⟨CCLXVIIII Qui amplissimi fuerunt⟩
**** Iovis et Europae filius. Cycnus alter Martis filius quem idem Hercules occidit.
269. The men of greatest stature
**** son of Zeus and Europa. Another Cycnus, son of Ares, whom Heracles also killed.
CCLXX Qui formosissimi fuerunt
Iasion †Ilithii filius, quem Ceres dicitur amasse, quod ipsum historiis creditur. Cinyras Paphi filius rex Assyriorum. Anchises Assaraci filius, quem Venus amavit. [Alexander Paris Priami filius et Hecubae quem Helena secuta est. Nireus Charopi[s] filius.] Cephalus Pandionis filius quem Aurora amavit; Tithonus Laomedontis filius Aurorae coniunx: Parthenopaeus Meleagri et Atalantes filius. Achilles Pelei et Thetidis filius. Patroclus Menoetii filius. Idomeneus * qui Helenam amavit. Theseus Aegei et Aethrae filius, quem Ariadne amavit.
270. The most beautiful men
Iasion, son of †Ilithius, whom Demeter is said to have loved, which is believed in the histories. Cinyras, son of Paphus, king of the Assyrians. Anchises, son of Assaracus, whom Aphrodite loved. [Alexander Paris, son of Priam and Hecuba, whom Helen followed. Nireus, son of Charopus.] Cephalus, son of Pandion, whom Aurora (Eos) loved; Tithonus, son of Laomedon, husband of Aurora: Parthenopaeus, son of Meleager and Atalanta. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis. Patroclus, son of Menoetius. Idomeneus * who loved Helen. Theseus, son of Aegeus and Aethra, whom Ariadne loved.
CCLXXI Qui ephebi formosissimi fuerunt
Adonis Cinyrae et Smyrnae filius quem Venus amavit. Endymion Aethlii filius quem Luna amavit. — Ganymedes Erichthonii filius, quem Iovis amavit. Hyacinthus Oebali filius quem Apollo amavit. [Narcissus Cephisi fluminis filius qui se ipsum amavit. †Atlantius Mercurii et Veneris filius qui hermaphroditus dictus est.] Hylas Thiodamantis filius, quem Hercules amavit. Chrysippus Pelopis filius, quem †Theseus ludis rapuit.
271. The most beautiful youths
Adonis, son of Cinyras and Smyrna, whom Aphrodite loved. Endymion, son of Aethlius, whom Selene (the Moon) loved. — Ganymede, son of Erichthonius, whom Zeus loved. Hyacinthus, son of Oebalus, whom Apollo loved. [Narcissus, son of the river Cephisus, who loved himself. †Atlantius, son of Hermes and Aphrodite, who was called Hermaphroditus.] Hylas, son of Theiodamas, whom Heracles loved. Chrysippus, son of Pelops, whom †Theseus carried off at the games.
⟨CCLXXII De iis qui in areopago causam dixerunt⟩
(deest)
272. Those who pleaded their case on the Areopagus
[The text of this fabula is lost; only the heading survives.]
CCLXXIII Qui primi ludos fecerunt usque ad Aeneam quintum decimum
**** Quinto loco Argis, quos fecit Danaus Beli filius filiarum nuptiis cantu, unde hymenaeus dictus. Sexto autem iterum Argis, quos fecit Lynceus Aegypti filius Iunoni Argivae, qui appellantur ἀσπὶς ἐν Ἄργει. quibus ludis qui vicit accipit pro corona clipeum ideo quod Abas Lyncei et Hypermnestrae filius nunciavit Danaum parentibus perisse. cui Lynceus de templo Iunonis Argivae detraxit clipeum quod Danaus in iuventa gesserat et Iunoni sacraverat et Abanti filio muneri dedit. in his ludis qui semel vicit et iterum descendit ad certamen ut nisi iterum vincat †saepe descendat. Septimo autem loco Perseus Iovis et Danaes filius funebres Polydectae nutritori suo in insula Seripho: ubi cum luctatur percussit Acrisium avum suum