ἑπτὰ γενομένου τοῦ κατὰ Δευκαλίωνα κατακλυσμοῦ καὶ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπολομένων, συνέβη καὶ τὴν Λέσβον διὰ τὴν ἐπομβρίαν ἐρημωθῆναι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Μακαρεὺς εἰς αὐτὴν ἀφικόμενος, καὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς χώρας κατανοήσας, κατῴκησεν αὐτήν.
ἦν δʼ ὁ Μακαρεὺς υἱὸς μὲν Κρινάκου τοῦ Διός, ὥς φησιν Ἡσίοδος καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς τῶν ποιητῶν, κατοικῶν δʼ ἐν Ὠλένῳ τῆς τότε μὲν Ἰάδος, νῦν δʼ Ἀχαΐας καλουμένης. εἶχε δὲ λαοὺς ἠθροισμένους, τοὺς μὲν Ἴωνας, τοὺς δʼ ἐξ ἄλλων ἐθνῶν παντοδαπῶν συνερρυηκότας.
καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τὴν Λέσβον κατῴκησε, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἀεὶ μᾶλλον αὐξόμενος διά τε τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς νήσου καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν ἐπιείκειάν τε καὶ δικαιοσύνην τὰς σύνεγγυς νήσους κατεκτᾶτο, καὶ διεμέριζε τὴν χώραν ἔρημον οὖσαν.
Now that we have discussed the subject of Crete at sufficient length, we shall undertake at this point to speak about Lesbos. This island has been inhabited in ancient times by many peoples, since it has been the scene of many migrations. The first people to seize it, while it was still uninhabited, was the Pelasgians, and in the following manner: Xanthus, the son of Triopas, who was king of the Pelasgians of Argos, seized a portion of Lycia, and, making his home there, at the outset he became king over the Pelasgians who had accompanied him; but later he crossed over to Lesbos, which was uninhabited, and divided the land among the folk, and he named the island, which had formerly been called Issa, Pelasgia after the people who had settled it. And seven generations later, after the flood of Deucalion had taken place and much of mankind had perished, it came to pass that Lesbos was also laid desolate by the deluge of waters. And after these events Macareus came to the island, and, recognizing the beauty of the land, he made his home in it. This Macareus was the son of Crinacus, the son of Zeus, as Hesiod and certain any other poets state, and was a native of Olenus in what was then called Ias, but is now called Achaïa. The folk with him had been gathered from here and there, some being Ionians and the rest those who had streamed to him from every sort of people. Now at first Macareus made his home in Lesbos, but later, as his power kept steadily increasing because of the fertility of the island and also of his own fairness and sense of justice, he won for himself the neighbouring islands and portioned out the land, which was uninhabited.
κατὰ δὲ τούτους τοὺς χρόνους Λέσβος ὁ Λαπίθου τοῦ Αἰόλου τοῦ Ἱππότου κατά τι πυθόχρηστον μετʼ οἰκητόρων πλεύσας εἰς τὴν προειρημένην νῆσον, καὶ γήμας τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ Μακαρέως Μήθυμναν, κοινῇ κατῴκησε, γενόμενος δʼ ἐπιφανὴς ἀνὴρ τήν τε νῆσον Λέσβον ὠνόμασεν ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τοὺς λαοὺς Λεσβίους προσηγόρευσε.
Μακαρεῖ δὲ θυγατέρες ἐγένοντο σὺν ἄλλαις Μυτιλήνη καὶ Μήθυμνα, ἀφʼ ὧν αἱ πόλεις ἔσχον τὴν προσηγορίαν. ὁ δὲ Μακαρεὺς ἐπιβαλλόμενος τὰς σύνεγγυς νήσους ἰδίας κατασκευάζειν ἐξέπεμψεν ἀποικίαν εἰς πρώτην τὴν Χίον, ἑνὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ παίδων παραδοὺς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν·
μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα εἰς τὴν Σάμον ἕτερον ἐξέπεμψε τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Κυδρόλαον, ὃς ἐν ταύτῃ κατοικήσας καὶ τὴν νῆσον κατακληρουχήσας ἐβασίλευεν αὐτῆς· τρίτην δὲ τὴν Κῶ κατοικίσας ἀπέδειξεν αὐτῆς βασιλέα Νέανδρον· ἑξῆς δʼ εἰς τὴν Ῥόδον Λεύκιππον ἐξέπεμψε μετὰ συχνῶν οἰκητόρων, οὓς οἱ τὴν Ῥόδον κατοικοῦντες διὰ τὴν σπάνιν τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἄσμενοι προσεδέξαντο καὶ κοινῇ τὴν νῆσον ᾤκησαν.
