ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐντὸς Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν κειμένων νήσων διεληλύθαμεν, περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν οὐσῶν διέξιμεν. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Λιβύην κεῖται πελαγία νῆσος ἀξιόλογος μὲν τῷ μεγέθει, κειμένη δὲ κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἀπέχει πλοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς Λιβύης ἡμερῶν πλειόνων, κεκλιμένη πρὸς τὴν δύσιν. ἔχει δὲ χώραν καρποφόρον, πολλὴν μὲν ὀρεινήν, οὐκ ὀλίγην δὲ πεδιάδα κάλλει διαφέρουσαν.
διαρρεομένη γὰρ ποταμοῖς πλωτοῖς ἐκ τούτων ἀρδεύεται, καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ἔχει παραδείσους καταφύτους παντοίοις δένδρεσι, παμπληθεῖς δὲ κηπείας διειλημμένας ὕδασι γλυκέσιν· ἐπαύλεις τε πολυτελεῖς ταῖς κατασκευαῖς ὑπάρχουσιν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ κατὰ τὰς κηπείας κατεσκευασμένα κωθωνιστήρια τὴν διάθεσιν ἀνθηρὰν ἔχοντα, ἐν οἷς οἱ κατοικοῦντες κατὰ τὴν θερινὴν ὥραν ἐνδιατρίβουσι, δαψιλῶς τῆς χώρας χορηγούσης τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν καὶ τρυφήν.
ἥ τε ὀρεινὴ δρυμοὺς ἔχει πυκνοὺς καὶ μεγάλους καὶ δένδρα παντοδαπὰ καρποφόρα καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι διαίτας ἔχοντα συναγκείας καὶ πηγὰς πολλάς. καθόλου δʼ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη κατάρρυτός ἐστι ναματιαίοις καὶ γλυκέσιν ὕδασι, διʼ ὧν οὐ μόνον ἀπόλαυσις ἐπιτερπὴς γίνεται τοῖς ἐμβιοῦσιν ἐν αὐτῇ, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ὑγίειαν σωμάτων καὶ ῥώμην συμβάλλεται.
κυνήγιά τε δαψιλῆ παντοίων ζῴων καὶ θηρίων ὑπάρχει, καὶ τούτων ἐν ταῖς εὐωχίαις εὐποροῦντες οὐδὲν ἐλλιπὲς ἔχουσι τῶν πρὸς τρυφὴν καὶ πολυτέλειαν ἀνηκόντων· καὶ γὰρ ἰχθύων ἔχει πλῆθος ἡ προσκλύζουσα τῇ νήσῳ θάλαττα διὰ τὸ φύσει τὸν ὠκεανὸν πανταχῇ πλήθειν παντοδαπῶν ἰχθύων.
καθόλου δʼ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη τὸν περικείμενον ἀέρα παντελῶς εὔκρατον ἔχουσα τὸ πλέον μέρος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ φέρει πλῆθος ἀκροδρύων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ὡραίων, ὥστε δοκεῖν αὐτὴν ὡσεὶ θεῶν τινων, οὐκ ἀνθρώπων ὑπάρχειν ἐμβιωτήριον διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εὐδαιμονίας.
But now that we have discussed what relates to the islands which lie within the Pillars of Heracles, we shall give an account of those which are in the ocean. For there lies out in the deep off Libya an island of considerable size, and situated as it is in the ocean it is distant from Libya a voyage of a number of days to the west. Its land is fruitful, much of it being mountainous and not a little being a level plain of surpassing beauty. Through it flow navigable rivers which are used for irrigation, and the island contains many parks planted with trees of every variety and gardens in great multitudes which are traversed by streams of sweet water; on it also are private villas of costly construction, and throughout the gardens banqueting houses have been constructed in a setting of flowers, and in them the inhabitants pass their time during the summer season, since the land supplies in abundance everything which contributes to enjoyment and luxury. The mountainous part of the island is covered with dense thickets of great extent and with fruit-trees of every variety, and, inviting men to life among the mountains, it has cozy glens and springs in great number. In a word, this island is well supplied with springs of sweet water which not only makes the use of it enjoyable for those who pass their life there but also contribute to the health and vigour of their bodies. There is also excellent hunting of every manner of beast and wild animal, and the inhabitants, being well supplied with this game at their feasts, lack of nothing which pertains to luxury and extravagance; for in fact the sea which washes the shore of the island contains a multitude of fish, since the character of the ocean is such that it abounds throughout its extent with fish of every variety. And, speaking generally, the climate of the island is so altogether mild that it produces in abundance the fruits of the trees and the other seasonal fruits for the larger part of the year, so that it would appear that the island, because of its exceptional felicity, were a dwelling-place of a race of gods and not of men.