et occidit. [itaque quod sua voluntate noluit, id deorum factum est numine.] Octavo loco fecit Hercules Olympiae gymnicos Pelopi Tantali filio, in quibus ⟨ip⟩se contendit pammachio quod nos pancratium vocamus cum †Achareo. Nono loco facti sunt in Nemea Archemoro Lyci et Eurydices filio quos fecerunt septem duces qui Thebas ibant oppugnatum; in quibus ludis postea vicerunt Euneus et Deipylus Iasonis et Hypsipyles filii. his quoque ludis pythaules [qui pythia cantaverunt] septem habuit palliatos qui voce cantaverunt, unde postea appellatus est choraules. Decimo Isthmia Melicertae, Athamantis filio et Inus fecisse dicitur ⟨Sisyphus, ut ait⟩ Patrocles. alii poetae dicunt Theseum. Undecimo fecerunt Argonautae in Propontide Cyzico regi Aenei filio, quem Iason imprudens noctu in litore occiderat, ⟨cursu⟩ saltu luctatione et iaculo. Duodecimo autem Arg[iv]is quos fecit Peliae Acastus filius. his ludis vicerunt Zetes Aquilonis filius dolichodromo Calais eiusdem filius diaulo, Castor Iovis filius stadio Pollux eiusdem filius cestu, Telamon Aeaci filius disco Peleus eiusdem luctatione, Hercules Iovis filius pammachio Meleager Oenei filius iaculo. Cycnus Martis filius armis occidit †Pilum †Diodoti filium. Bellerophontes vicit equo. quadrigis autem vicit Iolaus Iphicli filius Glaucum Sisyphi filium quem equi mordici distraxerunt. Eurytus Mercurii filius sagitta. Cephalus Deionis filius funda. Olympus Marsyae discipulus tibiis Orpheus Oeagri filius cithara Linus Apollinis filius cantu Eumolpus Neptuni filius ad Olympi tibias voce. Tertiodecimo fecit in Ilio Priamus cenotaphium Paridi quem natum iusserat interfici ⟨et⟩ gymnicos, in quibus certati sunt cursu Nestor Nelei filius Helenus Priami filius Deiphobus eiusdem Polites eiusdem Telephus Herculis filius Cycnus Neptuni filius Sarpedon Iovis filius Paris Alexander pastor Priami ignarus filius. vicit autem Paris et inventus est esse Priami filius. Quartodecimo Achilles Patroclo funebres in quibus Aiax vicit lucta et accepit lebetem aureum munus, deinde Menelaus vicit iaculo et accepit muneri iaculum aureum. demisso spectaculo eodem Phrygas captivos duodecim in rogum Patrocli et equum et canem coniecit. [Quintodecimo fecit Aeneas Veneris et Anchisae filius in Sicilia ad Acesten Crinisi fluminis filium hospitem. ibi Aeneas patris ornavit exequias ludicroque certamine honores debitos manibus solvit, in quibus primum navale certamen fuit †de Mnestheo navis Pristis Gyas navis Chimaera Sergestus navis Centaurus ** vicit autem Cloanthus cum navi Scylla et accepit praemium talentum argenti, auratam chlamydem ex purpura intextum Ganymeden. Mnestheus loricam adeptus est, Gyas abstulit lebetas cymbiaque argento caelata, Sergestus captivam cum duobus filiis nomine Pholoen. Secundo deinde certamine ⟨cursu⟩ Nisus Euryalus Diores Salius ⟨Patron⟩ Helymus Panopes. vicit Euryalus, accepit praemium equum phaleris insignem secundo Helymus amazoniam pharetram tertio Diores galeam argolicam Salio exuvias leonis donavit Niso clipeum opus Didymaonis. Tertio deinde certamen ⟨cum⟩ cestibus Dares et Entellus. vicit Entellus, accepit praemium taurum; Dareti galeam et ensem tribuit. Quarto deinde certarunt sagitta Hippocoon Mnestheus Acestes Eurytion, [qui accepit muneri galeam] †quia iudicis propter omen Acestae honorem cessit. Quinto Ascanio puero duce luserunt pueri Troiam.]