And it was during this time that Lesbos, the son of Lapithes, the son of Aeolus, the son of Hippotes, in obedience to an oracle of Pytho, sailed with colonists to the island we are discussing, and, marrying Methymna, the daughter of Macareus, he made his home there with her; and when he became a man of renown, he named the island Lesbos after himself and called the folk Lesbians. And there was born to Macareus, in addition to other daughters, Mytilenê and Methymna, from whom the cities in the island got their names. Moreover, Macareus, essaying to bring under his control the neighbouring islands, dispatched a colony to Chios first of all, entrusting the leadership of the colony to one of his own sons; and after this he dispatched another son, Cydrolaüs by name, to Samos, where he settled, and after portioning out the island in allotments to the colonists he became king over it. The third island he settled was Cos, and he appointed Neandrus to be its king; and then he dispatched Leucippus, together with a large body of colonists, to Rhodes, and the inhabitants of Rhodes received them gladly, because there was a lack of men among them, and they dwelt together as one people on the island.
τὴν δʼ ἀντιπέρας τῶν νήσων κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς καιροὺς συνέβη διὰ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν μεγάλας καὶ δεινὰς κατασχεῖν ἀτυχίας· διὰ μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἐπομβρίας ἐπὶ πολλοὺς χρόνους ἐφθαρμένων τῶν καρπῶν σπάνις τε τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ὑπῆρχε καὶ λοιμικὴ κατάστασις ἐπεῖχε τὰς πόλεις διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος φθοράν.
αἱ δὲ νῆσοι διαπνεόμεναι καὶ τὸν ἀέρα παρεχόμεναι τοῖς ἐνοικοῦσιν ὑγιεινόν, ἔτι δὲ τοῖς καρποῖς ἐπιτυγχάνουσαι, ἀεὶ μᾶλλον εὐπορίας ἔγεμον, καὶ ταχὺ τοὺς κατοικοῦντας αὐτὰς μακαρίους ἐποίησαν. διὸ καὶ μακάρων ὠνομάσθησαν νῆσοι, τῆς εὐπορίας τῶν ἀγαθῶν αἰτίας γενομένης τῆς προσηγορίας.
ἔνιοι δέ φασιν αὐτὰς μακάρων νήσους ὠνομάσθαι ἀπὸ Μακαρέως ὑπὸ τῶν παίδων τούτων δυναστευσάντων . καθόλου δʼ αἱ προειρημέναι νῆσοι διήνεγκαν εὐδαιμονίᾳ μάλιστα τῶν σύνεγγυς κειμένων οὐ μόνον κατὰ τοὺς ἀρχαίους χρόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἡλικίαν·
ἀρετῇ γὰρ χώρας καὶ τόπων εὐκαιρίαις, ἔτι δʼ ἀέρων κράσει, καλλιστεύουσαι κατὰ λόγον καλοῦνται καὶ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν εἰσὶν εὐδαίμονες. αὐτὸς δʼ ὁ Μακαρεὺς ἐν τῇ Λέσβῳ βασιλεύων νόμον ἔγραψε πολλὰ τῶν κοινῇ συμφερόντων περιέχοντα, ὠνόμασε δʼ αὐτὸν λέοντα, ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ ζῴου δυνάμεως καὶ ἀλκῆς θέμενος τὴν προσηγορίαν.
The mainland opposite the islands, we find, had suffered great and terrible misfortunes, in those times, because of the floods. Thus, since the fruits were destroyed over a long period by reason of the deluge, there was a dearth of the necessities of life and a pestilence prevailed among the cities because of the corruption of the air. The islands, on the other hand, since they were exposed to the breeze and supplied the inhabitants with wholesome air, and since they also enjoyed good crops, were filled with greater and greater abundance, and they quickly made the inhabitants objects of envy. Consequently they have been given the name Islands of the Blessed, the abundance they enjoy of good things constituting the reason for the epithet. But there are some who say that they were given the name Islands of the Blessed (macarioi) after Macareus, since his sons were the rulers over them. And, speaking generally, the islands we have mentioned have enjoyed a felicity far surpassing that of their neighbours, not only in ancient times but also in our own age; for being as they the finest of all in richness of soil, excellence of location, and mildness of climate, it is with good reason that they are called, what in truth they are, “blessed.” As for Macareus himself, while he was king of Lesbos he issued a law which contributed much to the common good, and he called the law the “Lion,” giving it this name after the strength and courage of that beast.