κατὰ μὲν οὖν τοὺς παλαιοὺς χρόνους ἀνεύρετος ἦν διὰ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ὅλης οἰκουμένης ἐκτοπισμόν, ὕστερον δʼ εὑρέθη διὰ τοιαύτας αἰτίας. Φοίνικες ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων συνεχῶς πλέοντες κατʼ ἐμπορίαν πολλὰς μὲν κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην ἀποικίας ἐποιήσαντο, οὐκ ὀλίγας δὲ καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἐν τοῖς πρὸς δύσιν κεκλιμένοις μέρεσι. τῶν δʼ ἐπιβολῶν αὐτοῖς κατὰ νοῦν προχωρουσῶν, πλούτους μεγάλους ἤθροισαν, καὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν ἐπεβάλοντο πλεῖν, ἣν ὠκεανὸν ὀνομάζουσι.
καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐπʼ αὐτοῦ τοῦ κατὰ τὰς στήλας πόρου πόλιν ἔκτισαν ἐπὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης, ἣν οὖσαν χερρόνησον προσηγόρευσαν Γάδειρα, ἐν ᾗ τά τε ἄλλα κατεσκεύασαν οἰκείως τοῖς τόποις καὶ ναὸν Ἡρακλέους πολυτελῆ, καὶ θυσίας κατέδειξαν μεγαλοπρεπεῖς τοῖς τῶν Φοινίκων ἔθεσι διοικουμένας. τὸ δʼ ἱερὸν συνέβη τοῦτο καὶ τότε καὶ κατὰ τοὺς νεωτέρους χρόνους τιμᾶσθαι περιττότερον μέχρι τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἡλικίας. πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπιφανεῖς ἄνδρες καὶ μεγάλας πράξεις κατειργασμένοι ἐποιήσαντο μὲν τούτῳ τῷ θεῷ εὐχάς, συνετέλεσαν δʼ αὐτὰς μετὰ τὴν συντέλειαν τῶν κατορθωμάτων.
οἱ δʼ οὖν Φοίνικες διὰ τὰς προειρημένας αἰτίας ἐρευνῶντες τὴν ἐκτὸς τῶν στηλῶν παραλίαν καὶ παρὰ τὴν Λιβύην πλέοντες, ὑπʼ ἀνέμων μεγάλων ἀπηνέχθησαν ἐπὶ πολὺν πλοῦν δι’ ὠκεανοῦ. χειμασθέντες δʼ ἐπὶ πολλὰς ἡμέρας προσηνέχθησαν τῇ προειρημένῃ νήσῳ, καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν αὐτῆς καὶ φύσιν κατοπτεύσαντες ἅπασι γνώριμον ἐποίησαν.
In ancient times this island remained undiscovered because of its distance from the entire inhabited world, but it was discovered at a later period for the following reason. The Phoenicians, who from ancient times on made voyages continually for purposes of trade, planted many colonies throughout Libya and not a few as well in the western parts of Europe. And since their ventures turned out according to their expectations, they amassed great wealth and essayed to voyage beyond the Pillars of Heracles into the sea which men call the ocean. And, first of all, upon the Strait itself by the Pillars they founded a city on the shores of Europe, and since the land formed a peninsula they called the city Gadeira; in the city they built many works appropriate to the nature of the region, and among them a costly temple of Heracles, and they instituted magnificent sacrifices which were conducted after the manner of the Phoenicians. And it has come to pass that this shrine has been held in an honour beyond the ordinary, both at the time of its building and in comparatively recent days down even to our own lifetime. Also many Romans, distinguished men who have performed great deeds, have offered vows to this god, and these vows they have performed after the completion of their successes. The Phoenicians, then, while exploring the coast outside the Pillars for the reasons we have stated and while sailing along the shore of Libya, were driven by strong winds a great distance out into the ocean. And after being storm-tossed for many days they were carried ashore on the island we mentioned above, and when they had observed its felicity and nature they caused it to be known to all men.
