τούτων δʼ ἑκάστῳ μυθολογοῦσι τὸν Δία τῶν εὑρεθέντων ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ συντελουμένων ἔργων τὰς ἐπιστήμας καὶ τὰς τιμὰς τῆς εὑρέσεως ἀπονεῖμαι, βουλόμενον αἰώνιον αὐτοῖς περιποιῆσαι μνήμην παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις.
παραδοθῆναι δὲ τῇ μὲν Ἀφροδίτῃ τήν τε τῶν παρθένων ἡλικίαν, ἐν οἷς χρόνοις δεῖ γαμεῖν αὐτάς, καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἐπιμέλειαν τὴν ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἐν τοῖς γάμοις γινομένην μετὰ θυσιῶν καὶ σπονδῶν, ἃς ποιοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι τῇ θεῷ ταύτῃ. προθύουσι δὲ πρότερον ἅπαντες τῷ Διὶ τῷ τελείῳ καὶ Ἥρᾳ τελείᾳ διὰ τὸ τούτους ἀρχηγοὺς γεγονέναι καὶ πάντων εὑρετάς, καθότι προείρηται.
ταῖς δὲ Χάρισι δοθῆναι τὴν τῆς ὄψεως κόσμησιν καὶ τὸ σχηματίζειν ἕκαστον μέρος τοῦ σώματος πρὸς τὸ βέλτιον καὶ προσηνὲς τοῖς θεωροῦσι, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὸ κατάρχειν εὐεργεσίας καὶ πάλιν ἀμείβεσθαι ταῖς προσηκούσαις χάρισι τοὺς εὖ ποιήσαντας.
Εἰλείθυιαν δὲ λαβεῖν τὴν περὶ τὰς τικτούσας ἐπιμέλειαν καὶ θεραπείαν τῶν ἐν τῷ τίκτειν κακοπαθουσῶν. διὸ καὶ τὰς ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις κινδυνευούσας γυναῖκας ἐπικαλεῖσθαι μάλιστα τὴν θεὸν ταύτην.
Ἄρτεμιν δέ φασιν εὑρεῖν τὴν τῶν νηπίων παιδίων θεραπείαν καὶ τροφάς τινας ἁρμοζούσας τῇ φύσει τῶν βρεφῶν·
ἀφʼ ἧς αἰτίας καὶ κουροτρόφον αὐτὴν ὀνομάζεσθαι. τῶν δʼ ὀνομαζομένων Ὡρῶν ἑκάστῃ δοθῆναι τὴν ἐπώνυμον τάξιν τε καὶ βίου διακόσμησιν ἐπὶ τῇ μεγίστῃ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὠφελείᾳ· μηδὲν γὰρ εἶναι μᾶλλον δυνάμενον εὐδαίμονα βίον παρασκευάσαι τῆς εὐνομίας καὶ δίκης καὶ εἰρήνης.
To each one of the deities we have named, the myth goes on to relate, Zeus imparted the knowledge of the things which he had discovered and was perfecting, and likewise assigned to them the honour of their discovery, wishing in this way with to endow them with immortal fame among all mankind. To Aphroditê was entrusted the youth of maidens, the years in which they are expected to marry, and the supervision of such matters as are observed even yet in connection with weddings, together with the sacrifices and drink-offerings which men perform to this goddess. Nevertheless, all men make their first sacrifices to Zeus the Perfecter and Hera the Perfectress, because they are the originators and discoverers of all things, as we have stated above. To the Graces was given the adornment of personal appearance and the beautifying of each part of the body with an eye to making it more comely and pleasing to the gaze, and the further privilege of being the first to bestow benefactions and, on the other hand, of requiting with appropriate favours such men as have performed good acts. Eileithyia received the care of expectant mothers and the alleviation of the travail of childbirth; and for this reason women when they are in perils of this nature call first of all upon this goddess. And Artemis, we are told, discovered how to effect the healing of young children and the foods which are suitable to the nature of babes, this being the reason why she is also called Kourotrophos. And as for the Hours, as they are called, to each of them, according as her name indicates, was given the ordering and adornment of life, so as to serve to the greatest advantage of mankind; for there is nothing which is better able to build a life of felicity than obedience to law (Eunomia) and justice (Dikê) and peace (Eirenê).
