ἡμεῖς δʼ ἀρκούντως περὶ Κελτῶν εἰρηκότες μεταβιβάσομεν τὴν ἱστορίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς πλησιοχώρους τούτοις Κελτίβηρας. οὗτοι γὰρ τὸ παλαιὸν περὶ τῆς χώρας ἀλλήλοις διαπολεμήσαντες, οἵ τε Ἴβηρες καὶ οἱ Κελτοί, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα διαλυθέντες καὶ τὴν χώραν κοινῇ κατοικήσαντες, ἔτι δʼ ἐπιγαμίας πρὸς ἀλλήλους συνθέμενοι, διὰ τὴν ἐπιμιξίαν ταύτης ἔτυχον τῆς προσηγορίας. δυεῖν δʼ ἐθνῶν ἀλκίμων μιχθέντων καὶ χώρας ὑποκειμένης ἀγαθῆς, συνέβη τοὺς Κελτίβηρας ἐπὶ πολὺ τῇ δόξῃ προελθεῖν, καὶ Ῥωμαίοις πολλοὺς χρόνους ἀντιταξαμένους μόγις καταπολεμηθῆναι.
δοκοῦσι δʼ οὗτοι κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους οὐ μόνον ἱππεῖς ἀγαθούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ πεζοὺς παρέχεσθαι διαφόρους ταῖς ἀλκαῖς καὶ ταῖς καρτερίαις. φοροῦσι δʼ οὗτοι σάγους μέλανας τραχεῖς καὶ παραπλήσιον ἔχοντας τὸ ἔριον ταῖς αἰγείαις θριξίν.
ὁπλίζονται δέ τινες τῶν Κελτιβήρων Γαλατικοῖς θυρεοῖς κούφοις, τινὲς δὲ κυρτίαις κυκλοτερέσιν ἀσπίδων ἐχούσαις τὰ μεγέθη, καὶ περὶ τὰς κνήμας τριχίνας εἰλοῦσι κνημῖδας, περὶ δὲ τὰς κεφαλὰς κράνη χαλκᾶ περιτίθενται φοινικοῖς ἠσκημένα λόφοις. ξίφη δʼ ἀμφίστομα καὶ σιδήρῳ διαφόρῳ κεχαλκευμένα φοροῦσιν, ἔχοντες σπιθαμιαίας παραξιφίδας, αἷς χρῶνται κατὰ τὰς ἐν ταῖς μάχαις συμπλοκάς.
Now that we have spoken at sufficient length about the Celts we shall turn our history to the Celtiberians who are their neighbours. In ancient times these two peoples, namely, the Iberians and the Celts, kept warring among themselves over the land, but when later they arranged their differences and settled upon the land altogether, and when they went further and agreed to intermarriage with each other, because of such intermixture the two peoples received the appellation given above. And since it was two powerful nations that united and the land of theirs was fertile, it came to pass that the Celtiberians advanced far in fame and were subdued by the Romans with difficulty and only after they had faced them in battle over a long period. And this people, it would appear, provide for warfare not only excellent cavalry but also foot-soldiers who excel in prowess and endurance. They wear rough black cloaks, the wool of which resembles the hair of goats. As for their arms, certain of the Celtiberians, carry light shields like those of the Gauls, and certain carry circular wicker shields as large as an aspis, and about their shins and calves they wind greaves made of hair and on their heads they wear bronze helmets adorned with purple crests. The swords they wear are two-edged and wrought of excellent iron, and they also have dirks a span in length which they use in fighting at close quarters.
ἴδιον δέ τι παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστι περὶ τὴν τῶν ἀμυντηρίων κατασκευήν· ἐλάσματα γὰρ σιδήρου κατακρύπτουσιν εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐῶσι μέχρι ἂν ὅτου διὰ τὸν χρόνον τοῦ ἰοῦ περιφαγόντος τὸ ἀσθενὲς τοῦ σιδήρου καταλειφθῇ τὸ στερεώτατον, ἐξ οὗ κατασκευάζουσι διάφορα ξίφη καὶ τἄλλα τὰ πρὸς πόλεμον ἀνήκοντα. τὸ δʼ οὕτω κατασκευασθὲν ὅπλον πᾶν τὸ ὑποπεσὸν διαιρεῖ, ἀφʼ οὗπερ οὔτε θυρεὸς οὔτε κράνος οὔτε ὀστοῦν ὑπομένει τὴν πληγὴν διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς τοῦ σιδήρου.