273. Who first held games, down to Aeneas as fifteenth
**** In the fifth place at Argos, games which Danaus, son of Belus, held at the wedding of his daughters, with singing, whence the hymenaeus (wedding-song) is named. In the sixth place again at Argos, games which Lynceus, son of Aegyptus, held for Argive Hera, which are called ἀσπὶς ἐν Ἄργει (the shield at Argos). In these games the victor receives a shield instead of a crown, because Abas, son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, announced that Danaus had died to his parents. Lynceus took down for him from the temple of Argive Hera the shield which Danaus had carried in his youth and had dedicated to Hera, and gave it to his son Abas as a gift. In these games the one who has once won also goes down again to the contest, so that, unless he wins again, he †often goes down. In the seventh place Perseus, son of Zeus and Danae, held funeral games for his foster-father Polydectes on the island of Seriphus: where, while he was wrestling, he struck his grandfather Acrisius and killed him. [So what he did not will, was done by the divinity of the gods.] In the eighth place Heracles held athletic games at Olympia for Pelops, son of Tantalus, in which ⟨he⟩ himself competed in the pammachion (all-in contest), which we call pancratium, against †Achareus. In the ninth place games were held in Nemea for Archemorus, son of Lycus and Eurydice, which the seven leaders who were going to attack Thebes held; in these games afterwards Euneus and Deipylus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle, were winners. At these games too the piper (pythaules) [who played the Pythian music] had seven performers in cloaks who sang with the voice, whence he was afterwards called choraules. In the tenth place, the Isthmian games are said to have been held for Melicertes, son of Athamas and Ino, by ⟨Sisyphus, as⟩ Patrocles ⟨says⟩. Other poets say Theseus. In the eleventh place the Argonauts held games on the Propontis for King Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, whom Jason had unknowingly killed at night on the shore, with ⟨running,⟩ jumping, wrestling and javelin. In the twelfth place at Argos (Arg[iv]is), games which Acastus, son of Pelias, held. In these games Zetes, son of the North Wind, won the long race, Calais, his brother, the double course, Castor, son of Zeus, the stadium, Pollux, his brother, boxing, Telamon, son of Aeacus, the discus, Peleus, his brother, wrestling, Heracles, son of Zeus, the pammachion, Meleager, son of Oeneus, the javelin. Cycnus, son of Ares, killed in arms †Pilus, †son of Diodotus. Bellerophon won on horseback. In the chariot race Iolaus, son of Iphiclus, won, over Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, whom his horses tore to pieces with their bites. Eurytus, son of Hermes, with the arrow. Cephalus, son of Deion, with the sling. Olympus, pupil of Marsyas, with the pipes; Orpheus, son of Oeagrus, with the lyre; Linus, son of Apollo, with song; Eumolpus, son of Poseidon, with voice to the pipes of Olympus. In the thirteenth place, at Ilium, Priam held a cenotaph for Paris, whom he had ordered to be killed when he was born, ⟨and⟩ athletic games, in which they competed in running: Nestor, son of Nelus; Helenus, son of Priam; Deiphobus, his; Polites, his; Telephus, son of Heracles; Cycnus, son of Poseidon; Sarpedon, son of Zeus; Paris Alexander, the herdsman, Priam's unknowing son. Paris won and was found to be Priam's son. In the fourteenth place, Achilles held funeral games for Patroclus, in which Ajax won at wrestling and received a golden cauldron as prize; then Menelaus won with the javelin and received as a prize a golden javelin. When the spectacle was ended, he threw twelve Phrygian captives onto Patroclus' pyre, with a horse and a dog. [In the fifteenth place Aeneas, son of Aphrodite and Anchises, held them in Sicily, with his guest Acestes, son of the river Crinisus. There Aeneas adorned his father's funeral rites and paid the due honours to his shade with a sporting contest, in which first there was a naval contest †de Mnestheus, ship Pristis; Gyas, ship Chimaera; Sergestus, ship Centaurus; ** Cloanthus won with the ship Scylla and received as prize a talent of silver, a golden cloak woven in purple with Ganymede. Mnestheus obtained a breastplate; Gyas carried off cauldrons and cups engraved in silver; Sergestus a captive woman with her two sons named Pholoe. Then in the second contest, ⟨running⟩: Nisus, Euryalus, Diores, Salius, ⟨Patron⟩, Helymus, Panopes. Euryalus won; he received as prize a horse distinguished with trappings; second, Helymus, an Amazonian quiver; third, Diores, an Argive helmet; to Salius he gave the skin of a lion, to Nisus a shield, the work of Didymaon. In the third contest, ⟨with⟩ the cestus (boxing gloves): Dares and Entellus. Entellus won; he received as prize a bull; to Dares he gave a helmet and a sword. In the fourth, they competed with the arrow: Hippocoon, Mnestheus, Acestes, Eurytion, [who received a helmet as a gift] †quia of the judge because of the omen yielded the honour to Acestes. In the fifth, with the boy Ascanius as leader, the boys played Troy.]