Ἀθηνᾷ δὲ προσάπτουσι τήν τε τῶν ἐλαιῶν ἡμέρωσιν καὶ φυτείαν παραδοῦναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ τὴν τοῦ καρποῦ τούτου κατεργασίαν· πρὸ γὰρ τοῦ γενέσθαι τὴν θεὸν ταύτην ὑπάρξαι μὲν τὸ γένος τοῦτο τῶν δένδρων μετὰ τῆς ἄλλης ἀγρίας ὕλης, τὴν μέντοι γʼ ἐπιμέλειαν ταύτης εἶναι καὶ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν τὴν ἔτι καὶ νῦν γινομένην περὶ τούτων.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὴν τῆς ἐσθῆτος κατασκευὴν καὶ τὴν τεκτονικὴν τέχνην, ἔτι δὲ πολλὰ τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπιστήμαις εἰσηγήσασθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις· εὑρεῖν δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν αὐλῶν κατασκευὴν καὶ τὴν διὰ τούτων συντελουμένην μουσικὴν καὶ τὸ σύνολον πολλὰ τῶν φιλοτέχνων ἔργων, ἀφʼ ὧν ἐργάνην αὐτὴν προσαγορεύεσθαι.
To Athena men ascribe the gift to mankind of the domestication and cultivation of the olive-tree, as well as the preparation of its fruit; for before the birth of this goddess this kind of tree was found only along with the other wild woody growths, and this goddess is the source of the care and the experience which men even to this day devote to these trees. Furthermore, Athena introduced among mankind the making of clothing and carpentry and many of the devices which are used in the other arts; and she also was the discoverer of the making of the pipes and of the music which they produce and, in a word, of many works of cunning device, from which she derives her name of Worker.
ταῖς δὲ Μούσαις δοθῆναι παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς τὴν τῶν γραμμάτων εὕρεσιν καὶ τὴν τῶν ἐπῶν σύνθεσιν τὴν προσαγορευομένην ποιητικήν. πρὸς δὲ τοὺς λέγοντας, ὅτι Σύροι μὲν εὑρεταὶ τῶν γραμμάτων εἰσί, παρὰ δὲ τούτων Φοίνικες μαθόντες τοῖς Ἕλλησι παραδεδώκασιν, οὗτοι δʼ εἰσὶν οἱ μετὰ Κάδμου πλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν Εὐρώπην, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς Ἕλληνας τὰ γράμματα Φοινίκεια προσαγορεύειν, φασὶ τοὺς Φοίνικας οὐκ ἐξ ἀρχῆς εὑρεῖν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τύπους τῶν γραμμάτων μεταθεῖναι μόνον, καὶ τῇ τε γραφῇ ταύτῃ τοὺς πλείστους τῶν ἀνθρώπων χρήσασθαι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τυχεῖν τῆς προειρημένης προσηγορίας.
Ἥφαιστον δὲ λέγουσιν εὑρετὴν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ τὸν σίδηρον ἐργασίας ἁπάσης καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν χαλκὸν καὶ χρυσὸν καὶ ἄργυρον καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα τὴν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐργασίαν ἐπιδέχεται, καὶ τὰς ἄλλας δὲ χρείας τὰς τοῦ πυρὸς ἁπάσας προσεξευρεῖν καὶ παραδοῦναι τοῖς τε τὰς τέχνας ἐργαζομένοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις·
διόπερ οἱ τῶν τεχνῶν τούτων δημιουργοὶ τὰς εὐχὰς καὶ θυσίας τούτῳ τῷ θεῷ μάλιστα ποιοῦσι, καὶ τὸ πῦρ οὗτοί τε καὶ πάντες ἄνθρωποι προσαγορεύουσιν Ἥφαιστον, εἰς μνήμην καὶ τιμὴν ἀθάνατον τιθέμενοι τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τῷ κοινῷ βίῳ δεδομένην εὐεργεσίαν.