διμάχαι δʼ ὄντες, ἐπειδὰν ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων ἀγωνισάμενοι νικήσωσι, καταπηδῶντες καὶ τὴν τῶν πεζῶν τάξιν μεταλαμβάνοντες θαυμαστὰς ποιοῦνται μάχας. ἴδιον δέ τι καὶ παράδοξον νόμιμον παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν· ἐπιμελεῖς γὰρ ὄντες καὶ καθάρειοι ταῖς διαίταις ἓν ἔργον ἐπιτηδεύουσι βάναυσον καὶ πολλῆς ἀκαθαρσίας κεκοινωνηκός· παρʼ ἕκαστα γὰρ τὸ σῶμα λοῦσιν οὔρῳ, καὶ τοὺς ὀδόντας παρατρίβοντες ταύτην ἡγοῦνται θεραπείαν εἶναι τοῦ σώματος.
And a peculiar practice is followed by them in the fashioning of their defensive weapons; for they bury plates of iron in the ground and leave them there until in the course of time the rust has eaten out what is weak in the iron and what is left is only the most unyielding, and of this they then fashion excellent swords and such other objects as pertain to war. The weapon which has been fashioned in the manner described cuts through anything which gets in its way, for no shield or helmet or bone can withstand a blow from it, because of the exceptional quality of the iron. Able as they are to fight in two styles, they first carry on the contest on horseback, and when they have defeated the cavalry they dismount, and assuming the rôle of foot-soldiers they put up marvellous battles. And a peculiar and strange custom obtains among them: Careful and cleanly as they are in their ways of living, they nevertheless observe one practice which is low and partakes of great uncleanness; for they consistently use urine to bathe the body and wash their teeth with it, thinking that in this practice is constituted the care and healing of the body.
τοῖς δʼ ἤθεσι πρὸς μὲν τοὺς κακούργους καὶ πολεμίους ὑπάρχουσιν ὠμοί, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ξένους ἐπιεικεῖς καὶ φιλάνθρωποι. τοὺς γὰρ ἐπιδημήσαντας ξένους ἅπαντες ἀξιοῦσι παρʼ αὑτοῖς ποιεῖσθαι τὰς καταλύσεις καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἁμίλλῶνται περὶ τῆς φιλοξενίας· οἷς δʼ ἂν οἱ ξένοι συνακολουθήσωσι, τούτους ἐπαινοῦσι καὶ θεοφιλεῖς ἡγοῦνται.
τροφαῖς δὲ χρῶνται κρέασι παντοδαποῖς καὶ δαψιλέσι καὶ οἰνομέλιτος πόματι, χορηγούσης τῆς χώρας τὸ μὲν μέλι παμπληθές, τὸν δʼ οἶνον παρὰ τῶν ἐπιπλεόντων ἐμπόρων ὠνούμενοι.
χαριέστατον δὲ τῶν πλησιοχώρων ἐθνῶν ἐστι τὸ τῶν Οὐακκαίων ὀνομαζομένων σύστημα· οὗτοι γὰρ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἔτος διαιρούμενοι τὴν χώραν γεωργοῦσι, καὶ τοὺς καρποὺς κοινοποιούμενοι μεταδιδόασιν ἑκάστῳ τὸ μέρος, καὶ τοῖς νοσφισαμένοις τι γεωργοῖς θάνατον τὸ πρόστιμον τεθείκασι.
τῶν δʼ Ἰβήρων ἀλκιμώτατοι μέν εἰσιν οἱ καλούμενοι Λυσιτανοί, φοροῦσι δʼ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις πέλτας μικρὰς παντελῶς, διαπεπλεγμένας νεύροις καὶ δυναμένας σκέπειν τὸ σῶμα περιττότερον διὰ τὴν στερεότητα· ταύτην δʼ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις μεταφέροντες εὐλύτως ἄλλοτε ἄλλως ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος διακρούονται φιλοτέχνως πᾶν τὸ φερόμενον ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς βέλος.
As for the customs they follow toward malefactors and enemies the Celtiberians are cruel, but toward strangers they are honourable and humane. Strangers, for instance, who come among them they one and all entreat to stop at their homes and they are rivals one of another in their hospitality, and any among them who are attended by strangers are spoken of with approval and regarded as beloved of the gods. For their food they use meats of every description, of which they enjoy an abundance, since the country supplies them with a great quantity of honey, although the wine they purchase from merchants who sail over the seas to them. Of the tribes neighbouring upon the Celtiberians the most advanced is the people of the Vaccaei, as they are called; for this people each year divides among its members the land which it tills and making the fruits the property of all they measure out his portion to each man, and for any cultivators who have appropriated some part for themselves they have set the penalty as death. The most valiant among the Iberians are those who are known as Lusitanians, who carry in war very small shields which are interwoven with cords of sinew and are able to protect the body unusually well, because they are so tough; and shifting this shield easily as they do in their fighting, now here, now there, they cleverly ward off from their person every blow which comes at them.