διὸ καὶ Τυρρηνῶν θαλαττοκρατούντων καὶ πέμπειν εἰς αὐτὴν ἀποικίαν ἐπιβαλλομένων, διεκώλυσαν αὐτοὺς Καρχηδόνιοι, ἅμα μὲν εὐλαβούμενοι μὴ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς νήσου πολλοὶ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Καρχηδόνος εἰς ἐκείνην μεταστῶσιν, ἅμα δὲ πρὸς τὰ παράλογα τῆς τύχης κατασκευαζόμενοι καταφυγήν, εἴ τι περὶ τὴν Καρχηδόνα ὁλοσχερὲς πταῖσμα συμβαίνοι· δυνήσεσθαι γὰρ αὐτοὺς θαλαττοκρατοῦντας ἀπᾶραι πανοικίους εἰς ἀγνοουμένην ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπερεχόντων νῆσον.
Consequently the Tyrrhenians, at the time when they were masters of the sea, purposed to dispatch a colony to it; but the Carthaginians prevented their doing so, partly out of concern lest many inhabitants of Carthage should remove there because of the excellence of the island, and partly in order to have ready in it a place in which to seek refuge against an incalculable turn of fortune, in case some total disaster should overtake Carthage. For it was their thought that, since they were masters of the sea, they would thus be able to move, households and all, to an island which was unknown to their conquerors.
ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην ὠκεανοῦ καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ νήσων διήλθομεν, μεταβιβάσομεν τὸν λόγον ἐπὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν Γαλατίαν τὴν παρωκεανῖτιν κατʼ ἀντικρὺ τῶν Ἑρκυνίων ὀνομαζομένων δρυμῶν ʽμεγίστους γὰρ ὑπάρχειν παρειλήφαμεν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπηνʼ νῆσοι πολλαὶ κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν ὑπάρχουσιν, ὧν ἐστι μεγίστη ἡ Βρεττανικὴ καλουμένη.
αὕτη δὲ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἀνεπίμικτος ἐγένετο ξενικαῖς δυνάμεσιν· οὔτε γὰρ Διόνυσον οὔθʼ Ἡρακλέα παρειλήφαμεν οὔτε τῶν ἄλλων ἡρώων ἐστρατευμένον ἐπʼ αὐτήν· καθʼ ἡμᾶς δὲ Γάιος Καῖσαρ ὁ διὰ τὰς πράξεις ἐπονομασθεὶς θεὸς πρῶτος τῶν μνημονευομένων ἐχειρώσατο τὴν νῆσον, καὶ τοὺς Βρεττανοὺς καταπολεμήσας ἠνάγκασε τελεῖν ὡρισμένους φόρους. ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων τὰς κατὰ μέρος πράξεις ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἀναγράψομεν, περὶ δὲ τῆς νήσου καὶ τοῦ φυομένου κατʼ αὐτὴν καττιτέρου νῦν διέξιμεν.
αὕτη γὰρ τῷ σχήματι τρίγωνος οὖσα παραπλησίως τῇ Σικελίᾳ τὰς πλευρὰς οὐκ ἰσοκώλους ἔχει. παρεκτεινούσης δʼ αὐτῆς παρὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην λοξῆς, τὸ μὲν ἐλάχιστον ἀπὸ τῆς ἠπείρου διεστηκὸς ἀκρωτήριον, ὃ καλοῦσι Κάντιον, φασὶν ἀπέχειν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς σταδίους ὡς ἑκατόν, καθʼ ὃν τόπον ἡ θάλαττα ποιεῖται τὸν ἔκρουν, τὸ δʼ ἕτερον ἀκρωτήριον τὸ καλούμενον Βελέριον ἀπέχειν λέγεται τῆς ἠπείρου πλοῦν ἡμερῶν τεττάρων, τὸ δʼ ὑπολειπόμενον ἀνήκειν μὲν ἱστοροῦσιν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος,
But since we have set forth the facts concerning the ocean lying off Libya and its islands, we shall now turn our discussion to Europe. Opposite that part of Gaul which lies on the ocean and directly across from the Hercynian Forest, as it is called, which is the largest of any in Europe of which tradition tells us, there are many islands out in the ocean of which the largest is that known as Britain. In ancient times this island remained unvisited by foreign armies; for neither Dionysus, tradition tells us, nor Heracles, nor any other hero or leader made a campaign against it; in our day, however, Gaius Caesar, who has been called a god because of his deeds, was the first man of whom we have record to have conquered the island, and after subduing the Britons he compelled them to pay fixed tributes. But we shall give a detailed account of the events of this conquest in connection with the appropriate period of time, and at present we shall discuss the island and the tin which is found in it.