τὸν Ἄρην δὲ μυθολογοῦσι πρῶτον κατασκευάσαι πανοπλίαν καὶ στρατιώτας καθοπλίσαι καὶ τὴν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ἐναγώνιον ἐνέργειαν εἰσηγήσασθαι, φονεύοντα τοὺς ἀπειθοῦντας τοῖς θεοῖς.
To the Muses, we are further told, it was given by their father Zeus to discover the letters and to combine words in the way which is designated poetry. And in reply to those who say that the Syrians are the discoverers of the letters, the Phoenicians having learned them from the Syrians and then passed them on to the Greeks, and that these Phoenicians are those who sailed to Europe together with Cadmus and this is the reason why the Greeks call the letters “Phoenician,” men tell us, on the other hand, that the Phoenicians were not the first to make this discovery, but that they did no more than to change the forms of the letters, whereupon the majority of mankind made use of the way of writing them as the Phoenicians devised it, and so the letters received the designation we have mentioned above.
Hephaestus, we are told, was the discoverer of every manner of working iron and copper and gold and silver and everything else which requires fire for working, and he also discovered all the other uses to be made of fire and turned them over both to the workers in the crafts and to all other men as well. Consequently the workmen who are skilled in these crafts offer up prayers and sacrifices to this god before all others, and both they and all mankind as well call the fire “Hephaestus,” handing down in this way to eternal remembrance and honour the benefaction which was bestowed in the beginning upon man’s social life. Ares, the myths record, was the first to make a suit of armour, to fit out soldiers with arms, and to introduce the battle’s fury of contest, slaying himself those who were disobedient to the gods.
Ἀπόλλωνα δὲ τῆς κιθάρας εὑρετὴν ἀναγορεύουσι καὶ τῆς κατʼ αὐτὴν μουσικῆς· ἔτι δὲ τὴν ἰατρικὴν ἐπιστήμην ἐξενεγκεῖν διὰ τῆς μαντικῆς τέχνης γινομένην, διʼ ἧς τὸ παλαιὸν συνέβαινε θεραπείας τυγχάνειν τοὺς ἀρρωστοῦντας· εὑρετὴν δὲ καὶ τοῦ τόξου γενόμενον διδάξαι τοὺς ἐγχωρίους τὰ περὶ τὴν τοξείαν, ἀφʼ ἧς αἰτίας μάλιστα παρὰ τοῖς Κρησὶν ἐζηλῶσθαι τὴν τοξικὴν καὶ τὸ τόξον Κρητικὸν ὀνομασθῆναι.
Ἀπόλλωνος δὲ καὶ Κορωνίδος Ἀσκληπιὸν γενηθέντα, καὶ πολλὰ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς τῶν εἰς ἰατρικὴν μαθόντα, προσεξευρεῖν τήν τε χειρουργίαν καὶ τὰς τῶν φαρμάκων σκευασίας καὶ ῥιζῶν δυνάμεις, καὶ καθόλου προβιβάσαι τὴν τέχνην ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ὥστε ὡς ἀρχηγὸν αὐτῆς καὶ κτίστην τιμᾶσθαι.
And of Apollo men recount that he was the discoverer of the lyre and of the music which is got from it; that he introduced the knowledge of healing, which is brought about through the faculty of prophecy, whereby it was the practice in ancient times that the sick were healed; and as the discoverer of the bow he taught the people of the land all about the use of the bow, this being the reason why the art of archery is especially cultivated by the Cretans and the bow is called “Cretan.” To Apollo and Coronis was born Asclepius, who learned from his father many matters which pertain to the healing art, and then went on to discover the art of surgery and the preparations of drugs and the strength to be found in roots, and, speaking generally, he introduced such advances into the healing art that he is honoured as if he were its source and founder.