CCLXXIIII Quis quid invenerit
***nomine Cerasus vinum cum Acheloo flumine in Aetolia miscuit, unde miscere κεράσαι est dictum. antiqui autem nostri in lectis tricli⟨ni⟩aribus in fulcris capita †asellorum vite alligata habuerunt significantes suavitatem inventi. [caper autem vitem quam praeroserat plenius fructum protulit, unde etiam putationem invenerunt.] Pelethronius frenos et stratum equis primus invenit. Belone prima acum reperit, quae graece βελόνη appellatur. Cadmus Agenoris filius aes Thebis primus inventum condidit; †Sacus Iovis filius in Panchaia in monte Taso aurum primus invenit; †Indus rex in Scythia argentum primus invenit quod Erichthonius Athenas primum attulit [Elide quae urbs est in Peloponneso certamina quadrigarum primum instituta sunt]; Midas rex Cybeles filius Phryx plumbum album et nigrum primus invenit. Arcades res divinas primi diis fecerunt. Phoroneus Inachi filius arma Iunoni primus fecit, qui ob eam caussam primus regnandi potestatem habuit.
Chiron Centaurus Saturni filius artem medicinam chirurgicam ex herbis primus instituit; Apollo artem ocula⟨ri⟩am medicinam primus fecit; tertio autem loco Asclepius Apollinis filius clinicen reperit. [Antiqui ⟨quia⟩ obstetrices non habuerunt, unde mulieres verecundia ductae interierant (nam Athenienses caverant, ne quis servus aut f[o]emina artem medicinam disceret) Agnodice quaedam puella virgo concupivit medicinam discere. quae cum concupisset, demptis capillis habitu virili se H[i]erophilo cuidam tradidit in disciplinam. quae cum artem didicisset et f[o]eminam laborantem audisset ab inferiore parte, veniebat ad eam. quae cum credere se noluisset existimans virum esse illa tunica sublata ostendebat se f[o]eminam esse: et ita eas curabat. quod cum vidissent medici se ad f[o]eminas non admitti Agnodicen accusare coeperunt, quod dicerent eum glabrum esse et corruptorem earum et illas simulare imbecilitatem. quod cum Areopagitae consedissent Agnodicen damnare coeperunt. quibus Agnodice tunicam allevavit et se ostendit f[o]eminam esse. et validius medici accusare coeperunt. quare * tum f[o]eminae principes ad iudicium convenerunt et dixerunt: vos coniuges non estis sed hostes, quia quae salutem nobis invenit eam damnatis. tunc Athenienses legem emendarunt ut ingenuae artem medicinam discerent.] Perdix Daedali sororis filius circinum et serram ex piscis spina repperit. Daedalus Eupalami filius deorum simulac[h]ra primus fecit. Euadnes qui in Chaldaea de mari exisse dicitur astrologiam interpretatus est. Lydi Sardibus lanam ⟨in⟩fecerunt, postea ⟨i⟩idem s⟨t⟩amen *. Pan fistulae cantum primus invenit. [in Sicilia frumentum Ceres prima invenit.] Tyrrhenus Herculis filius tubam primus invenit hac ratione: quod cum carne humana comites eius vescerentur, ob crudelitatem incolae circa regionem diffugerunt; tunc ille quia †ex eorum decesserat concha pertusa buccinavit et pagum convocavit, testatique sunt se mortuum sepulturae dare, nec consumere. unde tuba tyrrhenum melos dicitur. quod exemplum hodie Romani servant et cum aliquis decessit tubicines cantant et amici convocantur testandi gratia eum neque veneno neque ferro interiisse. Hortini autem classica invenerunt. Afri et Aegyptii primum fustibus dimicaverunt, postea Belus Neptuni filius gladio belligeratus est, unde bellum est dictum.
274. Who invented what
***, by name Cerasus, mixed wine with the river Achelous in Aetolia, from which ‘to mix’ is called κεράσαι. Our ancestors in the dining-room couches kept on the bed-frames the heads of †asses bound with vine, indicating the sweetness of the discovery. [A goat, however, which had gnawed a vine, made it bear fruit more fully, from which they also discovered pruning.] Pelethronius first invented bridles and saddle-cloths for horses. Belone first discovered the needle, which in Greek is called βελόνη. Cadmus, son of Agenor, was the first to found the smelting of bronze at Thebes, bronze having been discovered; †Sacus, son of Zeus, first discovered gold in Panchaia on Mount Thasos; †Indus, a king in Scythia, first discovered silver, which Erichthonius first brought to Athens [at Elis, which is a city in the Peloponnese, chariot races were first established]; Midas, king, son of Cybele, a Phrygian, first discovered white and black lead. The Arcadians first performed divine rites to the gods. Phoroneus, son of Inachus, first made weapons for Hera, and for this reason first had the power of reigning.