Britain is triangular in shape, very much as is Sicily, but its sides are not equal. This island stretches obliquely along the coast of Europe, and the point where it is least distant from the mainland, we are told, is the promontory which men call Cantium, and this is about one hundred stades from the land, at the place where the sea has its outlet, whereas the second promontory, known as Belerium, is said to be a voyage of four days from the mainland, and the last, writers tell us, extends out into the open sea and is named Orca.
ὀνομάζεσθαι δʼ Ὄρκαν. τῶν δὲ πλευρῶν τὴν μὲν ἐλαχίστην εἶναι σταδίων ἑπτακισχιλίων πεντακοσίων, παρήκουσαν παρὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην, τὴν δὲ δευτέραν τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ πορθμοῦ πρὸς τὴν κορυφὴν ἀνήκουσαν σταδίων μυρίων πεντακισχιλίων, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν σταδίων δισμυρίων, ὥστε τὴν πᾶσαν εἶναι τῆς νήσου περιφορὰν σταδίων τετρακισμυρίων δισχιλίων πεντακοσίων.
κατοικεῖν δέ φασι τὴν Βρεττανικὴν αὐτόχθονα γένη καὶ τὸν παλαιὸν βίον ταῖς ἀγωγαῖς διατηροῦντα. ἅρμασι μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους χρῶνται, καθάπερ οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἥρωες ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πολέμῳ κεχρῆσθαι παραδέδονται, καὶ τὰς οἰκήσεις εὐτελεῖς ἔχουσιν, ἐκ τῶν καλάμων ἢ ξύλων κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον συγκειμένας· τήν τε συναγωγὴν τῶν σιτικῶν καρπῶν ποιοῦνται τοὺς στάχυς αὐτοὺς ἀποτέμνοντες καὶ θησαυρίζοντες εἰς τὰς καταστέγους οἰκήσεις· ἐκ δὲ τούτων τοὺς παλαιοὺς στάχυς καθʼ ἡμέραν τίλλειν,
καὶ κατεργαζομένους ἔχειν τὴν τροφήν. τοῖς δʼ ἤθεσιν ἁπλοῦς εἶναι καὶ πολὺ κεχωρισμένους τῆς τῶν νῦν ἀνθρώπων ἀγχινοίας καὶ πονηρίας. τάς τε διαίτας εὐτελεῖς ἔχειν, καὶ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ πλούτου γεννωμένης τρυφῆς πολὺ διαλλάττοντας. εἶναι δὲ καὶ πολυάνθρωπον τὴν νῆσον, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος ἔχειν διάθεσιν παντελῶς κατεψυγμένην, ὡς ἂν ὑπʼ αὐτὴν τὴν ἄρκτον κειμένην. βασιλεῖς δὲ καὶ δυνάστας πολλοὺς ἔχειν, καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους κατὰ τὸ
Of the sides of Britain the shortest, which extends along Europe, is seven thousand five hundred stades, the second, from the Strait to the (northern) tip, is fifteen thousand stades, and the last is twenty thousand stades, so that the entire circuit of the island amounts to forty-two thousand five hundred stades. And Britain, we are told, is inhabited by tribes which are autochthonous and preserve in their ways of living the ancient manner of life. They use chariots, for instance, in their wars, even as tradition tells us the old Greek heroes did in the Trojan War, and their dwellings are humble, being built for the most part out of reeds or logs. The method they employ of harvesting their grain crops is to cut off no more than the heads and store them away in roofed granges, and then each day they pick out the ripened heads and grind them, getting in this way their food. As for their habits, they are simple and far removed from the shrewdness and vice which characterize the men of our day. Their way of living is modest, since they are well clear of the luxury which is begotten of wealth. The island is also thickly populated, and its climate is extremely cold, as one would expect, since it actually lies under the Great Bear. It is held by many kings and potentates, who for the most part live at peace among themselves.