τῷ δʼ Ἑρμῇ προσάπτουσι τὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις γινομένας ἐπικηρυκείας καὶ διαλλαγὰς καὶ σπονδὰς καὶ τὸ τούτων σύσσημον κηρύκειον, ὃ φορεῖν εἰώθασιν οἱ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων τοὺς λόγους ποιούμενοι καὶ διὰ τούτου τυγχάνοντες παρὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἀσφαλείας· ὅθεν δὴ καὶ κοινὸν Ἑρμῆν ὠνομάσθαι, διὰ τὸ τὴν ὠφέλειαν ἀμφοτέροις εἶναι κοινὴν τοῖς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ τὴν εἰρήνην μεταλαμβάνουσι.
φασὶ δʼ αὐτὸν καὶ μέτρα καὶ σταθμὰ καὶ τὰ διὰ τῆς ἐμπορίας κέρδη πρῶτον ἐπινοῆσαι καὶ τὸ λάθρᾳ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων σφετερίζεσθαι. παραδεδόσθαι δʼ αὐτὸν καὶ κήρυκα τῶν θεῶν, ἔτι δʼ ἄγγελον ἄριστον διὰ τὸ σαφῶς αὐτὸν ἕκαστα τῶν εἰς ἐντολὴν δοθέντων ἑρμηνεύειν· ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τετευχέναι τῆς προσηγορίας αὐτὸν ταύτης, οὐχ εὑρετὴν τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ λέξεων γενόμενον, ὥς τινές φασιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς ἀπαγγελίας ἄρτιον καὶ σαφὲς ἐκπεπονηκότα περιττότερον τῶν ἄλλων.
εἰσηγητὴν δʼ αὐτὸν καὶ παλαίστρας γενέσθαι, καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς χελώνης λύραν ἐπινοῆσαι μετὰ τὴν Ἀπόλλωνος πρὸς Μαρσύαν σύγκρισιν, καθʼ ἣν λέγεται τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα νικήσαντα καὶ τιμωρίαν ὑπὲρ τὴν ἀξίαν λαβόντα παρὰ τοῦ λειφθέντος μεταμεληθῆναι, καὶ τὰς ἐκ τῆς κιθάρας χορδὰς ἐκρήξαντα μέχρι τινὸς χρόνου τῆς ἐν αὐτῇ μουσικῆς ἀποστῆναι.
To Hermes men ascribe the introduction of the sending of embassies to sue for peace, as they are used in wars, and negotiations and truces and also the herald’s wand, as a token of such matters, which is customarily borne by those who are carrying on conversations touching affairs of this kind and who, by means of it, are accorded safe conduct by the enemy; and this is the reason why he has been given the name “Hermes Koinos” because the benefit is common (koinê) to both the parties when they exchange peace in time of war. They also say that he was the first to devise measures and weights and the profits to be gained through merchandising, and how also to appropriate the property of others all unknown to them. Tradition also says that he is the herald of the gods and their most trusted messenger, because of his ability to express clearly (hermêneuein) each command that has been given him; and this is the reason why he has received the name he bears, not because he was the discoverer of words and of speech, as some men say, but because he has perfected, to a higher degree than all others, the art of the precise and clear statement of a message. He also introduced wrestling-schools and invented the lyre out of a tortoise-shell after the contest in skill between Apollo and Marsyas, in which, we are told, Apollo was victorious and thereupon exacted an excessive punishment of his defeated adversary, but he afterwards repented of this and, tearing the strings from the lyre, for a time had nothing to do with its music.
