Sophocles · Antigone Ἀντιγόνη

Sophocles, Antigone 237–331: First episode (cont.): the guard reports the burial

A guard comes in fear to report that someone has buried the body of Polyneices, with a light covering of dust, and left no trace. Creon is furious, rejects the Chorus' suggestion that the gods are involved, accuses unnamed men and the guard himself of taking bribes, and orders him to find the culprit or face a worse punishment.

Lines 237–331 · 947 words · click a number to copy its link
Κρέων 237τί δʼ ἐστὶν ἀνθʼ οὗ τήνδʼ ἔχεις ἀθυμίαν; Φύλαξ φράσαι θέλω σοι πρῶτα τἀμαυτοῦ· τὸ γὰρ πρᾶγμʼ οὔτʼ ἔδρασʼ οὔτʼ εἶδον ὅστις ἦν ὁ δρῶν, 240οὐδʼ ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι. Κρέων εὖ γε στοχάζει κἀποφάργνυσαι κύκλῳ τὸ πρᾶγμα· δηλοῖς δʼ ὥς τι σημανῶν νέον. Φύλαξ τὰ δεινὰ γάρ τοι προστίθησʼ ὄκνον πολύν. Κρέων οὔκουν ἐρεῖς ποτʼ, εἶτʼ ἀπαλλαχθεὶς ἄπει; Φύλαξ 245καὶ δὴ λέγω σοι. τὸν νεκρόν τις ἀρτίως θάψας βέβηκε κἀπὶ χρωτὶ διψίαν κόνιν παλύνας κἀφαγιστεύσας ἃ χρή· Κρέων τί φής; τίς ἀνδρῶν ἦν ὁ τολμήσας τάδε; Φύλαξ οὐκ οἶδʼ· ἐκεῖ γὰρ οὔτε του γενῇδος ἦν 250πλῆγμʼ, οὐ δικέλλης ἐκβολή. στύφλος δὲ γῆ καὶ χέρσος, ἀρρὼξ οὐδʼ ἐπημαξευμένη τροχοῖσιν, ἀλλʼ ἄσημος οὑργάτης τις ἦν. ὅπως δʼ ὁ πρῶτος ἡμὶν ἡμεροσκόπος δείκνυσι, πᾶσι θαῦμα δυσχερὲς παρῆν. 255ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἠφάνιστο, τυμβήρης μὲν οὔ, λεπτὴ δʼ, ἄγος φεύγοντος ὥς, ἐπῆν κόνις· σημεῖα δʼ οὔτε θηρὸς οὔτε του κυνῶν ἐλθόντος, οὐ σπάσαντος ἐξεφαίνετο. λόγοι δʼ ἐν ἀλλήλοισιν ἐρρόθουν κακοί, 260φύλαξ ἐλέγχων φύλακα, κἂν ἐγίγνετο πληγὴ τελευτῶσʼ, οὐδʼ ὁ κωλύσων παρῆν. εἷς γάρ τις ἦν ἕκαστος οὑξειργασμένος, κοὐδεὶς ἐναργής, ἀλλʼ ἔφευγε μὴ εἰδέναι. ἦμεν δʼ ἕτοιμοι καὶ μύδρους αἴρειν χεροῖν 265καὶ πῦρ διέρπειν καὶ θεοὺς ὁρκωμοτεῖν, τὸ μήτε δρᾶσαι μήτε τῳ ξυνειδέναι τὸ πρᾶγμα βουλεύσαντι μηδʼ εἰργασμένῳ. τέλος δʼ ὅτʼ οὐδὲν ἦν ἐρευνῶσιν πλέον, λέγει τις εἷς, ὃ πάντας ἐς πέδον κάρα 270νεῦσαι φόβῳ προὔτρεψεν· οὐ γὰρ εἴχομεν οὔτʼ ἀντιφωνεῖν οὔθʼ ὅπως δρῶντες καλῶς πράξαιμεν. ἦν δʼ ὁ μῦθος ὡς ἀνοιστέον σοὶ τοὔργον εἴη τοῦτο κοὐχὶ κρυπτέον. καὶ ταῦτʼ ἐνίκα, κἀμὲ τὸν δυσδαίμονα 275πάλος καθαιρεῖ τοῦτο τἀγαθὸν λαβεῖν. πάρειμι δʼ ἄκων οὐχ ἑκοῦσιν, οἶδʼ ὅτι· στέργει γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἄγγελον κακῶν ἐπῶν.

Creon And what is it that so disheartens you?

Guard I want to tell you first about myself—I did not do the deed, nor did I see the doer, so it would be wrong that I should come to any harm.

Creon Like a bowman you aim well at your target from a distance, and all around you hedge yourself off well from the deed. It is clear that you have some unheard-of thing to tell.