πλεῖστον εἰρηνικῶς διακεῖσθαι. ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῶν κατʼ αὐτὴν νομίμων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἰδιωμάτων τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἀναγράψομεν ὅταν ἐπὶ τὴν Καίσαρος γενομένην στρατείαν εἰς Βρεττανίαν παραγενηθῶμεν, νῦν δὲ περὶ τοῦ κατʼ αὐτὴν φυομένου καττιτέρου διέξιμεν. τῆς γὰρ Βρεττανικῆς κατὰ τὸ ἀκρωτήριον τὸ καλούμενον Βελέριον οἱ κατοικοῦντες φιλόξενοί τε διαφερόντως εἰσὶ καὶ διὰ τὴν τῶν ξένων ἐμπόρων ἐπιμιξίαν ἐξημερωμένοι τὰς ἀγωγάς. οὗτοι τὸν καττίτερον κατασκευάζουσι φιλοτέχνως ἐργαζόμενοι τὴν φέρουσαν αὐτὸν γῆν.
αὕτη δὲ πετρώδης οὖσα διαφυὰς ἔχει γεώδεις, ἐν αἷς τὸν πόρον κατεργαζόμενοι καὶ τήξαντες καθαίρουσιν. ἀποτυποῦντες δʼ εἰς ἀστραγάλων ῥυθμοὺς κομίζουσιν εἴς τινα νῆσον προκειμένην μὲν τῆς Βρεττανικῆς, ὀνομαζομένην δὲ Ἴκτιν· κατὰ γὰρ τὰς ἀμπώτεις ἀναξηραινομένου τοῦ μεταξὺ τόπου ταῖς ἁμάξαις εἰς ταύτην κομίζουσι δαψιλῆ τὸν καττίτερον.
ἴδιον δέ τι συμβαίνει περὶ τὰς πλησίον νήσους τὰς μεταξὺ κειμένας τῆς τε Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Βρεττανικῆς· κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τὰς πλημυρίδας τοῦ μεταξὺ πόρου πληρουμένου νῆσοι φαίνονται, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἀμπώτεις ἀπορρεούσης τῆς θαλάττης καὶ πολὺν τόπον ἀναξηραινούσης θεωροῦνται χερρόνησοι.
ἐντεῦθεν δʼ οἱ ἔμποροι παρὰ τῶν ἐγχωρίων ὠνοῦνται καὶ διακομίζουσιν εἰς τὴν Γαλατίαν· τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον πεζῇ διὰ τῆς Γαλατίας πορευθέντες ἡμέρας ὡς τριάκοντα κατάγουσιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων τὰ φορτία πρὸς τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ ποταμοῦ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ καττιτέρου τοῖς ῥηθεῖσιν ἀρκεσθησόμεθα,
But we shall give a detailed account of the customs of Britain and of the other features which are peculiar to the island when we come to the campaign which Caesar undertook against it, and at this time we shall discuss the tin which the island produces. The inhabitants of Britain who dwell about the promontory known as Belerium are especially hospitable to strangers and have adopted a civilized manner of life because of their intercourse with merchants of other peoples. They it is who work the tin, treating the bed which bears it in an ingenious manner. This bed, being like rock, contains earthy seams and in them the workers quarry the ore, which they then melt down and cleanse of its impurities. Then they work the tin into pieces the size of knuckle-bones and convey it to an island which lies off Britain and is called Ictis; for at the time of ebb-tide the space between this island and the mainland becomes dry and they can take the tin in large quantities over to the island on their wagons. (And a peculiar thing happens in the case of the neighbouring islands which lie between Europe and Britain, for at flood-tide the passages between them and the mainland run full and they have the appearance of islands, but at ebb-tide the sea recedes and leaves dry a large space, and at that time they look like peninsulas.) On the island of Ictis the merchants purchase the tin of the natives and carry it from there across the Strait to Galatia or Gaul; and finally, making their way on foot through Gaul for some thirty days, they bring their wares on horseback to the mouth of the river Rhone.
περὶ δὲ τοῦ καλουμένου ἠλέκτρου νῦν διέξιμεν. τῆς Σκυθίας τῆς ὑπὲρ τὴν Γαλατίαν κατʼ ἀντικρὺ νῆσός ἐστι πελαγία κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἡ προσαγορευομένη Βασίλεια. εἰς ταύτην ὁ κλύδων ἐκβάλλει δαψιλὲς τὸ καλούμενον ἤλεκτρον, οὐδαμοῦ δὲ τῆς οἰκουμένης φαινόμενον. περὶ δὲ τούτου πολλοὶ τῶν παλαιῶν ἀνέγραψαν μύθους παντελῶς ἀπιστουμένους καὶ διὰ τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων ἐλεγχομένους.