Διόνυσον δὲ μυθολογοῦσιν εὑρετὴν γενέσθαι τῆς τʼ ἀμπέλου καὶ τῆς περὶ ταύτην ἐργασίας, ἔτι δʼ οἰνοποιίας καὶ τοῦ πολλοὺς τῶν ἐκ τῆς ὀπώρας καρπῶν ἀποθησαυρίζεσθαι καὶ τὰς χρείας καὶ τὰς τροφὰς παρέχεσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν θεὸν γεγονέναι φασὶν ἐκ Διὸς καὶ Φερσεφόνης κατὰ τὴν Κρήτην, ὃν Ὀρφεὺς κατὰ τὰς τελετὰς παρέδωκε διασπώμενον ὑπὸ τῶν Τιτάνων· πλείονας γὰρ Διονύσους συμβαίνει γεγονέναι, περὶ ὧν ἡμεῖς σαφέστερον τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἐν οἰκειοτέροις καιροῖς ἀναγεγράφαμεν.
οἱ δʼ οὖν Κρῆτες τῆς παρʼ αὐτοῖς γενέσεως τοῦ θεοῦ πειρῶνται σημεῖα φέρειν, λέγοντες ὅτι περὶ τὴν Κρήτην δύο νήσους κτίσας ἐπὶ τῶν καλουμένων διδύμων κόλπων Διονυσιάδας ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ προσηγόρευσεν, ὅπερ μηδαμοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης αὐτὸν ἑτέρωθι πεποιηκέναι.
As for Dionysus, the myths state that he discovered the vine and its cultivation, and also how to make wine and to store away many of the autumn fruits and thus to provide mankind with the use of them as food over a long time. This god was born in Crete, men say, of Zeus and Persephonê, and Orpheus has handed down the tradition in the initiatory rites that he was torn in pieces by the Titans. And the fact is that there have been several who bore the name Dionysus, regarding whom we have given a detailed account at greater length in connection with the more appropriate period of time. The Cretans, however, undertake to advance evidences that the god was born in their country, stating that he formed two islands near Crete in the Twin Gulfs, as they are called, and called them after himself Dionysiadae, a thing which he has done, they say, nowhere else in the inhabited earth.
Ἡρακλέα δὲ μυθολογοῦσιν ἐκ Διὸς γενέσθαι παμπόλλοις ἔτεσι πρότερον τοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης. τοῦτον δὲ μητρὸς μὲν μὴ παρειληφέναι τίνος ἦν, αὐτὸ δὲ μόνον ὅτι ῥώμῃ σώματος πολὺ τῶν ἁπάντων διενεγκὼν ἐπῆλθε τὴν οἰκουμένην, κολάζων μὲν τοὺς ἀδίκους, ἀναιρῶν δὲ τὰ τὴν χώραν ἀοίκητον ποιοῦντα θηρία· πᾶσι δʼ ἀνθρώποις τὴν ἐλευθερίαν περιποιήσας ἀήττητος μὲν ἐγένετο καὶ ἄτρωτος, διὰ δὲ τὰς εὐεργεσίας ἀθανάτου τιμῆς ἔτυχε παρʼ ἀνθρώποις.
τὸν δʼ ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης Ἡρακλέα παντελῶς νεώτερον ὄντα, καὶ ζηλωτὴν γενόμενον τῆς τοῦ παλαιοῦ προαιρέσεως, διὰ τὰς αὐτὰς αἰτίας τυχεῖν τε τῆς ἀθανασίας καὶ χρόνων ἐγγενομένων διὰ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν δόξαι τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι, καὶ τὰς τοῦ προτέρου πράξεις εἰς τοῦτον μεταπεσεῖν, ἀγνοούντων τῶν πολλῶν τἀληθές. ὁμολογοῦσι δὲ τοῦ παλαιοτέρου θεοῦ κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον πράξεις τε καὶ τιμὰς ἐπιφανεστάτας διαμένειν καὶ πόλιν ὑπʼ ἐκείνου κτισθεῖσαν.