Chiron the Centaur, son of Cronus, first established the art of medicine, surgical, from herbs; Apollo first made the art of eye medicine; in the third place Asclepius, son of Apollo, discovered clinical medicine. [The ancients did not have midwives, so that women, led by modesty, used to die (for the Athenians had taken care that no slave or woman should learn the medical art); a certain girl, a virgin, Agnodice, conceived a wish to learn medicine. When she had conceived this wish, she cut her hair and in man's dress gave herself up to one Herophilus for instruction. When she had learned the art and heard that a woman was in labour, she used to go to her. When the woman refused to trust her, thinking her a man, she lifted her tunic and showed that she was a woman: and so she treated them. When the doctors saw that they were not being admitted to the women, they began to accuse Agnodice, saying that he was smooth-faced and a seducer of them and that they were feigning weakness. When the Areopagites sat, they began to condemn Agnodice. Agnodice lifted her tunic and showed that she was a woman. And the doctors began to accuse her more strongly. Therefore * then the leading women came to the court and said: ‘You are not husbands but enemies, since you condemn her who has found health for us.’ Then the Athenians amended the law so that free-born women might learn the medical art.] Perdix, son of Daedalus' sister, invented the compass and the saw from the backbone of a fish. Daedalus, son of Eupalamus, first made images of the gods. Euadnes, who is said to have come out of the sea in Chaldaea, expounded astrology. The Lydians at Sardis dyed wool, afterwards [the same] ⟨warp-thread⟩ *. Pan first invented the sound of the pipe. [In Sicily Demeter first discovered grain.] Tyrrhenus, son of Heracles, first invented the trumpet, in this way: because his companions ate human flesh, the inhabitants, on account of the cruelty, scattered around the region; then he, because †ex eorum had died, blew on a pierced shell and called the village together, and they testified that they were giving the dead to burial, not eating him. Hence the trumpet is called the Tyrrhenian music. This custom the Romans keep today, and when someone has died trumpeters play and friends are called together to testify that he has died neither by poison nor by the sword. The Hortini invented military trumpets. The Africans and Egyptians first fought with clubs; afterwards Belus, son of Poseidon, made war with the sword, from which war (bellum) is named.
CCLXXV Oppida qui quae condiderunt
Iovis in India Thebas Thebaidos, nomine nutricis suae: quae hecatonpylae appellantur ideo quod centum portas habent. Minerva [in Chalcide] Athenas, quas ex suo nomine appellavit. Epaphus Iovis filius in Aegypto Memphim, Arcas Iovis filius in Arcadia Trapezunta. Apollo Iovis filius * Arnas: Eleusinus Mercurii filius Eleusinem. Dardanus Iovis filius Dardaniam. Argus Agenoris filius Argos. [Cadmus Agenoris filius Thebas heptapylas, quae septem portas habuisse dicuntur.] Perseus Iovis filius Perseida. Castor et Pollux Iovis filii Dioscorida. Medus Aegei et Medeae filius in Ecbatanis Mediam. Camirus Solis filius Camiram. [Liber in India Hammonem]. Ephyre nympha Oceani filia Ephyren, quam postea Corinthum appellarunt. Sardo Stheneli filia Sardis: Cinyras Paphi filius filiae suae nomine Smyrnam. Perseus Iovis filius Mycenas. Semiramis Dercetis filia in Syria Babylonem.
275. Who founded which cities
Zeus in India, Thebes in the Thebaid, named after his nurse: it is called Hecatompylae (hundred-gated) because it has a hundred gates. Athena [in Chalcis] Athens, which she named after herself. Epaphus, son of Zeus, in Egypt, Memphis; Arcas, son of Zeus, in Arcadia, Trapezus. Apollo, son of Zeus, * Arne: Eleusinus, son of Hermes, Eleusis. Dardanus, son of Zeus, Dardania. Argus, son of Agenor, Argos. [Cadmus, son of Agenor, Thebes of the seven gates, which are said to have had seven gates.] Perseus, son of Zeus, Perseis. Castor and Pollux, sons of Zeus, Dioscoris. Medus, son of Aegeus and Medea, in Ecbatana, Media. Camirus, son of the Sun, Camirus. [Liber in India, Hammon.] The nymph Ephyre, daughter of Oceanus, Ephyre, which was afterwards called Corinth. Sardo, daughter of Sthenelus, Sardis: Cinyras, son of Paphus, Smyrna, after his daughter's name. Perseus, son of Zeus, Mycenae. Semiramis, daughter of Derceto, in Syria, Babylon.