πολλοὶ γὰρ τῶν τε ποιητῶν καὶ τῶν συγγραφέων φασὶ Φαέθοντα τὸν Ἡλίου μὲν υἱόν, παῖδα δὲ τὴν ἡλικίαν ὄντα, πεῖσαι τὸν πατέρα μίαν ἡμέραν παραχωρῆσαι τοῦ τεθρίππου· συγχωρηθέντος δʼ αὐτῷ τούτου, τὸν μὲν Φαέθοντα ἐλαύνοντα τὸ τέθριππον μὴ δύνασθαι κρατεῖν τῶν ἡνιῶν, τοὺς δʼ ἵππους καταφρονήσαντας τοῦ παιδὸς ἐξενεχθῆναι τοῦ συνήθους δρόμου, καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν πλανωμένους ἐκπυρῶσαι τοῦτον καὶ ποιῆσαι τὸν νῦν γαλαξίαν καλούμενον κύκλον, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα πολλὴν τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐπιφλέξαντας οὐκ ὀλίγην κατακάειν χώραν.
διὸ καὶ τοῦ Διὸς ἀγανακτήσαντος ἐπὶ τοῖς γεγενημένοις, κεραυνῶσαι μὲν τὸν Φαέθοντα, ἀποκαταστῆσαι δὲ τὸν ἥλιον ἐπὶ τὴν συνήθη πορείαν. τοῦ δὲ Φαέθοντος πεσόντος πρὸς τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ νῦν καλουμένου Πάδου ποταμοῦ, τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν Ἠριδανοῦ προσαγορευομένου, θρηνῆσαι μὲν τὰς ἀδελφὰς αὐτοῦ τὴν τελευτὴν φιλοτιμότατα, διὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς λύπης μετασχηματισθῆναι τὴν φύσιν, γενομένας αἰγείρους.
ταύτας δὲ κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὥραν δάκρυον ἀφιέναι, καὶ τοῦτο πηγνύμενον ἀποτελεῖν τὸ καλούμενον ἤλεκτρον, λαμπρότητι μὲν τῶν ὁμοφυῶν διαφέρον, ἐπιχωριάζον δʼ ἐν ταῖς τῶν νέων τελευταῖς κατὰ τὸ τούτων πένθος.
διημαρτηκότων δὲ πάντων τῶν τὸν μῦθον τοῦτον πεπλακότων καὶ διὰ τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον χρόνοις ἐλεγχομένων, προσεκτέον ταῖς ἀληθιναῖς ἱστορίαις· τὸ γὰρ ἤλεκτρον συνάγεται μὲν ἐν τῇ προειρημένῃ νήσῳ, κομίζεται δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐγχωρίων πρὸς τὴν ἀντιπέρας ἤπειρον, διʼ ἧς φέρεται πρὸς τοὺς καθʼ ἡμᾶς τόπους, καθότι προείρηται.
But as regards the tin of Britain we shall rest content with what has been said, and we shall now discuss the electron, as it is called (amber). Directly opposite the part of Scythia which lies above Galatia there is an island out in the open sea which is called Basileia. On this island the waves of the sea cast up great quantities of what is known as amber, which is to be seen nowhere else in the inhabited world; and about it many of the ancient writers have composed fanciful tales, such as are altogether difficult to credit and have been refuted by later events. For many poets and historians give the story that Phaëthon, the son of Helius, while yet a youth, persuaded his father to retire in his favour from his four-horse chariot for a single day; and when Helius yielded to the request Phaëthon, as he drove the chariot, was unable to keep control of the reins, and the horses, making light of the youth, left their accustomed course; and first they turned aside to traverse the heavens, setting it afire and creating what is now called the Milky Way, and after that they brought the scorching rays to many parts of the inhabited earth and burned up not a little land. Consequently Zeus, being indignant because of what had happened, smote Phaëthon with a thunderbolt and brought back the sun to its accustomed course. And Phaëthon fell to the earth at the mouths of the river which is now known as the Padus (Po), but in ancient times was called the Eridanus, and his sisters vied with each other in bewailing his death and by reason of their exceeding grief underwent a metamorphosis of their nature, becoming poplar trees. And these poplars, at the same season each year, drip tears, and these, when they harden, form what men call amber, which in brilliance excells all else of the same nature and is commonly used in connection with the mourning attending the death of the young. But since the creators of this fictitious tale have one and all erred, and have been refuted by what has transpired at later times, we must give ear to the accounts which are truthful; for the fact is that amber is gathered on the island we have mentioned and is brought by the natives to the opposite continent, and that it is conveyed through the continent to the regions known to us, as we have stated.
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