Βριτόμαρτιν δὲ τὴν προσαγορευομένην Δίκτυνναν μυθολογοῦσι γενέσθαι μὲν ἐν Καινοῖ τῆς Κρήτης ἐκ Διὸς καὶ Κάρμης τῆς Εὐβούλου τοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐκ Δήμητρος· ταύτην δʼ εὑρέτιν γενομένην δικτύων τῶν εἰς κυνηγίαν προσαγορευθῆναι Δίκτυνναν, καὶ τὰς μὲν διατριβὰς ποιήσασθαι μετὰ τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος, ἀφʼ ἧς αἰτίας ἐνίους δοκεῖν τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι Δίκτυννάν τε καὶ Ἄρτεμιν, θυσίαις δὲ καὶ ναῶν κατασκευαῖς τετιμῆσθαι παρὰ τοῖς Κρησὶ τὴν θεὸν ταύτην.
Of Heracles the myths relate that he was sprung from Zeus many years before that Heracles who was born of Alcmenê. As for this son of Zeus, tradition has not given us the name of his mother, but only states that he far excelled all others in vigour of body, and that he visited the inhabited earth, inflicting punishment upon the unjust and destroying the wild beasts which were making the land uninhabitable; for men everywhere he won their freedom, while remaining himself unconquered and unwounded, and because of his good deeds he attained to immortal honour at the hands of mankind. The Heracles who was born of Alcmenê was very much later, and, since he emulated the plan of life of the ancient Heracles, for the same reasons he attained to immortality, and, as time were on, he was thought by men to be the same as the other Heracles because both bore the same name, and the deeds of the earlier Heracles were transferred to the later one, the majority of men being ignorant of the actual facts. And it is generally agreed that the most renowned deeds and honours which belong to the older god were concerned with Egypt, and that these, together with a city which he founded, are still known in that country.
Britomartis, who is also called Dictynna, the myths relate, was born at Caeno in Crete of Zeus and Carmê, the daughter of Eubulus who was the son of Demeter; she invented the nets (dictya) which are used in hunting, whence she has been called Dictynna, and she passed her time in the company of Artemis, this being the reason why some men think Dictynna and Artemis are one and the same goddess; and the Cretans have instituted sacrifices and built temples in honour of this goddess.
τοὺς δʼ ἱστοροῦντας αὐτὴν ὠνομάσθαι Δίκτυνναν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμφυγεῖν εἰς ἁλιευτικὰ δίκτυα, διωκομένην ὑπὸ Μίνω συνουσίας ἕνεκα, διημαρτηκέναι τῆς ἀληθείας· οὔτε γὰρ τὴν θεὸν εἰς τοιαύτην ἀσθένειαν ἐλθεῖν πιθανὸν ὑπάρχειν ὥστε προσδεηθῆναι τῆς παρʼ ἀνθρώπων βοηθείας, τοῦ μεγίστου τῶν θεῶν οὖσαν θυγατέρα, οὔτε τῷ Μίνῳ δίκαιον προσάπτειν τοιαύτην ἀσέβειαν, παραδεδομένῳ συμφώνως δικαίαν προαίρεσιν καὶ βίον ἐπαινούμενον ἐζηλωκέναι.
But those men who tell the tale that she has been named Dictynna because she fled into some fishermen’s nets when she was pursued by Minos, who would have ravished her, have missed the truth; for it is not a probable story that the goddess should ever have got into so helpless a state that she would have required the aid that men can give, being as she is the daughter of the greatest one of the gods, nor is it right to ascribe such an impious deed to Minos, who tradition unanimously declares avowed just principles and strove to attain a manner of life which was approved by men.
πλοῦτον δὲ γενέσθαι φασὶν ἐν Τριπόλῳ τῆς Κρήτης ἐκ Δήμητρος καὶ Ἰασίωνος, διττῶς ἱστορουμένης αὐτοῦ τῆς γενέσεως. οἱ μὲν γάρ φασι τὴν γῆν σπαρεῖσαν ὑπὸ Ἰασίωνος καὶ τυγχάνουσαν ἐπιμελείας τῆς προσηκούσης ἀνεῖναι τοσοῦτο πλῆθος καρπῶν, ὥστε τοὺς ἰδόντας ἴδιον ὄνομα θέσθαι τῷ πλήθει τῶν γενομένων καρπῶν καὶ προσαγορεῦσαι πλοῦτον· διὸ καὶ τοῖς ἐπιγινομένοις παραδόσιμον γενέσθαι τὸ τοὺς πλείω τῶν ἱκανῶν κτησαμένους ἔχειν πλοῦτον.