ὕστερον δὲ τῆς κατὰ τὴν Λέσβον ἀποικίας ἱκανοῖς τισι χρόνοις συνέβη τὴν νῆσον τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Τένεδον κατοικισθῆναι τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ. Τέννης ἦν υἱὸς μὲν Κύκνου τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος Κολώνης τῆς ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι, ἀνὴρ δʼ ἐπίσημος διʼ ἀρετήν.
οὗτος οἰκήτορας ἀθροίσας καὶ τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀντιπέρας ἠπείρου ποιησάμενος, κατελάβετο νῆσον ἔρημον οὖσαν τὴν ὀνομαζομένην Λεύκοφρυν· κατακληρουχήσας δʼ αὐτὴν τοῖς ὑπʼ αὐτὸν ταττομένοις, καὶ κτίσας ἐν αὐτῇ πόλιν, ὠνόμασεν ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ Τένεδον.
πολιτευόμενος δὲ καλῶς καὶ πολλὰ τοὺς ἐγχωρίους εὐεργετήσας ζῶν μὲν μεγάλης ἀποδοχῆς ἐτύγχανε, τελευτήσας δʼ ἀθανάτων τιμῶν ἠξιώθη· καὶ γὰρ τέμενος αὐτοῦ κατεσκεύασαν καὶ θυσίαις ὡς θεὸν ἐτίμων, ἃς διετέλουν θύοντες μέχρι τῶν νεωτέρων καιρῶν.
οὐ παραλειπτέον δʼ ἡμῖν περὶ τῶν παρὰ τοῖς Τενεδίοις μυθολογουμένων περὶ τοῦ κτίσαντος τὴν πόλιν Τέννου· Κύκνον γάρ φασι τὸν πατέρα πιστεύσαντα γυναικὸς διαβολαῖς ἀδίκοις τὸν υἱὸν Τέννην εἰς λάρνακα θέντα καταποντίσαι· ταύτην δʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ κλύδωνος φερομένην προσενεχθῆναι τῇ Τενέδῳ, καὶ τὸν Τέννην παραδόξως σωθέντα θεῶν τινος προνοίᾳ τῆς νήσου βασιλεῦσαι, καὶ γενόμενον ἐπιφανῆ διὰ τὴν δικαιοσύνην καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς τυχεῖν ἀθανάτων τιμῶν. κατὰ δὲ τὰς τῆς μητρυιᾶς διαβολὰς αὐλητοῦ τινος ψευδῶς καταμαρτυρήσαντος, νόμιμον ἔθεντο μηδένα αὐλητὴν εἰς τὸ τέμενος εἰσιέναι.
κατὰ δὲ τοὺς Τρωικοὺς χρόνους Ἀχιλλέως τὸν Τέννην ἀνελόντος καθʼ ὃν καιρὸν ἐπόρθησαν οἱ Ἕλληνες τὴν Τένεδον, νόμον ἔθεσαν οἱ Τενέδιοι μηδένα ἐξεῖναι ἐν τῷ τεμένει τοῦ κτίστου ὀνομάσαι Ἀχιλλέα. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς Τενέδου καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ τὸ παλαιὸν οἰκησάντων τοιαῦτα μυθολογοῦσιν.
When a considerable time had elapsed after the settlement of Lesbos, the island known as Tenedos came to be inhabited in somewhat the following manner. Tennes was a son of Cycnus, who had been king of Colonê in the Troad, and was a man who had gained renown because of his high achievements. Gathering together colonists and using as his base the mainland opposite to it, he seized an uninhabited island called Leucophrys; this island he portioned out in allotments among his followers, and he founded a city on it which he named Tenedos after himself. And since he governed uprightly and conferred many benefactions upon the inhabitants, during his lifetime he was in high favour, and upon his death he was granted immortal honours; for they built for him a sacred precinct and honoured him with sacrifices as though he were a god, and these sacrifices they have continued to perform down to modern times.
But we must not omit to mention what the myths of the Tenedians have to tell about Tennes, the founder of the city. Cycnus his father, they say, giving credence to the unjust slanders of his wife, put his son Tennes in a chest and cast it into the sea; this chest was borne along by the waves and brought to shore on Tenedos, and since Tennes had been saved alive in this astonishing fashion by the providence of some one of the gods, he became king of the island, and becoming distinguished by reason of the justice he displayed and his other virtues, he was granted immortal honours. But it had happened, when his step-mother was slandering him, that a certain flute player had borne false witness against him, and so the Tenedians passed a law that no flute player should ever enter his sacred precinct. And when Tennes was slain by Achilles in the course of the Trojan War, on the occasion when the Greeks sacked Tenedos, the Tenedians passed a law that no man should ever pronounce the name of Achilles in the sacred precinct of the founder of their city. Such, then, is the account which the myths give regarding Tenedos and its ancient inhabitants.
ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἀξιολογωτάτων νήσων διήλθομεν, περὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων ἀναγράψομεν. τῶν γὰρ Κυκλάδων νήσων τὸ παλαιὸν ἐρήμων οὐσῶν Μίνως ὁ Διὸς καὶ Εὐρώπης, βασιλεύων τῆς Κρήτης καὶ μεγάλας δυνάμεις ἔχων πεζάς τε καὶ ναυτικάς, ἐθαλαττοκράτει καὶ πολλὰς ἀποικίας ἐξαπέστειλεν ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης, τῶν δὲ Κυκλάδων νήσων τὰς πλείους κατῴκισε καὶ τοῖς λαοῖς κατεκληρούχησεν, οὐκ ὀλίγην δὲ καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας τῆς παραθαλαττίου κατέσχε.
διόπερ ἐν ταῖς νήσοις ἅμα καὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν τὰς ἐπωνυμίας ἔχουσι Κρητῶν λιμένες καὶ Μινῷαι καλούμεναι. ὁ δὲ Μίνως ἐπὶ πολὺ τῇ δυναστείᾳ προκόπτων, καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ῥαδάμανθυν ἔχων πάρεδρον τῇ βασιλείᾳ, τούτῳ μὲν ἐφθόνησεν ἐπὶ δικαιοσύνῃ θαυμαζομένῳ, βουλόμενος δʼ αὐτὸν ἐκποδὼν ποιήσασθαι εἰς τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τῆς ὑπʼ αὐτὸν τεταγμένης χώρας ἐξέπεμψεν.
ὁ δὲ Ῥαδάμανθυς διατρίβων εἰς τὰς νήσους τὰς κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῆς Ἰωνίας καὶ Καρίας κειμένας Ἔρυθρον μὲν κτίστην ἐποίησε τῆς ἐπωνύμου πόλεως κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν, Οἰνοπίωνα δὲ τὸν Ἀριάδνης τῆς Μίνω υἱὸν κύριον τῆς Χίου κατέστησε.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπράχθη πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν· μετὰ δὲ τὴν Τροίας ἅλωσιν Κᾶρες αὐξηθέντες ἐπὶ πλέον ἐθαλαττοκράτησαν, καὶ τῶν Κυκλάδων νήσων κρατήσαντες τινὰς μὲν ἰδίᾳ κατέσχον καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐταῖς κατοικοῦντας Κρῆτας ἐξέβαλον, τινὰς δὲ κοινῇ μετὰ τῶν προενοικούντων Κρητῶν κατῴκησαν. ὕστερον δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων αὐξηθέντων συνέβη τὰς πλείους τῶν Κυκλάδων νήσων οἰκισθῆναι καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους Κᾶρας ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐκπεσεῖν· περὶ ὧν τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἀναγράψομεν.
Since we have set forth the facts concerning the most notable islands, we shall now give an account of the smaller ones. While in ancient times the Cyclades were still uninhabited, Minos, the son of Zeus and Europê, who was king of Crete and possessed great forces both land and naval, was master of the sea and sent forth from Crete many colonies, and he settled the greater number of the Cyclades, portioning the islands out in allotments among the folk, and he seized no small part of the coast of Asia. And this circumstance explains why harbours on the islands as well as on the coast of Asia have the same designation as those of Crete, being called “Minoan.” The power of Minos advanced to great heights; and having his brother Rhadamanthys as co-ruler, he envied him because of his fame for righteousness, and wishing to get Rhadamanthys out of the way he sent him off to the farthest parts of his dominion. Rhadamanthys went to the islands which lie off Ionia and Caria, spending his time upon them, and caused Erythrus to found the city which bears his name in Asia, while he established Oenopion, the son of Minos’ daughter Ariadnê, as lord of Chios. Now these events took place before the Trojan War; and after Troy was taken the Carians steadily increased their power and became masters of the sea; and taking possession of the Cyclades, some of the islands they appropriated to themselves, expelling the Cretans who had their homes on them, but in some islands they settled jointly with the Cretans who had been the first to dwell there. And at a later time, when the power of the Greeks increased, the major number of the Cyclades came to be inhabited by them, and the Carians, who were non-Greeks, were driven out of them. But of these matters we shall give a detailed account in connection with the appropriate period of time.
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