Guard That I do, for terrible news imposes great hesitation.

Creon Then tell it, will you, and so unburdened go away?

Guard Well, here it is. The corpse—some one has just given it burial and disappeared after sprinkling thirsty dust on the flesh and performing the other rites that piety demands.

Creon What are you saying? What man dared do this?

Guard I do not know. For there was no scar of a pickax to be seen there, no earth thrown up by a mattock. The ground was hard and dry, unbroken, not rolled over by wheels. The doer was someone who left no trace. When the first day-watchman showed it to us, a discomforting amazement fell on us all. The dead man was veiled from us—not shut within a tomb, but a light cover of dust was on him, as if put there by the hand of one who shunned a curse. And no sign was visible that any beast of prey or any dog had approached or torn him. Then evil words flew thick and loud among us, guard accusing guard. It would even have come to blows in the end, nor was there anyone there to prevent it: every man was the culprit, and no one was plainly guilty, while all disclaimed knowledge of the act. We were ready to take red-hot iron in our hands, to walk through fire and to swear oaths by the gods that we had neither done the deed, nor shared knowledge of the planning or the doing. At last, when our investigating got us nowhere, someone spoke up and made us all bend our faces in fear towards the earth. For we did not know how we could argue with him, nor yet prosper, if we did what he said. His argument was that the deed must be reported to you and not hidden. This view prevailed, and so it was that the lot doomed miserable me to win this prize. So here I stand, as unwelcome to you as I am unwilling, I well know. For no man delights in the bearer of bad news.

Χορός 278ἄναξ, ἐμοί τοί, μή τι καὶ θεήλατον τοὔργον τόδʼ, ἡ ξύννοια βουλεύει πάλαι Κρέων 280παῦσαι, πρὶν ὀργῆς καὶ ʼμὲ μεστῶσαι λέγων, μὴ ʼφευρεθῇς ἄνους τε καὶ γέρων ἅμα. λέγεις γὰρ οὐκ ἀνεκτὰ δαίμονας λέγων πρόνοιαν ἴσχειν τοῦδε τοῦ νεκροῦ πέρι. πότερον ὑπερτιμῶντες ὡς εὐεργέτην 285ἔκρυπτον αὐτόν, ὅστις ἀμφικίονας ναοὺς πυρώσων ἦλθε κἀναθήματα καὶ γῆν ἐκείνων καὶ νόμους διασκεδῶν; ἢ τοὺς κακοὺς τιμῶντας εἰσορᾷς θεούς; οὔκ ἔστιν. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα καὶ πάλαι πόλεως 290ἄνδρες μόλις φέροντες ἐρρόθουν ἐμοί, κρυφῇ κάρα σείοντες, οὐδʼ ὑπὸ ζυγῷ λόφον δικαίως εἶχον, ὡς στέργειν ἐμέ. ἐκ τῶνδε τούτους ἐξεπίσταμαι καλῶς παρηγμένους μισθοῖσιν εἰργάσθαι τάδε. 295οὐδὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώποισιν οἷον ἄργυρος κακὸν νόμισμʼ ἔβλαστε. τοῦτο καὶ πόλεις πορθεῖ, τόδʼ ἄνδρας ἐξανίστησιν δόμων· τόδʼ ἐκδιδάσκει καὶ παραλλάσσει φρένας χρηστὰς πρὸς αἰσχρὰ πράγμαθʼ ἵστασθαι βροτῶν· 300πανουργίας δʼ ἔδειξεν ἀνθρώποις ἔχειν καὶ παντὸς ἔργου δυσσέβειαν εἰδέναι. ὅσοι δὲ μισθαρνοῦντες ἤνυσαν τάδε, χρόνῳ ποτʼ ἐξέπραξαν ὡς δοῦναι δίκην. ἀλλʼ εἴπερ ἴσχει Ζεὺς ἔτʼ ἐξ ἐμοῦ σέβας, 305εὖ τοῦτʼ ἐπίστασʼ, ὅρκιος δέ σοι λέγω· εἰ μὴ τὸν αὐτόχειρα τοῦδε τοῦ τάφου εὑρόντες ἐκφανεῖτʼ ἐς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐμούς, οὐχ ὑμὶν Ἅιδης μοῦνος ἀρκέσει, πρὶν ἂν ζῶντες κρεμαστοὶ τήνδε δηλώσηθʼ ὕβριν, 310ἵνʼ εἰδότες τὸ κέρδος ἔνθεν οἰστέον τὸ λοιπὸν ἁρπάζητε, καὶ μάθηθʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἐξ ἅπαντος δεῖ τὸ κερδαίνειν φιλεῖν. ἐκ τῶν γὰρ αἰσχρῶν λημμάτων τοὺς πλείονας ἀτωμένους ἴδοις ἂν ἢ σεσωσμένους.