ἔνιοι δὲ μυθολογοῦσιν ἐκ Δήμητρος καὶ Ἰασίωνος γενέσθαι παῖδα Πλοῦτον ὀνομαζόμενον, ὃν πρῶτον ἐπιμέλειαν βίου καὶ χρημάτων ἀθροισμὸν καὶ φυλακὴν εἰσηγήσασθαι, τῶν πρὸ τοῦ πάντων ὀλιγώρως ἐχόντων περὶ τὸ σωρεύειν καὶ τηρεῖν ἐπιμελῶς χρημάτων πλῆθος.
περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν θεῶν οἱ Κρῆτες τῶν παρʼ αὐτοῖς λεγομένων γεννηθῆναι τοιαῦτα μυθολογοῦσι· τὰς δὲ τιμὰς καὶ θυσίας καὶ τὰς περὶ τὰ μυστήρια τελετὰς ἐκ Κρήτης εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους παραδεδόσθαι λέγοντες τοῦτο φέρουσιν, ὡς οἴονται, μέγιστον τεκμήριον· τήν τε γὰρ παρʼ Ἀθηναίοις ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι γινομένην τελετήν, ἐπιφανεστάτην σχεδὸν οὖσαν ἁπασῶν, καὶ τὴν ἐν Σαμοθρᾴκῃ καὶ τὴν ἐν Θρᾴκῃ ἐν τοῖς Κίκοσιν, ὅθεν ὁ καταδείξας Ὀρφεὺς ἦν, μυστικῶς παραδίδοσθαι, κατὰ δὲ τὴν Κρήτην ἐν Κνωσῷ νόμιμον ἐξ ἀρχαίων εἶναι φανερῶς τὰς τελετὰς ταύτας πᾶσι παραδίδοσθαι, καὶ τὰ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ παραδιδόμενα παρʼ αὐτοῖς μηδένα κρύπτειν τῶν βουλομένων τὰ τοιαῦτα γινώσκειν.
Plutus, we are told, was born in Cretan Tripolus to Demeter and Iasion, and there is a double account of his origin. For some men say that the earth, when it was sowed once by Iasion and given proper cultivation, brought forth such an abundance of fruits that those who saw this bestowed a special name upon the abundance of fruits when they appear and called it plutus (wealth); consequently it has become traditional among later generations to say that men who have acquired more than they actually need have plutus. But there are some who recount the myth that a son was born to Demeter and Iasion whom they named Plutus, and that he was the first to introduce diligence into the life of man and the acquisition and safeguarding of property, all men up to that time having been neglectful of amassing and guarding diligently any store of property.
Such, then, are the myths which the Cretans recount of the gods who they claim were born in their land. They also assert that the honours accorded to the gods and their sacrifices and the initiatory rites observed in connection with the mysteries were handed down from Crete to the rest of men, and to support this they advance the following most weighty argument, as they conceive it: The initiatory rite which is celebrated by the Athenians in Eleusis, the most famous, one may venture, of them all, and that of Samothrace, and the one practised in Thrace among the Cicones, whence Orpheus came who introduced them — these are all handed down in the form of a mystery, whereas at Cnosus in Crete it has been the custom for ancient times that these initiatory rites should be handed down to all openly, and what is handed down among other peoples as not to be divulged, this the Cretans conceal from no one who may wish to inform himself upon such matters.
τῶν γὰρ θεῶν φασι τοὺς πλείστους ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης ὁρμηθέντας ἐπιέναι πολλὰ μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης, εὐεργετοῦντας τὰ γένη τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ μεταδιδόντας ἑκάστοις τῆς ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων εὑρημάτων ὠφελείας. Δήμητραν μὲν γὰρ περαιωθεῖσαν εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἐκεῖθεν εἰς Σικελίαν ἀπᾶραι, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτʼ εἰς Αἴγυπτον· ἐν δὲ τούτοις τοῖς τόποις μάλιστα τὸν τοῦ σίτου καρπὸν παραδοῦσαν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν σπόρον διδάξασαν μεγάλων τιμῶν τυχεῖν παρὰ τοῖς εὖ παθοῦσιν.