χρῶνται δὲ καὶ σαυνίοις ὁλοσιδήροις ἀγκιστρώδεσι, φοροῦσι δὲ κράνη καὶ ξίφη παραπλήσια Κελτίβηρσιν. ἀκοντίζουσι δʼ εὐστόχως καὶ μακράν, καὶ καθόλου καρτεροπληγεῖς ὑπάρχουσιν. εὐκίνητοι δʼ ὄντες καὶ κοῦφοι ῥᾳδίως καὶ φεύγουσι καὶ διώκουσι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἐν ταῖς συστάσεσι τῶν δεινῶν ὑπομονὰς πολὺ λείπονται τῶν Κελτιβήρων. ἐπιτηδεύουσι δὲ κατὰ μὲν τὴν εἰρήνην ὄρχησίν τινα κούφην καὶ περιέχουσαν πολλὴν εὐτονίαν σκελῶν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολέμοις, πρὸς ῥυθμὸν ἐμβαίνουσι καὶ παιᾶνας ᾅδουσιν, ὅταν ἐπίωσι τοῖς ἀντιτεταγμένοις.
ἴδιον δέ τι παρὰ τοῖς Ἴβηρσι καὶ μάλιστα παρὰ τοῖς Λυσιτανοῖς ἐπιτηδεύεται· τῶν γὰρ ἀκμαζόντων ταῖς ἡλικίαις οἱ μάλιστα ἀπορώτατοι ταῖς οὐσίαις, ῥώμῃ δὲ σώματος καὶ θράσει διαφέροντες, ἐφοδιάσαντες αὑτοὺς ἀλκῇ καὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις εἰς τὰς ὀρεινὰς δυσχωρίας ἀθροίζονται, συστήματα δὲ ποιήσαντες ἀξιόλογα κατατρέχουσι τὴν Ἰβηρίαν καὶ λῃστεύοντες πλούτους ἀθροίζουσι· καὶ τοῦτο διατελοῦσι πράττοντες μετὰ πάσης καταφρονήσεως· κούφοις γὰρ χρώμενοι καθοπλισμοῖς καὶ παντελῶς ὄντες εὐκίνητοι καὶ ὀξεῖς δυσχειρότατοι τοῖς ἄλλοις εἰσί.
καθόλου δὲ τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι δυσχωρίας καὶ τραχύτητας ἡγούμενοι πατρίδας εἶναι, εἰς ταύτας καταφεύγουσι, δυσδιεξόδους οὔσας μεγάλοις καὶ βαρέσι στρατοπέδοις. διὸ καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι πολλάκις ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς στρατεύσαντες τῆς μὲν πολλῆς καταφρονήσεως ἀπέστησαν αὐτούς, εἰς τέλος δὲ τὰ λῃστήρια καταλῦσαι πολλάκις φιλοτιμηθέντες οὐκ ἠδυνήθησαν.
They also use barbed javelins made entirely of iron, and wear helmets and swords very much like those of the Celtiberians. They hurl the javelin with good effect, even over a long distance, and, in fine, are doughty in dealing their blows. Since they are nimble and wear light arms, they are swift both in flight and in pursuit, but when it comes to enduring the hardships of a stiff fight they are far inferior to the Celtiberians. In time of peace they practise a kind of elfin dance which requires great nimbleness of limb, and in their wars they march into battle with even step and raise a battle-song as they charge upon the foe. And a peculiar practice obtains among the Iberians and particularly among the Lusitanians; for when their young men come to the bloom of their physical strength, those who are the very poorest among them in worldly goods and yet excel in vigour of body and daring equip themselves with no more than valour and arms and gather in the mountain fastnesses, where they form into bands of considerable size and then descend upon Iberia and collect wealth from their pillaging. And this brigandage they continually practise in a spirit of complete disdain; for using as they do light arms and being altogether nimble and swift, they are a most difficult people for other men to subdue. And, speaking generally, they consider the fastnesses and crags of the mountains to be their native land and to these places, which large and heavily equipped armies find hard to traverse, they flee for refuge. Consequently, although the Romans in their frequent campaigns against the Lusitanians rid them of their great spirit of disdain, they were nevertheless unable, often as they eagerly set about it, to put a complete end to their plundering.
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