Chorus My king, my thoughts have long been deliberating whether this deed is somehow the work of gods?

Creon Quiet, before your words truly fill me with rage, so that you not be found at the same time foolish as well as old. You say what is intolerable when you claim that the gods have concern for that corpse. Was it in high esteem for his benefactions that they sought to hide him, when he had come to burn their columned shrines, their sacred treasures and their land, and scatter its laws to the winds? Or do you see the gods honoring the wicked? It cannot be. No! From the very first certain men of the city were chafing at this edict and muttering against me, tossing their heads in secret, and they did not keep their necks duly under the yoke in submission to me. By those men, I am certain, they were led astray and bribed to do this deed. Nothing so evil as money ever grew to be current among men. This destroys cities, this drives men from their homes, this trains and warps honest minds to set themselves to works of shame, this teaches people to practise villainies, and to know every act of unholiness. But all the men who did this job for hire have made sure that, sooner or later, they shall suffer the punishment. Now, as Zeus still has my reverence, know this well— I tell you on my oath. If you do not find the very hand that made this burial, and reveal him before my eyes, mere death shall not suffice for you, not before, hung up alive, you have made this outrage plain, so that hereafter you may thieve with better knowledge of where your money should be received from, and learn that it is best not to be fond of money-making from any and every source. For you will find that ill-gotten gains bring more men to ruin than to safety.

Φύλαξ 315εἰπεῖν τι δώσεις ἢ στραφεὶς οὕτως ἴω; Κρέων οὐκ οἶσθα καὶ νῦν ὡς ἀνιαρῶς λέγεις; Φύλαξ ἐν τοῖσιν ὠσὶν ἢ ʼπὶ τῇ ψυχῇ δάκνει; Κρέων τί δὲ ῥυθμίζεις τὴν ἐμὴν λύπην ὅπου; Φύλαξ ὁ δρῶν σʼ ἀνιᾷ τὰς φρένας, τὰ δʼ ὦτʼ ἐγώ. Κρέων 320οἴμʼ ὡς λάλημα δῆλον ἐκπεφυκὸς εἶ. Φύλαξ οὔκουν τό γʼ ἔργον τοῦτο ποιήσας ποτέ. Κρέων καὶ ταῦτʼ ἐπʼ ἀργύρῳ γε τὴν ψυχὴν προδούς. Φύλαξ φεῦ· ἦ δεινὸν ᾧ δοκῇ γε καὶ ψευδῆ δοκεῖν. Κρέων κόμψευέ νυν τὴν δόξαν· εἰ δὲ ταῦτα μὴ 325φανεῖτέ μοι τοὺς δρῶντας, ἐξερεῖθʼ ὅτι τὰ δειλὰ κέρδη πημονὰς ἐργάζεται. Φύλαξ ἀλλʼ εὑρεθείη μὲν μάλιστʼ· ἐὰν δέ τοι ληφθῇ τε καὶ μή, τοῦτο γὰρ τύχη κρινεῖ, οὐκ ἔσθʼ ὅπως ὄψει σὺ δεῦρʼ ἐλθόντα με· 330καὶ νῦν γὰρ ἐκτὸς ἐλπίδος γνώμης τʼ ἐμῆς σωθεὶς ὀφείλω τοῖς θεοῖς πολλὴν χάριν.

Guard Will you allow me to speak? Or shall I just turn and go?

Creon Do you not know even now how much your voice sickens me?

Guard Is the pain in your ears, or in your soul?

Creon And why would you define the seat of my pain?

Guard He who did it hurts your heart, but I, your ears.

Creon God! How plain it is that you are a born babbler.

Guard Perhaps, but never the author of this action.

Creon Yes, and what is more, you sold your life for silver.

Guard Ah! It is truly sad when the judge judges wrong.

Creon Expound on judgment as you will. But, if you fail to show me the perpetrators of these crimes, you will avow that money basely earned wreaks sorrows.

Guard Well, may the man be found! That would be best. But, whether he be caught or not—for fortune must decide that—I assure you that you will not see me come here again. Saved just now beyond hope and belief, I owe the gods great thanks.

People and places in this passage

English translation by Richard C. Jebb (modernised by Perseus) (1891). Original text: Greek text: Francis Storr (ed. and trans.), Sophocles, vol. 1, Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann, 1912, as digitised by Perseus. English: Richard C. Jebb, Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments, Part III, The Antigone, Cambridge University Press, 1891 (Perseus's modernised version of Jebb's prose translation).

Greek text and translation from the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0 (Perseus Digital Library); translation public domain. Introductions, summaries and notes © GreekMythology.com.