ὁμοίως δʼ Ἀφροδίτην ἐνδιατρῖψαι τῆς μὲν Σικελίας περὶ τὸν Ἔρυκα, τῶν δὲ νήσων περὶ Κύθηρα καὶ Πάφον τῆς Κύπρου, τῆς δὲ Ἀσίας περὶ τὴν Συρίαν· διὰ δὲ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ πλέον ἐπιδημίαν αὐτῆς τοὺς ἐγχωρίους ἐξιδιάζεσθαι τὴν θεόν, καλοῦντας Ἀφροδίτην Ἐρυκίνην καὶ Κυθέρειαν καὶ Παφίαν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ Συρίαν.
ὡσαύτως δὲ τὸν μὲν Ἀπόλλωνα πλεῖστον χρόνον φανῆναι περὶ Δῆλον καὶ Λυκίαν καὶ Δελφούς, τὴν δʼ Ἄρτεμιν περὶ τὴν Ἔφεσον καὶ τὸν Πόντον, ἔτι δὲ τὴν Περσίδα καὶ τὴν Κρήτην· διόπερ
ἀπὸ τῶν τόπων ἢ πράξεων τῶν παρʼ ἑκάστοις συντελεσθεισῶν τὸν μὲν Δήλιον καὶ Λύκιον καὶ Πύθιον ὀνομάζεσθαι, τὴν δʼ Ἐφεσίαν καὶ Κρησίαν, ἔτι δὲ Ταυροπόλον καὶ Περσίαν, ἀμφοτέρων ἐν Κρήτῃ γεγεννημένων.
τιμᾶται δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς Πέρσαις ἡ θεὸς αὕτη διαφερόντως, καὶ μυστήρια ποιοῦσιν οἱ βάρβαροι, συντελούμενα παρʼ ἑτέροις μέχρι τῶν νῦν χρόνων Ἀρτέμιδι Περσίᾳ. παραπλήσια δὲ μυθολογοῦσι καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν, περὶ ὧν ἡμῖν ἀναγράφειν μακρὸν ἂν εἴη, τοῖς δʼ ἀναγινώσκουσι παντελῶς ἀσύνοπτον.
Indeed, the majority of the gods, the Cretans say, had their beginning in Crete and set out from there to visit many regions of the inhabited world, conferring benefactions upon the races of men and distributing among each of them the advantage which resulted from the discoveries they had made. Demeter, for example, crossed over into Attica and then removed from there to Sicily and afterwards to Egypt; and in these lands her choicest gift was that of the fruit of the corn and instructions in the sowing of it, whereupon she received great honours at the hands of those whom she had benefited. Likewise Aphroditê made her seat in Sicily in the region of Eryx, among the islands near Cythera and in Paphos in Cyprus, and in Asia in Syria; because of the manifestation of the goddess in their country and her extended sojourn among them the inhabitants of the lands appropriated her to themselves, calling her, as the case might be, Erycinian Aphroditê, and Cytherian, and Paphian, and Syrian. And in the same manner Apollo revealed himself for the longest time in Delos and Lycia and Delphi, and Artemis in Ephesus and the Pontus and Persis and Crete; and the consequence has been that, either from the names of these regions or as a result of the deeds which they performed in each of them, Apollo has been called Delian and Lycian and Pythian, and Aphroditê has been called Ephesian and Cretan and Tauropolian and Persian, although both of them were born in Crete. And this goddess is held in special honour among the Persians, and the barbarians hold mysteries which are performed among other peoples even down to this day in honour of the Persian Artemis. And similar myths are also recounted by the Cretans regarding the other gods, but to draw up an account of them would be a long task for us, and it would not be easily grasped by our readers.
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