CCLXXVI Insulae maximae
Mauritania posita ad solis occasum in circuitu stadia LXXVI
Aegyptus in sole et austro posita quam Nilus circumlavat circuitu stadia *
Sicilia in triscelo * posita circuitu stadia XXXDLXX *
Sardinia in circuitu stadia XCCL
Creta in longitudine ** et oppida utraque parte centum possidet circuitu stadia XXC
Cyprus posita est inter Aegyptum et Africam similis scuto Gallico * circuitu stadia XLIC
Rhodus in rotundo posita circuitu stadia XXC
Euboea consimilis arcui circuitu stadia XXCC
Corcyra ager bonus circuitu stadia XXC
†Sycion ager bonus circuitu stadia mille centum
Tenedos insula contra Ilium circuitu stadia MCC
Corsica ager pessimus circuitu stadia MCXX
Cyclades insulae sunt novem, id est Andros Myconos Delos Ten[ed]os Naxos Seriphus Gyarus Paros Rhene.
276. The largest islands
Mauritania, lying toward the sunset, in circuit stades LXXVI.
Egypt, lying in the sun and the south, which the Nile flows round, in circuit stades *.
Sicily, lying in a triangular shape *, in circuit stades XXXDLXX *.
Sardinia, in circuit stades XCCL.
Crete, in length **, and has a hundred cities on both sides, in circuit stades XXC.
Cyprus lies between Egypt and Africa, like a Gallic shield *, in circuit stades XLIC.
Rhodes, lying in a round, in circuit stades XXC.
Euboea, like a bow, in circuit stades XXCC.
Corcyra, good land, in circuit stades XXC.
†Sycion, good land, in circuit eleven hundred stades.
Tenedos, island opposite Ilium, in circuit stades MCC.
Corsica, very poor land, in circuit stades MCXX.
The Cyclades are nine islands, that is Andros, Myconos, Delos, Tenos, Naxos, Seriphos, Gyaros, Paros, Rhene.
CCLXXVII Rerum inventores primi
cum volant literas exprimunt. Palamedes autem Nauplii filius invenit aeque literas undecim, Simonides literas aeque quatuor ΩΗΞΨ, Epicharmus Siculus duas Θ et Χ. has autem graecas [Mercurius in Aegyptum primus detulisse dicitur, ex Aegypto Cadmus in Graeciam quas] Euandrus profugus ex Arcadia in Italiam transtulit, quas mater eius Carmenta in latinas commutavit num. XV. Apollo in cithara c[a]eteras adiecit. idem Mercurius et palaestram mortales primus docuit. Ceres [fruges serere] boves domare et alumno suo Triptolemo fruges serere demonstravit. qui cum sevisset et sus [id est porcus] quod severat effodisset, suem comprehendit et duxit ad aram Cereris et frugibus super caput eius positis eidem Cereri immolavit. inde primum inventum est super hostias molam salsam imponere. Velificia primum invenit Isis. nam dum quaerit Harpocratem filium suum rate velificavit. Minerva prima navem biprorem Danao aedificavit, in qua Aegyptum fratrem profugit
(desunt nonnulla)
277. The first inventors
when (the cranes) fly, they trace letters. Palamedes, son of Nauplius, also invented eleven letters; Simonides likewise four letters, ΩΗΞΨ; Epicharmus the Sicilian two, Θ and Χ. These Greek letters [Hermes is said first to have brought to Egypt, and Cadmus from Egypt to Greece] Evander, an exile from Arcadia, carried to Italy, and his mother Carmenta changed them into Latin, fifteen in number. Apollo added the others in the lyre [or: the others for the cithara?]. The same Hermes first taught mortals also the palaestra (wrestling). Demeter [to sow crops] showed how to tame oxen and, to her foster-son Triptolemus, how to sow crops. When he had sown, and a pig [that is, a hog] had dug up what he had sown, he caught the pig and led it to the altar of Demeter, and with the crops placed on its head sacrificed it to Demeter. From this it was first discovered to put salted meal on victims. Isis first invented sails. For while she was searching for her son Harpocrates she sailed on a raft. Athena first built a ship with two prows for Danaus, in which he fled his brother Aegyptus
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